1
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Gomes AR, Varela CL, Pires AS, Tavares-da-Silva EJ, Roleira FMF. Synthetic and natural guanidine derivatives as antitumor and antimicrobial agents: A review. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106600. [PMID: 37209561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Guanidines are fascinating small nitrogen-rich organic compounds, which have been frequently associated with a wide range of biological activities. This is mainly due to their interesting chemical features. For these reasons, for the past decades, researchers have been synthesizing and evaluating guanidine derivatives. In fact, there are currently on the market several guanidine-bearing drugs. Given the broad panoply of pharmacological activities displayed by guanidine compounds, in this review, we chose to focus on antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities presented by several natural and synthetic guanidine derivatives, which are undergoing preclinical and clinical studies from January 2010 to January 2023. Moreover, we also present guanidine-containing drugs currently in the market for the treatment of cancer and several infectious diseases. In the preclinical and clinical setting, most of the synthesized and natural guanidine derivatives are being evaluated as antitumor and antibacterial agents. Even though DNA is the most known target of this type of compounds, their cytotoxicity also involves several other different mechanisms, such as interference with bacterial cell membranes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mediated-Rac1 inhibition, among others. As for the compounds already used as pharmacological drugs, their main application is in the treatment of different types of cancer, such as breast, lung, prostate, and leukemia. Guanidine-containing drugs are also being used for the treatment of bacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral infections and, recently, have been proposed for the treatment of COVID-19. To conclude, the guanidine group is a privileged scaffold in drug design. Its remarkable cytotoxic activities, especially in the field of oncology, still make it suitable for a deeper investigation to afford more efficient and target-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Gomes
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla L Varela
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana S Pires
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisiário J Tavares-da-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda M F Roleira
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Zubair S, Badshah A, Patujo J, Khan M, Raheel A, Asghar F, Imtiaz S. New ferrocene integrated amphiphilic guanidines: Synthesis, spectroscopic elucidation, DFT calculation and in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition combined with molecular docking approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14919. [PMID: 37064477 PMCID: PMC10102212 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Three N, N', N″-trisubstituted ferrocenyl guanidines (MG-10, MG-12 and MG-14) were synthesized, characterized by several analytical methods such as FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. These compounds have long chain aliphatic groups therefore their aliphatic nature has been evaluated by determining their critical micelle concentration (CMC). CMC point decreases from 0.036 mM to 0.013 mM with increase in the aliphatic chain length. The quantum mechanical parameters such as the energy of frontier molecular orbitals (EHOMO and ELUMO) and the Mulliken charge distribution on the optimized structures were determined using a DFT/B3LYP method combined with the 6-31G (d,p) basis set in the gas phase. The in vitro antidiabetic activity of synthesized compounds showed that MG-12 has IC50value 23.10 μg/mL against α-amylase while MG-10 has IC50value 27.32 μg/mL against α-glucosidase with the respective standard Acarbose (IC50value 20.12 μg/mL). Theoretical docking analysis demonstrated that MG-10 and MG-12 interacted with α-amylase by 3 types of interaction, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Zubair
- Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding author. Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Amin Badshah
- Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jahangeer Patujo
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan
| | - Mehmand Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Raheel
- Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Asghar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah, 47000, Pakistan
| | - Shamila Imtiaz
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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3
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Synthesis of 3-(2-Alkylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-2-(1-phenyl-3-arylprop-2-enylideneamino)guanidine Derivatives with Pro-Apoptotic Activity against Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054436. [PMID: 36901869 PMCID: PMC10002375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The untypical course of reaction between chalcones and benzenesulfonylaminoguanidines led to the new 3-(2-alkylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-2-(1-phenyl-3-arylprop-2-enylideneamino)guanidine derivatives 8-33. The new compounds were tested in vitro for their impact on the growth of breast cancer cells MCF-7, cervical cancer cells HeLa and colon cancer cells HCT-116 by MTT assay. The results revealed that the activity of derivatives is strongly related to the presence of hydroxy group in the benzene ring at the 3-arylpropylidene fragment. The most cytotoxic compounds 20 and 24 displayed mean IC50 values of 12.8 and 12.7 μM, respectively, against three tested cell lines and were almost 3- and 4-fold more active toward MCF-7 and HCT-116 when compared with non-malignant HaCaT cells. Furthermore, compound 24 induced apoptosis in cancer cells and caused a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as an increase of cells in sub-G1 phase in contrast to its inactive analog 31. The strongest activity against the most sensitive HCT-116 cell line was found for compound 30 (IC50 = 8 μM), which was 11-fold more effective in the growth inhibition of HCT-116 cells than those of HaCaT cells. Based on this fact, the new derivatives may be promising leading structures for the search for agents for the treatment of colon cancer.
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4
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Pandya N, Singh M, Rani R, Kumar V, Kumar A. G-quadruplex-mediated specific recognition, stabilization and transcriptional repression of bcl-2 by small molecule. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 734:109483. [PMID: 36513132 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the G-quadruplex (G4) structure in the promoter region of the human bcl-2 oncogenes makes it a promising target for developing anti-cancer therapeutics. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis, and its frequent overexpression in cancer cells contributes to tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. Small molecules that can specifically bind to bcl-2 G4 with high affinity and selectivity are remaining elusive. Here, we report that small molecule 1,3-bis-) furane-2yl-methylidene-amino) guanidine (BiGh) binds to bcl-2 G4 DNA structure with very high affinity and selectivity over other genomic G4 DNA structures and duplex DNA. BiGh stabilizes folded parallel conformation of bcl-2 G4 via non-covalent and electrostatic interactions and increases the thermal stabilization up to 15 °C. The ligand significantly suppresses the bcl-2 transcription in HeLa cells by a G4-dependent mechanism and induces cell cycle arrest which promotes apoptosis. The in silico ADME profiling confirms the potential 'drug-likeness' of BiGh. Our results showed that BiGh stabilizes the bcl-2 G-quadruplex motif, downregulates the bcl-2 gene transcription as well as translation process in cervical cancer cells, and exhibits potential anti-cancer activity. This work provides a potential platform for the development of lead compound(s) as G4 stabilizers with drug-like properties of BiGh for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Pandya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Mamta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Reshma Rani
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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5
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Pandya N, Rani R, Kumar V, Kumar A. Discovery of potent Guanidine derivative that selectively binds and stabilizes the human BCL-2 G-quadruplex DNA and downregulates the transcription. Gene 2022; 851:146975. [PMID: 36261091 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that interact with quadruplexes offer a wide range of potential applications, including not just as medications but also as sensors for quadruplexes structures. The BCL-2 is a proto-oncogene that often gets mutated in lethal cancer and could be an interesting target for developing an anti-cancer drug. In the present study, we have employed various biophysical techniques such as fluorescence, CD, Isothermal calorimeter, gel retardation, and PCR stop assay, indicating that Guanidine derivatives GD-1 and GD-2 selectively interact with high affinity with BCL-2 G-quadruplex over other G-quadruplex DNA and duplex DNA. The most promising small molecule GD-1 increases the thermostability of the BCL-2 GQ structure by 12°C. Our biological experiments such as ROS generation, qRT-PCR, western blot, TFP based Reporter assay, show that the GD-1 ligand causes a synthetic lethal interaction by suppressing the expression BCL-2 genes via interaction and stabilization of its the promoter G-quadruplexes in HeLa cells and act as a potential anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Pandya
- Department for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, Simrol, India
| | - Reshma Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, Simrol, India.
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6
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Han Mİ, Küçükgüzel ŞG. Thioethers: An Overview. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:170-219. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210614121237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Spreading rapidly in recent years, cancer has become one of the causes of the highest mor-tality rates after cardiovascular diseases. The reason for cancer development is still not clearly under-stood despite enormous research activities in this area. Scientists are now working on the biology of cancer, especially on the root cause of cancer development. The aim is to treat the cancer disease and thus cure the patients. The continuing efforts for the development of novel molecules as potential anti-cancer agents are essential for this purpose. The main aim of this review was to present a survey on the medicinal chemistry of thioethers and provide practical data on their cytotoxicities against various cancer cell lines. The research articles published between 2001-2020 were consulted to pre-pare this review article; however, patent literature has not been included. The thioether-containing heterocyclic compounds may emerge as a new class of potent and effective anti-cancer agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. İhsan Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Talas, 38050, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ş. Güniz Küçükgüzel
- Vocational School of Health Services, Fenerbahçe University, Ataşehir, 34758, İstanbul, Turkey
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7
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Sampaio-Dias IE, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Yáñez-Pérez V, Arrasate S, Llorente J, Brea JM, Bediaga H, Viña D, Loza MI, Caamaño O, García-Mera X, González-Díaz H. Synthesis, Pharmacological, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Furoyl-Based MIF-1 Peptidomimetics and the Development of a General-Purpose Model for Allosteric Modulators (ALLOPTML). ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:203-215. [PMID: 33347281 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2-furoyl-based Melanostatin (MIF-1) peptidomimetics as dopamine D2 modulating agents. Eight novel peptidomimetics were tested for their ability to enhance the maximal effect of tritiated N-propylapomorphine ([3H]-NPA) at D2 receptors (D2R). In this series, 2-furoyl-l-leucylglycinamide (6a) produced a statistically significant increase in the maximal [3H]-NPA response at 10 pM (11 ± 1%), comparable to the effect of MIF-1 (18 ± 9%) at the same concentration. This result supports previous evidence that the replacement of proline residue by heteroaromatic scaffolds are tolerated at the allosteric binding site of MIF-1. Biological assays performed for peptidomimetic 6a using cortex neurons from 19-day-old Wistar-Kyoto rat embryos suggest that 6a displays no neurotoxicity up to 100 μM. Overall, the pharmacological and toxicological profile and the structural simplicity of 6a makes this peptidomimetic a potential lead compound for further development and optimization, paving the way for the development of novel modulating agents of D2R suitable for the treatment of CNS-related diseases. Additionally, the pharmacological and biological data herein reported, along with >20 000 outcomes of preclinical assays, was used to seek a general model to predict the allosteric modulatory potential of molecular candidates for a myriad of target receptors, organisms, cell lines, and biological activity parameters based on perturbation theory (PT) ideas and machine learning (ML) techniques, abbreviated as ALLOPTML. By doing so, ALLOPTML shows high specificity Sp = 89.2/89.4%, sensitivity Sn = 71.3/72.2%, and accuracy Ac = 86.1%/86.4% in training/validation series, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, ALLOPTML is the first general-purpose chemoinformatic tool using a PTML-based model for the multioutput and multicondition prediction of allosteric compounds, which is expected to save both time and resources during the early drug discovery of allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo E. Sampaio-Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José E. Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Víctor Yáñez-Pérez
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia Arrasate
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Llorente
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research group, Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Harbil Bediaga
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Dept. of Physical Chemistry, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research group, Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Olga Caamaño
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Humberto González-Díaz
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Basque Center for Biophysics (CSIC UPV/EHU), University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Ulenberg S, Belka M, Georgiev P, Ślifirski G, Król M, Herold F, Bączek T. The influence of phase II enzymes on in vitro half-life of pirydo[1,2-c]pirymidine derivatives as structural analogues of arylpiperazine. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Cabrera-Andrade A, López-Cortés A, Munteanu CR, Pazos A, Pérez-Castillo Y, Tejera E, Arrasate S, González-Díaz H. Perturbation-Theory Machine Learning (PTML) Multilabel Model of the ChEMBL Dataset of Preclinical Assays for Antisarcoma Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27211-27220. [PMID: 33134682 PMCID: PMC7594149 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a group of malignant neoplasms of connective tissue with a different etiology than carcinomas. The efforts to discover new drugs with antisarcoma activity have generated large datasets of multiple preclinical assays with different experimental conditions. For instance, the ChEMBL database contains outcomes of 37,919 different antisarcoma assays with 34,955 different chemical compounds. Furthermore, the experimental conditions reported in this dataset include 157 types of biological activity parameters, 36 drug targets, 43 cell lines, and 17 assay organisms. Considering this information, we propose combining perturbation theory (PT) principles with machine learning (ML) to develop a PTML model to predict antisarcoma compounds. PTML models use one function of reference that measures the probability of a drug being active under certain conditions (protein, cell line, organism, etc.). In this paper, we used a linear discriminant analysis and neural network to train and compare PT and non-PT models. All the explored models have an accuracy of 89.19-95.25% for training and 89.22-95.46% in validation sets. PTML-based strategies have similar accuracy but generate simplest models. Therefore, they may become a versatile tool for predicting antisarcoma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabrera-Andrade
- Grupo
de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad
de Las Américas, de los Granados Avenue, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Carrera
de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, de los Granados Avenue, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- RNASA-IMEDIR,
Computer Sciences Faculty, University of
A Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- RNASA-IMEDIR,
Computer Sciences Faculty, University of
A Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad
de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Mariscal Sucre Avenue, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Cristian R. Munteanu
- RNASA-IMEDIR,
Computer Sciences Faculty, University of
A Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Biomedical
Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña 15006, Spain
- Centro de
Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información
y las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Campus de
Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pazos
- RNASA-IMEDIR,
Computer Sciences Faculty, University of
A Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Biomedical
Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña 15006, Spain
| | - Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo
- Grupo
de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad
de Las Américas, de los Granados Avenue, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Escuela
de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Las Américas, de los Granados Avenue, Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Grupo
de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad
de Las Américas, de los Granados Avenue, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Facultad
de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, de los Granados Avenue, Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Arrasate
- Department
of Organic Chemistry II and Basque Center for Biophysics, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Biscay, Spain
| | - Humbert González-Díaz
- Department
of Organic Chemistry II and Basque Center for Biophysics, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Biscay, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Biscay, Spain
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10
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Ulenberg S, Bączek T. Metabolic stability studies of lead compounds supported by separation techniques and chemometrics analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:373-386. [PMID: 33006800 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With metabolism being one of the main routes of drug elimination from the body (accounting for removal of around 75% of known drugs), it is crucial to understand and study metabolic stability of drug candidates. Metabolically unstable compounds are uncomfortable to administer (requiring repetitive dosage during therapy), while overly stable drugs increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Additionally, biotransformation reactions can lead to formation of toxic or pharmacologically active metabolites (either less-active than parent drug, or even with different action). There were numerous approaches in estimating metabolic stability, including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and high-throughput screening to name a few. This review aims at describing separation techniques used in in vitro metabolic stability estimation, as well as chemometric techniques allowing for creation of predictive models which enable high-throughput screening approach for estimation of metabolic stability. With a very low rate of drug approval, it is important to understand in silico methods that aim at supporting classical in vitro approach. Predictive models that allow assessment of certain biological properties of drug candidates allow for cutting not only cost, but also time required to synthesize compounds predicted to be unstable or inactive by in silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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Szafrański K, Sławiński J, Tomorowicz Ł, Kawiak A. Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation and Structure-Activity Analysis of Novel ( E)- 5-(2-Arylvinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2235. [PMID: 32210190 PMCID: PMC7139731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To learn more about the structure-activity relationships of (E)-3-(5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives, which in our previous research displayed promising in vitro anticancer activity, we have synthesized a group of novel (E)-5-[(5-(2-arylvinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)]-4-chloro-2-R1-benzenesulfonamides 7-36 as well as (E)-4-[5-styryl1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamides 47-50 and (E)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-arylvinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazols 51-55. All target derivatives were evaluated for their anticancer activity on HeLa, HCT-116, and MCF-7 human tumor cell lines. The obtained results were analyzed in order to explain the influence of a structure of the 2-aryl-vinyl substituent and benzenesulfonamide scaffold on the anti-tumor activity. Compound 31, bearing 5-nitrothiophene moiety, exhibited the most potent anticancer activity against the HCT-116, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.5, 4, and 4.5 µM, respectively. Analysis of structure-activity relationship showed significant differences in activity depending on the substituent in position 3 of the benzenesulfonamide ring and indicated as the optimal meta position of the sulfonamide moiety relative to the oxadizole ring. In the next stage, chemometric analysis was performed basing on a set of computed molecular descriptors. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to examine the internal structure of the obtained data and the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis with multiple linear regression (MLR) method allowed for finding statistically significant models for predicting activity towards all three cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Szafrański
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.S.); (Ł.T.)
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.S.); (Ł.T.)
| | - Łukasz Tomorowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.S.); (Ł.T.)
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Lin J, Wang P, Zhang Z, Xue G, Zha D, Wang J, Xu X, Li Z. Facile synthesis and anti-proliferative activity evaluation of quinoxaline derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1714054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daijun Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhulai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Cho SM, Lee HK, Liu Q, Wang MW, Kwon HJ. A Guanidine-Based Synthetic Compound Suppresses Angiogenesis via Inhibition of Acid Ceramidase. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:11-19. [PMID: 30507149 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis generates new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Tumors induce the formation of new blood vessels to ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrients for their growth. Normally, angiogenesis is induced by various pro-angiogenesis factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inhibition of VEGF is a promising approach to cancer treatment. A guanidine-based synthetic compound, E2, was identified as a potent hit from 68 guanidine-based derivatives by screening for angiogenesis inhibitors showing antiproliferative activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To explore the mode of action of E2, target proteins were investigated using phage display biopanning, and acid ceramidase 1 (ASAH1) was identified as an E2-binding protein. Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and ASAH1 activity assays revealed the direct binding of E2 to ASAH1. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of ASAH1 demonstrated its role as an angiogenesis factor. Consequently, E2 inhibited chemoinvasion and tube formation of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. E2 also potently suppressed neo-vascularization of chorioallantoic membranes in vivo. Collectively, these data suggest that E2 is a novel angiogenesis inhibitor and ASAH1 is proposed to be a new antiangiogenesis target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Cho
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Qing Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Bediaga H, Arrasate S, González-Díaz H. PTML Combinatorial Model of ChEMBL Compounds Assays for Multiple Types of Cancer. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:621-632. [PMID: 30240186 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Determining the target proteins of new anticancer compounds is a very important task in Medicinal Chemistry. In this sense, chemists carry out preclinical assays with a high number of combinations of experimental conditions (c j). In fact, ChEMBL database contains outcomes of 65 534 different anticancer activity preclinical assays for 35 565 different chemical compounds (1.84 assays per compound). These assays cover different combinations of c j formed from >70 different biological activity parameters ( c0), >300 different drug targets ( c1), >230 cell lines ( c2), and 5 organisms of assay ( c3) or organisms of the target ( c4). It include a total of 45 833 assays in leukemia, 6227 assays in breast cancer, 2499 assays in ovarian cancer, 3499 in colon cancer, 3159 in lung cancer, 2750 in prostate cancer, 601 in melanoma, etc. This is a very complex data set with multiple Big Data features. This data is hard to be rationalized by researchers to extract useful relationships and predict new compounds. In this context, we propose to combine perturbation theory (PT) ideas and machine learning (ML) modeling to solve this combinatorial-like problem. In this work, we report a PTML (PT + ML) model for ChEMBL data set of preclinical assays of anticancer compounds. This is a simple linear model with only three variables. The model presented values of area under receiver operating curve = AUROC = 0.872, specificity = Sp(%) = 90.2, sensitivity = Sn(%) = 70.6, and overall accuracy = Ac(%) = 87.7 in training series. The model also have Sp(%) = 90.1, Sn(%) = 71.4, and Ac(%) = 87.8 in external validation series. The model use PT operators based on multicondition moving averages to capture all the complexity of the data set. We also compared the model with nonlinear artificial neural network (ANN) models obtaining similar results. This confirms the hypothesis of a linear relationship between the PT operators and the classification as anticancer compounds in different combinations of assay conditions. Last, we compared the model with other PTML models reported in the literature concluding that this is the only one PTML model able to predict activity against multiple types of cancer. This model is a simple but versatile tool for the prediction of the targets of anticancer compounds taking into consideration multiple combinations of experimental conditions in preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harbil Bediaga
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia Arrasate
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Humbert González-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
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Pogorzelska A, Sławiński J, Kawiak A, Żołnowska B, Chojnacki J, Stasiłojć G, Ulenberg S, Szafrański K, Bączek T. Synthesis, molecular structure, and metabolic stability of new series of N'-(2-alkylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-1-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)amidine as potential anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:670-680. [PMID: 29936354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of new N'-(2-alkylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-1-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)amidine derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro by MTT assays for their antiproliferative activity against cell lines of colon cancer HCT-116, cervical cancer HeLa and breast cancer MCF-7. The studied compounds display selective activity mainly against HCT-116 and HeLa cells. Thus, five compounds show selective cytotoxic effect against HCT-116 (IC50 = 3-10 μM) and HeLa (IC50 = 7 μM). Importantly, the noticed values of IC50 for four compounds are almost 4-fold lower for HeLa than non-malignant HaCaT cells. More-in-depth biological research revealed that the treatment of HCT-116 and HeLa with active compound resulted in increased numbers of cells in sub-G1 phase in a time dependent manner, while non-active derivative does not influence cell cycle. Metabolic stability assays using liver microsomes and NADPH provide important information on compounds susceptibility to phase 1 biotransformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pogorzelska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Tuwima 15, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Żołnowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szafrański
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Yadav S, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Vasudevan M, Shah SAA, Mathur A, Narasimhan B. Synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial, antitubercular and anticancer activities of 2-(1-benzoyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylthio)-N-substituted acetamides. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:66. [PMID: 29804151 PMCID: PMC5971037 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study describes the synthesis, characterization, in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer evaluation of a series of 2-(1-benzoyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylthio)-N-substituted acetamide derivatives. The synthesized derivatives were also assessed for in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The compounds found active in in vitro study were assessed for their in vivo antitubercular activity in mice models and for their inhibitory action on vital mycobacterial enzymes viz, isocitrate lyase, pantothenate synthetase and chorismate mutase. RESULTS Compounds 8, 9 and 11 emerged out as excellent antimicrobial agents in antimicrobial assays when compared to standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs. The results of anticancer activity displayed that majority of the derivatives were less cytotoxic than standard drugs (tamoxifen and 5-fluorouracil) towards MCF7 and HCT116 cell lines. However, compound 2 (IC50 = 0.0047 µM/ml) and compound 10 (IC50 = 0.0058 µM/ml) showed highest cytotoxicity against MCF7 and HCT116 cell lines, respectively. The results of in vivo antitubercular activity revealed that a dose of 1.34 mg/kg was found to be safe for the synthesized compounds. The toxic dose of the compounds was 5.67 mg/kg while lethal dose varied from 1.81 to 3.17 mg/kg body weight of the mice. Compound 18 inhibited all the three mycobacterial enzymes to the highest level in comparison to the other synthesized derivatives but showed lesser inhibition as compared to streptomycin sulphate. CONCLUSIONS A further research on most active synthesized compounds as lead molecules may result in discovery of novel anticancer and antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehlata Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mani Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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17
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Żołnowska B, Sławiński J, Brzozowski Z, Kawiak A, Belka M, Zielińska J, Bączek T, Chojnacki J. Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Anticancer Activity, and QSAR Study of N-(aryl/heteroaryl)-4-(1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1482. [PMID: 29772699 PMCID: PMC5983619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-(aryl/heteroaryl)-4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamides were synthesized from 4-amino-N-(aryl/heteroaryl)benzenesulfonamides and 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity on HeLa, HCT-116, and MCF-7 human tumor cell lines. Compound 28, bearing 8-quinolinyl moiety, exhibited the most potent anticancer activity against the HCT-116, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines, with IC50 values of 3, 5, and 7 µM, respectively. The apoptotic potential of the most active compound (28) was analyzed through various assays: phosphatidylserine translocation, cell cycle distribution, and caspase activation. Compound 28 promoted cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase in cancer cells, induced caspase activity, and increased the population of apoptotic cells. Relationships between structure and biological activity were determined by the QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationships) method. Analysis of quantitative structure activity relationships allowed us to generate OPLS (Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structure) models with verified predictive ability that point out key molecular descriptors influencing benzenosulfonamide's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żołnowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław Brzozowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Tuwima 15, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Joanna Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
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