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Koreeda T, Honda H. Identification of drug responsible glycogene signature in liver carcinoma from meta-analysis using RNA-seq data. Glycoconj J 2024; 41:133-149. [PMID: 38656600 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-024-10153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Glycans have attracted much attention in cancer therapeutic strategies, and cell surface proteins and lipids with glycans are known to be altered during the carcinogenic process. However, our understanding of how the glycogenes profile responds to drug stimulation remains incomplete. In this study, we search public databases for Sequence Read Archive data on drug-treated liver cancer cells, with the aim to comprehensively analyze the drug responses of glycogenes via bioinformatic meta-analysis. The study comprised 86 datasets, encompassing eight distinct liver cancer cell lines and 13 different drugs. Differentially expressed genes were quantified, and 399 glycogenes were identified. The glycogenes signature was then analyzed using bioinformatics methodologies. In the Protein-protein interaction network analysis, we identified drug-responsive glycogenes such as Beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 1, GDP-Mannose 4,6-Dehydratase, UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glucosyltransferase, and Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 4 as key glycan biomarkers. In the enrichment analysis using the pathway list of glycogenes, the results also demonstrated that drug stimulation resulted in alterations to glycopathway-related genes involved in several processes, namely O-Mannosylation, POMGNT2 Type, Capping, Heparan Sulfate Sulfation, and Glucuronidation pathways. These genes and pathways commonly exhibit variable expression across multiple liver cancer cells in response to the same drug, making them potential targets for new cancer therapies. In addition to their primary roles, drugs may also participate in the regulation of glycans. The insights from this study could pave the way for the development of liver cancer therapies that target the regulation of gene profiles involved in the biosynthesis of glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Koreeda
- Independent Researcher, Ikawadani-cho, 651-2113, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- Honda Biotech. Laboratory, Shimookamoto-cho, 329-1104, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi, Japan
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2
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Hong P, Zhu X, Lai X, Gong Z, Huang M, Wan Y. Room-Temperature CuI-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Cyclopropylamine. J Org Chem 2024; 89:57-67. [PMID: 38109271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A general and efficient CuI/N-carbazolyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide catalyst system was developed for the N-arylation of cyclopropylamine using aryl bromides at room temperature. Herein, 5 mol % CuI and 5 mol % of the ligand were used to synthesize N-aryl cyclopropylamines in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was scaled up to produce the desired product at gram levels and has been generalized for C-N coupling between aryl bromides and amines at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Platform Chemicals from Marine Biomass and Their Functionalization, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Xinhai Zhu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Platform Chemicals from Marine Biomass and Their Functionalization, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
- Instrument Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Platform Chemicals from Marine Biomass and Their Functionalization, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Zinan Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Manna Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Platform Chemicals from Marine Biomass and Their Functionalization, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Yiqian Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Platform Chemicals from Marine Biomass and Their Functionalization, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
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3
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Liang H, Yang C, Zeng R, Song Y, Wang J, Xiong W, Yan B, Jin X. Targeting CBX3 with a Dual BET/PLK1 Inhibitor Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302368. [PMID: 37949681 PMCID: PMC10754129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a significant factor that reduces life expectancy among patients with prostate cancer. Previously, it is reported that CDK4/6 inhibitors can overcome the resistance of CRPC to BET inhibitors by destabilizing BRD4, suggesting that the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors and BET inhibitors is a promising approach for treating CRPC. In this study, candidates that affect the combined antitumor effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors and BET inhibitors on CRPC is aimed to examine. The data demonstrates that CBX3 is abnormally upregulated in CDK4/6 inhibitors-resistant cells. CBX3 is almost positively correlated with the cell cycle in multiple malignancies and is downregulated by BET inhibitors. Mechanistically, it is showed that CBX3 is transcriptionally upregulated by BRD4 in CRPC cells. Moreover, it is demonstrated that CBX3 modulated the sensitivity of CRPC to CDK4/6 inhibitors by binding with RB1 to release E2F1. Furthermore, it is revealed that PLK1 phosphorylated CBX3 to enhance the interaction between RB1 and CBX3, and desensitize CRPC cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Given that BRD4 regulates CBX3 expression and PLK1 affects the binding between RB1 and CBX3, it is proposed that a dual BRD4/PLK1 inhibitor can increase the sensitivity of CRPC cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors partially through CBX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Liang
- Department of UrologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
- Uro‐Oncology Institute of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Department of UrologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030China
| | - Ruijiang Zeng
- Department of UrologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
- Uro‐Oncology Institute of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Cancer centerUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Jianxi Wang
- Department of UrologyThe Third Hospital of ChangshaChangshaHunan410011China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of UrologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
- Uro‐Oncology Institute of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
| | - Binyuan Yan
- Department of UrologyPelvic Floor Disorders CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518107China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of UrologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
- Uro‐Oncology Institute of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410011China
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4
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Dong J, Wang X. Identification of novel BRD4 inhibitors by pharmacophore screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Bhat MF, Luján AP, Saifuddin M, Poelarends GJ. Chemoenzymatic Asymmetric Synthesis of Complex Heterocycles: Dihydrobenzoxazinones and Dihydroquinoxalinones. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11421-11427. [PMID: 36158903 PMCID: PMC9486952 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faizan Bhat
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Prats Luján
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Saifuddin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Schwalm MP, Knapp S. BET bromodomain inhibitors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Yao Z, Zhang X, Luo Z, Pan Y, Zhao H, Li B, Xu L, Shi Q, Fan Q. Na
2
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2
O
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‐Mediated Tandem One‐Pot Construction of 3,3‐Disubsituted 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1
H
)‐ones with 4‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines as Alkyl Radical Sources. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yao
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Zhenli Luo
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Pan
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Haoqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Bohan Li
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Lijin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Qian Shi
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Hua Fan
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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Chen S, He Y, Geng Y, Wang Z, Han L, Han W. Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Protein 4 Bonded to Potent Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010118. [PMID: 35011350 PMCID: PMC8747027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) subfamily is the most studied subfamily of bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs) family which can modulate acetylation signal transduction and produce diverse physiological functions. Thus, the BET family can be treated as an alternative strategy for targeting androgen-receptor (AR)-driven cancers. In order to explore the effect of inhibitors binding to BRD4 (the most studied member of BET family), four 150 ns molecular dynamic simulations were performed (free BRD4, Cpd4-BRD4, Cpd9-BRD4 and Cpd19-BRD4). Docking studies showed that Cpd9 and Cpd19 were located at the active pocket, as well as Cpd4. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that only Cpd19 binding to BRD4 can induce residue Trp81-Ala89 partly become α-helix during MD simulations. MM-GBSA calculations suggested that Cpd19 had the best binding effect with BRD4 followed by Cpd4 and Cpd9. Computational alanine scanning results indicated that mutations in Phe83 made the greatest effects in Cpd9-BRD4 and Cpd19-BRD4 complexes, showing that Phe83 may play crucial roles in Cpd9 and Cpd19 binding to BRD4. Our results can provide some useful clues for further BCPs family search.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lu Han
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (W.H.)
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9
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Luo D, Tong JB, Xiao XC, Bian S, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu HY. Theoretically exploring selective-binding mechanisms of BRD4 through integrative computational approaches. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:985-1011. [PMID: 34845959 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1999317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The origin of cancer is related to the dysregulation of multiple signal pathways and of physiological processes. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) has become an attractive target for the development of anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents since it can epigenetically regulate the transcription of growth-promoting genes. The synthesized BRD4 inhibitors with new chemical structures can reduce the drug resistance, but their binding modes and the inhibitory mechanism remain unclear. Here, we initially constructed robust QSAR models based on 68 reported tetrahydropteridin analogues using topomer CoMFA and HQSAR. On the basis of QSAR results, we designed 16 novel tetrahydropteridin analogues with modified structures and carried out docking studies. Instead of significant hydrogen bondings with amino acid residue Asn140 as reported in previous research, the molecular docking modelling suggested a novel docking pose that involves the amino acid residues (Trp81, Pro82, Val87, Leu92, Leu94, Cys136, Asp144, and Ile146) at the active site of BRD4. The MD simulations, free energy calculations, and residual energy contributions all indicate that hydrophobic interactions are decisive factors affecting bindings between inhibitors and BRD4. The current study provides new insights that can aid the discovery of BRD4 inhibitors with enhanced anti-cancer ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
| | - J B Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
| | - X C Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
| | - S Bian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
| | - X Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
| | - J Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
| | - H Y Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an China
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10
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Yao Z, Luo Z, Pan Y, Zhang X, Li B, Xu L, Wang P, Shi Q. Metal‐Free Tandem One‐Pot Construction of 3,3‐Disubsituted 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1
H
)‐Ones under Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yao
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenli Luo
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Pan
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Bohan Li
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Shi
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 People's Republic of China
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11
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Tong JB, Luo D, Bian S, Zhang X. Structural investigation of tetrahydropteridin analogues as selective PLK1 inhibitors for treating cancer through combined QSAR techniques, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Zhang S, Chen Y, Tian C, He Y, Tian Z, Wan Y, Liu T. Dual-target Inhibitors Based on BRD4: Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1775-1795. [PMID: 32520674 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200610174453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, cancer continues being a dramatically increasing and serious threat to public health. Although many anti-tumor agents have been developed in recent years, the survival rate of patients is not satisfactory. The poor prognosis of cancer patients is closely related to the occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new strategies for cancer treatment. Multi-target therapies aim to have additive or synergistic effects and reduce the potential for the development of resistance by integrating different pharmacophores into a single drug molecule. Given the fact that majority of diseases are multifactorial in nature, multi-target therapies are being exploited with increasing intensity, which has brought improved outcomes in disease models and obtained several compounds that have entered clinical trials. Thus, it is potential to utilize this strategy for the treatment of BRD4 related cancers. This review focuses on the recent research advances of dual-target inhibitors based on BRD4 in the aspect of anti-tumor. METHODS We have searched the recent literatures about BRD4 inhibitors from the online resources and databases, such as pubmed, elsevier and google scholar. RESULTS In the recent years, many efforts have been taken to develop dual-target inhibitors based on BRD4 as anti-cancer agents, such as HDAC/BRD4 dual inhibitors, PLK1/BRD4 dual inhibitors and PI3K/BRD4 dual inhibitors and so on. Most compounds display good anti-tumor activities. CONCLUSION Developing new anti-cancer agents with new scaffolds and high efficiency is a big challenge for researchers. Dual-target inhibitors based on BRD4 are a class of important bioactive compounds. Making structural modifications on the active dual-target inhibitors according to the corresponding structure-activity relationships is of benefit to obtain more potent anti-cancer leads or clinical drugs. This review will be useful for further development of new dual-target inhibitors based on BRD4 as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanzhao Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Chengsen Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250200, China
| | - Yujing He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Zeru Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yichao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
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13
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Liu Y, Xue M, Cao D, Qin L, Wang Y, Miao Z, Wang P, Hu X, Shen J, Xiong B. Multi-omics characterization of WNT pathway reactivation to ameliorate BET inhibitor resistance in liver cancer cells. Genomics 2021; 113:1057-1069. [PMID: 33667649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Bromodomain and Extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are promising targets in treating cancers. Although BET inhibitors have been in clinical trials, they are limited by lacking of suitable biomarkers to indicate drug responses in different cancers. Here we identify DHRS2, ETV4 and NOTUM as potential biomarkers to indicate drug resistance in liver cancer cells of a recently discovered BET inhibitor, Hjp-6-171. Furthermore, we confirm that reactivation of WNT pathway, the target of NOTUM, contributes to the drug sensitivity restoration in Hjp-6-171 resistant cells. Specially, combinations of Hjp-6-171 and a GSK3β inhibitor CHIR-98014 show remarkable therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. Integrating RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data, we reveal the expression signature of β-catenin regulated genes is contrary in sensitive cells to that in resistant cells. We propose WNT signaling molecules such as β-catenin and ETV4 to be candidate biomarkers to indicate BET inhibitor responses in liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- SARI center for stem cell and nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengzhu Xue
- SARI center for stem cell and nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Danyan Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lihuai Qin
- Center for chemical biology and drug discovery, department of pharmacological sciences, Tisch cancer institute, Icahn School of medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zehong Miao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Wu Q, Chen DQ, Sun L, Huan XJ, Bao XB, Tian CQ, Hu J, Lv KK, Wang YQ, Xiong B, Miao ZH. Novel bivalent BET inhibitor N2817 exhibits potent anticancer activity and inhibits TAF1. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114435. [PMID: 33539817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins are promising anticancer targets. Most BET inhibitors in clinical trials are monovalent. They competitively bind to one of the bromodomains (BD1 and BD2) in BET proteins and exhibit relatively weak anticancer activity, poor pharmacokinetics, and low metabolic stability. Here, we evaluated the anticancer activity of a novel bivalent BET inhibitor, N2817, which consists of two molecules of the monovalent BET inhibitor 8124-053 connected by a common piperazine ring, rendering a long linker unnecessary. Compared with ABBV-075, one of the potent monovalent BET inhibitors reported to date, N2817 showed greater potency in inhibiting proliferation, arresting cell-cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing the growth of tumor xenografts. Moreover, N2817 showed high metabolic stability, a relatively long half-life, and no brain penetration after oral administration. Additionally, N2817 directly bound and inhibited another BD-containing protein, TAF1 (BD2), as evidenced by a reduction in mRNA and protein levels. TAF1 inhibition contributed to the anticancer effect of N2817. Therefore, this study offers a new paradigm for designing bivalent BET inhibitors and introduces a novel potent bivalent BET inhibitor and a new anticancer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan-Qi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia-Juan Huan
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu-Bin Bao
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-Qing Tian
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai-Kai Lv
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Qing Wang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bing Xiong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Tong JB, Luo D, Feng Y, Bian S, Zhang X, Wang TH. Structural modification of 4, 5-dihydro-[1, 2, 4] triazolo [4, 3-f] pteridine derivatives as BRD4 inhibitors using 2D/3D-QSAR and molecular docking analysis. Mol Divers 2021; 25:1855-1872. [PMID: 33392965 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment continues to be one of the most serious public health issues in the world. The overexpression of BRD4 protein has led to a series of malignant tumors, hence the development of small molecule BRD4 protease inhibitors has always been a hot spot in the field of medical research. In this study, a series of 4,5-dihydro-[1, 2, 4] triazolo [4, 3-f] pteridine derivatives were used to establish 3D/2D-QSAR models and to discuss the relationship between inhibitor structure and activity. Four ideal models were established, including the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA: [Formula: see text] = 0.574, [Formula: see text] = 0.947) model, comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA: [Formula: see text]= 0.622, [Formula: see text] = 0.916) model, topomer CoMFA ([Formula: see text] = 0.691, [Formula: see text]= 0.912) model and hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR: [Formula: see text]= 0.759, [Formula: see text] = 0.963) model. They show quite good external predictive power for the test set, with [Formula: see text] values of 0.602, 0.624, 0.671 and 0.750, respectively. In addition, the contour and color code map given by the 2D/3D-QSAR model with the results of molecular docking analyzed to chalk up modification methods for improving inhibitory activity, which was verified by designing novel compounds. The analysis results are helpful to promote the modification of the inhibitor framework and to provide a reference for the construction of new and promising BRD4 inhibitor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Ding Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shuai Bian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Tian-Hao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China
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16
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BET bromodomains as novel epigenetic targets for brain health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108306. [PMID: 32946883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic pharmacotherapy for CNS-related diseases is a burgeoning area of research. In particular, members of the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family of proteins have emerged as intriguing therapeutic targets due to their putative involvement in an array of brain diseases. With their ability to bind to acetylated histones and act as a scaffold for chromatin modifying complexes, BET proteins were originally thought of as passive epigenetic 'reader' proteins. However, new research depicts a more complex reality where BET proteins act as key nodes in lineage-specific and signal-dependent transcriptional mechanisms to influence disease-relevant functions. Amid a recent wave of drug development efforts from basic scientists and pharmaceutical companies, BET inhibitors are currently being studied in several CNS-related disease models, but safety and tolerability remain a concern. Here we review the progress in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of BET proteins and the therapeutic potential of targeting BET proteins for brain health and disease.
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17
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Lv K, Chen W, Chen D, Mou J, Zhang H, Fan T, Li Y, Cao D, Wang X, Chen L, Shen J, Pei D, Xiong B. Rational Design and Evaluation of 6-(Pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones as Polypharmacological Inhibitors of BET and Kinases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9787-9802. [PMID: 32787081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer exhibits diverse heterogeneity with a complicated molecular basis that usually harbors genetic and epigenetic abnormality, which poses a big challenge for single-target agents. In the current work, we proposed a hybrid strategy by incorporating pharmacophores that bind to the acetylated lysine binding pocket of BET proteins with a typical kinase hinge binder to generate novel polypharmacological inhibitors of BET and kinases. Through elaborating the core structure of 6-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one, we demonstrated that this rational design can produce high potent inhibitors of CDK9 and BET proteins. In this series, compound 40 was identified as the potential lead compound with balanced activities of BRD4 (IC50 = 12.7 nM) and CDK9 (IC50 = 22.4 nM), as well as good antiproliferative activities on a small cancer cell panel. Together, the current study provided a new method for the discovery of bromodomain and kinase dual inhibitors rather than only being discovered by serendipity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weicong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Danqi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Mou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Fan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Danyan Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongsheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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Liang D, Yu Y, Ma Z. Novel strategies targeting bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) for cancer drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a new technology to selectively degrade target proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTAC molecules (PROTACs) are a class of heterobifunctional molecules, which contain a ligand targeting the protein of interest, a ligand recruiting an E3 ligase and a linker connecting these two ligands. They provide several advantages over traditional inhibitors in potency, selectivity and drug resistance. Thus, many promising PROTACs have been developed in the recent two decades, especially small-molecule PROTACs. In this review, we briefly introduce the mechanism of PROTACs and focus on the progress of small-molecule PROTACs based on different E3 ligases. In addition, we also introduce the opportunities and challenges of small-molecule PROTACs for cancer therapy.
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20
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Wang NY, Xu Y, Xiao KJ, Zuo WQ, Zhu YX, Hu R, Wang WL, Shi YJ, Yu LT, Liu ZH. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-f]pteridine derivatives as novel dual-PLK1/BRD4 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112152. [PMID: 32088495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors and epigenetic regulatory molecules are two main kinds of anticancer drugs developed in recent years. Both kinds of drugs harbor their own advantages and disadvantages in the treatment of cancer, and the development of small molecules which could target at kinases and epigenetic targets simultaneously can avoid the defects of drugs which only targets at kinases or epigenetic proteins. In this study, a series of 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-f]pteridine derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the structure of PLK1 inhibitor BI-2536. Subsequent targets affinity screen and antiproliferative activity test led to the discovery of the most potent dual PLK1/BRD4 inhibitor 9b with good potency for both PLK1 (IC50 = 22 nM) and BRD4 (IC50 = 109 nM) as well as favorable antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cell lines. 9b could induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cell line MV 4-11 in a concentration dependent manner. It could also downregulate the transcription of several proliferation-related oncogenes, including c-MYC, MYCN and BCL-2. Finally, in a MV4-11 mouse xenograft model, 9b exhibited favorable in vivo antitumor activity with 66% tumor growth inhibition (TGI) at a dose of 60 mg/kg while without obvious toxicity. This study thus provided us a start point for the development of new dual PLK1/BRD4 inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kun-Jie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei-Qiong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong-Xia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wan-Li Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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21
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Mu X, Bai L, Xu Y, Wang J, Lu H. Protein targeting chimeric molecules specific for dual bromodomain 4 (BRD4) and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) proteins in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:833-839. [PMID: 31708096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are hetero-bifunctional molecules that could simultaneously bind to the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to selective degradation of the target protein. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and bromodomain 4 (BRD4) are both attractive therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we developed a small-molecule BRD4 and PLK1 degrader HBL-4 based on PROTAC technology, which leads to fast, efficient, and prolonged degradation of BRD4 and PLK1 in MV4-11 cells tested in vitro and vivo, and potent anti-proliferation and BRD4 and PLK1 degradation ability in human acute leukemia MOLM-13 and KG1 cells. Meanwhile, HBL-4 more effectively suppresses c-Myc levels than inhibitor BI2536, resulting in more effective inducing apoptosis activity in MV4-11 cells. At the same time, HBL-4 induced dramatically improved efficacy in the MV4-11 tumor xenograft model as compared with BI2536. This study is, to our knowledge, the first reports about dual PLK1 and BRD4 degraders, which potentially represents an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteolysis/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pteridines/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingju Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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22
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Remillard D, Buckley DL, Seo HS, Ferguson FM, Dhe-Paganon S, Bradner JE, Gray NS. Dual Inhibition of TAF1 and BET Bromodomains from the BI-2536 Kinase Inhibitor Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1443-1449. [PMID: 31620231 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have highlighted the dual bromodomains of TAF1 (TAF1(1,2)) as synergistic with BET inhibition in cellular cancer models, engendering interest in TAF/BET polypharmacology. Here, we examine structure activity relationships within the BI-2536 PLK1 kinase inhibitor scaffold, previously reported to bind BRD4. We examine binding by this ligand to TAF1(2) and apply structure guided design strategies to discriminate binding to both the PLK1 kinase and BRD4(1) bromodomain while retaining activity on TAF1(2). Through this effort we discover potent dual inhibitors of TAF1(2)/BRD4(1), as well as biased derivatives showing marked TAF1 selectivity. We resolve X-ray crystallographic data sets to examine the mechanisms of the observed TAF1 selectivity and to provide a resource for further development of this scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Remillard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dennis L. Buckley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Fleur M. Ferguson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James E. Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
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23
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Zhi Y, Wang S, Huang W, Zeng S, Liang M, Zhang C, Ma Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Shen Z. Novel phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives as potent and selective BET bromodomain inhibitors: Rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:502-514. [PMID: 31276895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of BET family of bromodomain is an appealing intervention strategy for several cancers and inflammatory diseases. This article highlights our work toward the identification of potent, selective, and efficacious BET inhibitors using a structure-based approach focused on improving potency. Our medicinal chemistry efforts led to the identification of compound 24, a novel phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivative, as a potent (IC50 = 0.24 μM) and selective BET inhibitor with excellent cancer cell lines inhibitory activities and favorable oral pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanle Zhi
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Wenhai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Shenxin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Meihao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Chixiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Zunyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China.
| | - Zhengrong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China.
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24
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Hu J, Tian CQ, Damaneh MS, Li Y, Cao D, Lv K, Yu T, Meng T, Chen D, Wang X, Chen L, Li J, Song SS, Huan XJ, Qin L, Shen J, Wang YQ, Miao ZH, Xiong B. Structure-Based Discovery and Development of a Series of Potent and Selective Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Protein Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8642-8663. [PMID: 31490070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BRD4 has recently emerged as a promising drug target. Therefore, identifying novel inhibitors with distinct properties could enrich their use in anticancer treatment. Guided by the cocrystal structure of hit compound 4 harboring a five-membered-ring linker motif, we quickly identified lead compound 7, which exhibited good antitumor effects in an MM.1S xenograft model by oral administration. Encouraged by its high potency and interesting scaffold, we performed further lead optimization to generate a novel potent series of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors with a (1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one structure. Among them, compound 19 was found to have the best balance of activity, stability, and antitumor efficacy. After confirming its low brain penetration, we conducted comprehensive preclinical studies, including a multiple-species pharmacokinetics profile, extensive cellular mechanism studies, hERG assay, and in vivo antitumor growth effect testing, and we found that compound 19 is a potential BET protein drug candidate for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , NO.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chang-Qing Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , NO.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | | | | | | | - Kaikai Lv
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , NO.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lihuai Qin
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | | | - Ying-Qing Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , NO.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , NO.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Bing Xiong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , NO.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
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25
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Tian CQ, Chen L, Chen HD, Huan XJ, Hu JP, Shen JK, Xiong B, Wang YQ, Miao ZH. Inhibition of the BET family reduces its new target gene IDO1 expression and the production of L-kynurenine. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 31324754 PMCID: PMC6642217 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family members, including BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4, act as epigenetic readers to regulate gene expression. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme that participates in tumor immune escape primarily by catalyzing tryptophan to L-kynurenine. Here, we report that IDO1 is a new target gene of the BET family. RNA profiling showed that compound 9, a new BET inhibitor, reduced IDO1 mRNA up to seven times in Ty-82 cells. IDO1 differentially expressed in tumor cells and its expression could be induced with interferon gamma (IFN-γ). BET inhibitors (ABBV-075, JQ1, and OTX015) inhibited both constitutive and IFN-γ-inducible expression of IDO1. Similarly, reduction of BRD2, BRD3, or BRD4 decreased IDO1 expression. All these BET family members bound to the IDO1 promoter via the acetylated histone H3. JQ1 led to their release and reduced enrichment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) on the promoter. IFN-γ increased the binding of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and Pol II on the IDO1 promoter by increasing the acetylation of histone H3, which could be prevented by JQ1 partially or even completely. Furthermore, both JQ1 and OTX015 decreased the production of L-kynurenine. The combination of BET inhibitors with the IDO1 inhibitor further reduced L-kynurenine, though only marginally. Importantly, the BET inhibitor ABBV-075 significantly inhibited the growth of human Ty-82 xenografts in nude mice and reduced both protein and mRNA levels of IDO1 in the xenografts. This finding lays a basis for the potential combination of BET inhibitors and IDO1 inhibitors for the treatment of IDO1-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Tian
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Dong Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xia-Juan Huan
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Kang Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying-Qing Wang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Open Studio for Drugability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266237, Shandong, China.
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26
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Damaneh MS, Hu JP, Huan XJ, Song SS, Tian CQ, Chen DQ, Meng T, Chen YL, Shen JK, Xiong B, Miao ZH, Wang YQ. A new BET inhibitor, 171, inhibits tumor growth through cell proliferation inhibition more than apoptosis induction. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:700-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00818-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Li D, Ollevier T. Iron- or Zinc-Mediated Synthetic Approach to Enantiopure Dihydroquinoxalinones. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Li
- Département de chimie; Université Laval; 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de chimie; Université Laval; 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
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28
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Feng Y, Xiao S, Chen Y, Jiang H, Liu N, Luo C, Chen S, Chen H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-ones derivatives as BRD4 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:264-273. [PMID: 29730189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 bearing with benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one scaffold was identified as an effective BRD4 inhibitor through the AlphaScreen-based high-throughput screening and its high-resolution crystal structure with BRD4_BD1 protein. A series of 48 compounds were designed and synthesized by structural optimization on compound 1. All the compounds have been evaluated for their BRD4 inhibitory activities. The results showed that compounds 23, 24, 28 and 44 are the most potential ones with the IC50 values of 1.02 μM, 1.43 μM, 1.55 μM and 3.02 μM, respectively. According to their co-crystal structures in complex with BRD4_BD1 and the protein thermal shift assays, the binding modes were revealed that the additional indirect hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions make such four compounds more active than 1 against BRD4. Furthermore, compounds 1, 23 and 44 were chosen to evaluate for their antiproliferative activities on the MLL-AF4-expression acute leukemia cell line (MV4-11), other cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, A549, 22Rv1) and the non-cancer cell lines (HUV-EC-C, MRC5, RPTEC). The results showed that these compounds exhibited good and selective inhibitory activities against MV4-11 cells with the IC50 values of 11.67 μM, 5.55 μM, and 11.54 μM, respectively, and could act on the cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle at G1 phase. They could markedly down-regulate the expressions of the c-Myc, Bcl-2 and CDK6 oncogenes in MV4-11 in the qRT-PCR and western blot studies, which further demonstrated that compound 1 and its derivatives could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for MLL leukemia by targeting BRD4_BD1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Senhao Xiao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yantao Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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29
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Hu J, Wang Y, Li Y, Cao D, Xu L, Song S, Damaneh MS, Li J, Chen Y, Wang X, Chen L, Shen J, Miao Z, Xiong B. Structure-based optimization of a series of selective BET inhibitors containing aniline or indoline groups. Eur J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29525435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several kinase inhibitors were found to also inhibit bromodomains, providing a new strategy for the discovery of bromodomain inhibitors. Along this line, starting from PLK1-BRD4 dual inhibitor BI-2536, we discovered a new series of dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one with aniline and indoline WPF binders as selective BRD4 inhibitors. They showed better BRD4-BD1 potency and negligible PLK1 kinase activity comparing with BI-2536. Additionally, dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones containing indoline group showed profound activities in molecular and cellular based assays. Throughout the study, compounds 9, 28 and 37 showed significant inhibitory activity for c-Myc or PD-L1 protein expression and mRNA transcription both at concentration of 0.2 and 1 μM. Compound 9 was found possessing the best balance of binding affinity, in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, it was selected for in vivo pharmacological study. By using MM.1S cell derived xenograft model, we confirmed compound 9 showed comparable in vivo tumor inhibition to phase II investigation drug I-BET762, which, together with the novel WPF binder, further indicated the utility of this series of BRD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingqing Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanlian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Danyan Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - ShanShan Song
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mohammadali Soleimani Damaneh
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuelei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zehong Miao
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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