Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

WITHDRAWN: Discovery of indoline derivatives as anticancer agents via inhibition of tubulin polymerization

Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers in human digestive system. It is necessary to discover novel antitumor agents for the treatment of esophageal cancers because of its poor prognosis. Indoline has been reported as an efficient anticancer fragment to design novel anticancer agents. In this work, indoline derivatives were designed, synthesized and explored their anticancer activity. Compound 9d, which exhibited potent antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 1.84 μM (MGC-803 cells), 6.82 μM (A549 cells), 1.61 μM (Kyse30 cells), 1.49 μM (Kyse450 cells), 2.08 μM (Kyse510 cells) and 2.24 μM (EC-109 cells), respectively. The most active compound 9d was identified as a tubulin inhibitor targeting colchicine binding site with an IC50 value of 3.4 µM. Compound 9d could strongly suppress the tubulin polymerization in Kyse450 cells. The results of molecular docking also suggested compound 9d could tightly bind into the colchicine binding site of β-tubulin. Besides, compound 9d inhibited the growth of KYSE450 cells in time and dose-dependent manners. All the results suggest that the indoline derivatives might be a class of novel tubulin inhibitors with potential anticancer activity and is worthy of further study.

Discovery of indoline derivatives as anticancer agents via inhibition of tubulin polymerization

Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers in human digestive system. It is necessary to discover novel antitumor agents for the treatment of esophageal cancers because of its poor prognosis. Indoline has been reported as an efficient anticancer fragment to design novel anticancer agents. In this work, indoline derivatives were designed, synthesized and explored their anticancer activity. Compound 9d, which exhibited potent antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 1.84 μM (MGC-803 cells), 6.82 μM (A549 cells), 1.61 μM (Kyse30 cells), 1.49 μM (Kyse450 cells), 2.08 μM (Kyse510 cells) and 2.24 μM (EC-109 cells), respectively. The most active compound 9d was identified as a tubulin inhibitor targeting colchicine binding site with an IC50 value of 3.4 µM. Compound 9d could strongly suppress the tubulin polymerization in Kyse450 cells. The results of molecular docking also suggested compound 9d could tightly bind into the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Besides, compound 9d inhibited the growth of KYSE450 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. All the results suggest that the indoline derivatives may be a class of novel tubulin inhibitors with potential anticancer activity, and which is worthy of further study.

Quinolines, a perpetual, multipurpose scaffold in medicinal chemistry

Quinoline is a versatile pharmacophore, a privileged scaffold and an outstanding fused heterocyclic compound with a wide range of pharmacological prospective such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral drug and superlative moiety in drug discovery. The quinoline hybrids have already been shown excellent results with new targets with a different mode of actions as an inhibitor of cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration and modulation. This review emphasized the mode of action, structure activity relationship and molecular docking to reveal the various active pharmacophores of quinoline hybrids accountable for novel anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and miscellaneous activities. Therefore, several quinoline candidates are under clinical trials for the treatment of certain diseases, for example ferroquine (antimalarial), dactolisib (antitumor) and pelitinib (EGFR TK inhibitors) etc. Plenty of research has been summarized the recent advances of quinoline derivatives and explore the various therapeutic prospects of this moiety. This review would help the researchers to strategically design diverse novel quinoline derivatives for the development of clinically viable drug candidates for the treatment of incurable diseases.

Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) exhibit a survival rate of less than 60% and 40%, respectively. Late-stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies make both OSCC and ESCC a significant health burden. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, involves the degradation of intracellular components to maintain cell homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a feasible therapeutic strategy with clinical utility in cancer treatment, although its associated regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The detection of relevant biomarkers in biological fluids has been anticipated to facilitate early diagnosis and/or prognosis for these tumors. In this context, recent studies have indicated the presence of specific proteins and small RNAs, detectable in circulating plasma and serum, as biomarkers. Interestingly, the interplay between biomarkers (eg, exosomal microRNAs) and autophagic processes could be exploited in the quest for targeted and more effective therapies for OSCC and ESCC. In this review, we give an overview of the available biomarkers and innovative targeted therapeutic strategies, including the application of autophagy modulators in OSCC and ESCC. Additionally, we provide a viewpoint on the state of the art and on future therapeutic perspectives combining the early detection of relevant biomarkers with drug discovery for the treatment of OSCC and ESCC.

Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and inter-action energy and DFT studies of 2-chloro-ethyl 2-oxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-di-hydro-quinoline-4-carboxyl-ate

The title compound, C15H12ClNO3, consists of a 1,2-di-hydro-quinoline-4-carb-oxyl-ate unit with 2-chloro-ethyl and propynyl substituents, where the quinoline moiety is almost planar and the propynyl substituent is nearly perpendicular to its mean plane. In the crystal, the mol-ecules form zigzag stacks along the a-axis direction through slightly offset π-stacking inter-actions between inversion-related quinoline moieties which are tied together by inter-molecular C-HPrpn-yl⋯OCarbx and C-HChlethy⋯OCarbx (Prpnyl = propynyl, Carbx = carboxyl-ate and Chlethy = chloro-eth-yl) hydrogen bonds. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (29.9%), H⋯O/O⋯H (21.4%), H⋯C/C⋯ H (19.4%), H⋯Cl/Cl⋯H (16.3%) and C⋯C (8.6%) inter-actions. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals inter-actions are the dominant inter-actions in the crystal packing. Computational chemistry indicates that in the crystal, the C-HPrpn-yl⋯OCarbx and C-HChlethy⋯OCarbx hydrogen bond energies are 67.1 and 61.7 kJ mol-1, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized structures at the B3LYP/ 6-311 G(d,p) level are compared with the experimentally determined mol-ecular structure in the solid state. The HOMO-LUMO behaviour was elucidated to determine the energy gap.

Research Progress of Axl Inhibitors

Axl, a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) belonging to the TAM (Axl, Mer, Tyro3) family, participates in many signal transduction cascades after mostly being stimulated by Growth arrestspecific 6(Gas6). Axl is widely expressed in many organs, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, heart, liver and skeletal muscle. Over-expression and activation of Axl are associated with promoting chemotherapy resistance, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in many human cancers, such as breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. Therefore, the research and development of Axl inhibitors is of great significance to strengthen the means of cancer treatment, especially to solve the problem of drug resistance. Axl inhibitors have attracted more and more researchers' attention in recent years. This review discusses the research progress of Axl inhibitors in recent years.

Discovery of indoline derivatives that inhibit esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth by Noxa mediated apoptosis

A series of novel indoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against four selected cancer cell lines (Hela, A549, HepG2 and KYSE30). Among them, compound 20 displayed the potent inhibition activity against esophageal cancer cells (Kyse30, Kyse450, Kyse510 and EC109). Cellular mechanism studies in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells elucidated compound 20 inhibited cell growths in vitro and in vivo, reduced colony formation, arrested cell cycle at M phase, and induced Noxa-dependent apoptosis in ESCC. Importantly, compound 20 was identified as a novel Noxa mediated apoptosis inducer. These results suggested that compound 20 might be a promising anticancer agent with potential for development of further clinical applications.