1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines in drug design

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of 2-Substituted-1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidin-7-Ones and their 6-Carboxylate Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

Hyperuricemia is characterised by high blood levels of uric acid, and it can degenerate into gout when monosodium urate crystals precipitate in joints and other tissues. Uric acid is produced during the catabolism of xanthine by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO), which is the primary therapeutic target in gout treatment. Current XO inhibitors approved to treat gout, such as allopurinol and febuxostat, suffer from serious adverse effects, creating the need for new drug molecules. Three libraries comprising 75 purine analogues were designed using a 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold, synthesised and tested in vitro as potential XO inhibitors. The screening identified that 23 compounds exhibited better inhibitory activity than allopurinol, with 2-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid being 23 times more potent. Enzyme kinetics studies and molecular docking simulations were performed on the most active compounds to identify the mechanism of action and intermolecular interactions between the active site of XO and the inhibitors. The most potent compounds exhibited a mix-type inhibition mechanism and were predicted to interact with the same amino acid residues as allopurinol. These novel purine analogues are promising hits for further new lead development among purine-like drug XO inhibitors with therapeutic potential in the treatment of hyperuricemia and associated diseases.

Regioselective Copper(I)-Catalyzed Direct C(3)-H (Hetero)arylation of 6-(Hetero)arylated 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines: Ligand-Free Approach

The first efficient Cu(I) catalyzed regioselective C3-(hetero)arylation of 6-(hetero)arylated 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines has been developed to streamline the synthesis of pharmaceutically important 3,6-diarylated 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines. This direct (hetero)arylation is compatible with a range of aryl iodides and tolerates a variety of functional groups (23 examples). A series of new 3,6-diarylated 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines were synthesized with good to excellent yields (up to 98%). The reactivity varied depending on the nature of the aryl iodide and the substituent in position 6 of the starting substrate. The procedure is experimentally simple, cost-effective, and free of additional ligands and cocatalysts.

Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of triazolopyrimidine hybrids as multitarget directed anticancer agents

In response to the urgent need for new anti-proliferative agents, four novel series of triazolopyrimidine compounds (7a-e, 9a-d, 11a-f, and 13a-e) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anticancer efficacy against HCT116, HeLa, and MCF-7 cell lines. Compound 13c emerged as the most potent, with IC50 values of 6.10, 10.33, and 2.42 μM respectively, while 11e and 7c also showed strong activity. In multi-target suppression tests, 13c exhibited the highest inhibition against EGFR, TOP-II, HER-2, and ARO (IC50: 0.087, 31.56, 0.078, and 0.156 μM, respectively). Flow cytometry revealed 13c's ability to suppress the S-phase cell population in MCF-7 cells. In vivo studies of 13c demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition, comparable to the positive control. Molecular docking studies supported the experimental findings, confirming the binding of the novel motifs to the target enzymes' active sites. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the potential of these triazolopyrimidine compounds, particularly 13c, as promising anticancer agents, warranting further investigation.

Microwave-assisted synthesis and functionalization of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5(8H)-ones

Despite the limited applications and scarcity of commercial examples of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines, their exceptional properties hold great potential, representing a significant challenge in discovering more critical applications. Herein, we present a microwave-assisted approach for preparing 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5(8H)-ones and their alkylation and bromination products using easily accessible and inexpensive reagents, thus offering a promising avenue for further search. Notably, the photophysical properties of an N-alkyl derivative were investigated, and the results highlight the high potential of these compounds as modular fluorophores. All the products were obtained with high yields using highly efficient protocols, and the regioselectivity of the reactions was determined on the basis of NMR measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Discovery of selective TYK2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies of promising hits with triazolopyrimidinone scaffold

The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway mediates many cytokine and growth factor signals. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), one of the members of this pathway and the first described member of the JAK family. TYK2 associates with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cancer and diabetes. Here, we present novel compounds as selective inhibitors of the canonical kinase domain of TYK2 enzyme. These compounds were rationally designed and synthesized with appropriate reactions. Molecular modeling techniques were used to design and optimize the candidates for TYK2 inhibition and to determine the estimated binding orientations of them inside JAKs. Designed compounds potently inhibited TYK2 with good selectivity against other JAKs as determined by in vitro assays. In order to verify its selectivity properties, compound A8 was tested against 58 human kinases (KinaseProfiler™ assay). The effects of the selected seven compounds on the protein levels of members of the JAK/STAT family were also detected in THP-1 monocytes although the basal level of these proteins is poorly detectable. Therefore, their expression was induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment and compounds A8, A15, A18, and A19 were found to be potent inhibitors of the TYK2 enzyme, (9.7 nM, 6.0 nM, 5.0 nM and 10.3 nM, respectively), and have high selectivity index for the JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 enzymes. These findings suggest that triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinone derivatives may be lead compounds for developing potent TYK2-selective inhibitors targeting enzymes' active site.

Pyrazolo - Pyrimidines as Targeted Anticancer Scaffolds - A Comprehensive Review

BACKGROUND

Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death, which causes 10 million deaths yearly. Clinically, several drugs are used in treatment but due to drug resistance and multidrug resistance, there occurs a failure in the cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVES

The present review article is a comprehensive review of pyrazole and pyrimidine hybrids as potential anticancer agents.

METHODS

The review comprises more than 60 research works done in this field. The efficiency of the reported pyrazolopyrimidine fused heterocyclic with their biological data and the influence of the structural aspects of the molecule have been discussed.

RESULTS

This review highlighted pyrazolo-pyrimidines as targeted anticancer agents with effect on multiple targets.

CONCLUSION

The review will be helpful for the researchers involved in targeted drugs for cancer therapy for designing new scaffolds with pyrazolo-pyrimidine moieties.

Novel Substituted Azoloazines with Anticoagulant Activity

Hypercytokinemia, or cytokine storm, often complicates the treatment of viral and bacterial infections, including COVID-19, leading to the risk of thrombosis. However, the use of currently available direct anticoagulants for the treatment of COVID-19 patients is limited due to safety reasons. Therefore, the development of new anticoagulants remains an urgent task for organic and medicinal chemistry. At the same time, new drugs that combine anticoagulant properties with antiviral or antidiabetic activity could be helpfull in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially those suffering from such concomitant diseases as arterial hypertension or diabetes. We have synthesized a number of novel substituted azoloazines, some of which have previously been identified as compounds with pronounced antiviral, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiaggregant, and anticoagulant activity. Two compounds from the family of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines have demonstrated anticoagulant activity at a level exceeding or at least comparable with that of dabigatran etexilate as the reference compound. 7,5-Di(2-thienyl)-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine has shown the highest ability to prolong the thrombin time, surpassing this reference drug by 2.2 times. This compound has also exhibited anticoagulant activity associated with the inhibition of thrombin (factor IIa). Moreover, the anticoagulant effect of this substance becomes enhanced under the conditions of a systemic inflammatory reaction.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectral Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Novel Phenolic Acid Triazole Derivatives

At present, phenolic acid derivatives and triazole derivatives have a good antifungal effect, which has attracted widespread attention. A series of novel phenolic acid triazole derivatives were synthesized, and their structures were characterized by IR, MS, NMR, and X-ray crystal diffraction. Compound methyl 4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzoate, methyl 4-(2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethoxy)benzoate, 4-(2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethoxy)benzoic acid and 4-(2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid crystallize in the monoclinic system with space group P21/n, the monoclinic system with space group P21, the monoclinic system with space group P21 and the orthorhombic system with space group Pca21, respectively. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, the antifungal activity against seven plant pathogen fungi was determined. Compound methyl 4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzoate has the best inhibitory effect on Rhizoctonia solani AG1, and the inhibitory rate reached 88.6% at 200 μg/mL. The inhibitory rates of compound methyl 4-(2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethoxy)benzoate against Fusarium moniliforme and Sphaeropsis sapinea at a concentration of 200 μg/mL were 76.1% and 75.4%, respectively, which were better than that of carbendazim.

Novel hybrids of sclareol and 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine show collateral sensitivity in multidrug-resistant glioblastoma cells

The synthesis of 24 hybrid molecules, consisting of naturally occurring sclareol (SCL) and synthetic 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (TPs), is described. New compounds were designed with the aim of improving the cytotoxic properties, activity, and selectivity of the parent compounds. Six analogs (12a-f) contained 4-benzylpiperazine linkage, while 4-benzyldiamine linkage was present in eighteen derivatives (12g-r and 13a-f). Hybrids 13a-f consist of two TP units. After purification, all hybrids (12a-r and 13a-f), as well as their precursors (9a-e and 11a-c), were tested on human glioblastoma U87 cells. More than half of the tested synthesized molecules, 16 out of 31, caused a significant reduction of U87 cell viability (more than 75% reduction) at 30 µM. The concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of these 16 compounds was also examined on U87 cells, corresponding multidrug-resistant (MDR) U87-TxR cells with increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression and activity, and normal lung fibroblasts MRC-5. Importantly, 12l and 12r were active in the nanomolar range, while seven compounds (11b, 11c, 12i, 12l, 12n, 12q, and 12r) were more selective towards glioblastoma cells than SCL. All compounds except 12r evaded MDR, showing even better cytotoxicity in U87-TxR cells. In particular, 11c, 12a, 12g, 12j, 12k, 12m, 12n, and SCL showed collateral sensitivity. Hybrid compounds 12l, 12q, and 12r decreased P-gp activity to the same extent as a well-known P-gp inhibitor - tariquidar (TQ). Hybrid compound 12l and its precursor 11c affected different cellular processes including the cell cycle, cell death, and mitochondrial membrane potential, and changed the levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in glioblastoma cells. Collateral sensitivity towards MDR glioblastoma cells was caused by the modulation of oxidative stress accompanied by inhibition of mitochondria.

Three Component One-Pot Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of New [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines

A series of new [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine derivatives was prepared using a one-pot three-component synthesis from 5-amino-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazoles, aromatic aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate. The compound structures were confirmed by IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, HRMS and X-ray analyses. The biological activity of these compounds as antitumor agents was evaluated. Their antitumor activities against cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were tested by the MTT in vitro method. Among them, compounds 4c and 4j displayed the best antitumor activity with IC₅₀ values of 17.83 μM and 19.73 μM against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively, compared to the Cisplatin reference.

Triazole-fused pyrimidines in target-based anticancer drug discovery

In recent decades, the development of targeted drugs has featured prominently in the treatment of cancer, which is among the major causes of mortality globally. Triazole-fused pyrimidines, a widely-used class of heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, have attracted considerable interest as potential anticancer agents that target various cancer-associated targets in recent years, demonstrating them as valuable templates for discovering novel anticancer candidates. The current review concentrates on the latest advancements of triazole-pyrimidines as target-based anticancer agents, including works published between 2007 and the present (2007-2022). The structure-activity relationships (SARs) and multiple pathways are also reviewed to shed light on the development of more effective and biotargeted anticancer candidates.

Recent Progress in Cyclic Aryliodonium Chemistry: Syntheses and Applications

Hypervalent aryliodoumiums are intensively investigated as arylating agents. They are excellent surrogates to aryl halides, and moreover they exhibit better reactivity, which allows the corresponding arylation reactions to be performed under mild conditions. In the past decades, acyclic aryliodoniums are widely explored as arylation agents. However, the unmet need for acyclic aryliodoniums is the improvement of their notoriously low reaction economy because the coproduced aryl iodides during the arylation are often wasted. Cyclic aryliodoniums have their intrinsic advantage in terms of reaction economy, and they have started to receive considerable attention due to their valuable synthetic applications to initiate cascade reactions, which can enable the construction of complex structures, including polycycles with potential pharmaceutical and functional properties. Here, we are summarizing the recent advances made in the research field of cyclic aryliodoniums, including the nascent design of aryliodonium species and their synthetic applications. First, the general preparation of typical diphenyl iodoniums is described, followed by the construction of heterocyclic iodoniums and monoaryl iodoniums. Then, the initiated arylations coupled with subsequent domino reactions are summarized to construct polycycles. Meanwhile, the advances in cyclic aryliodoniums for building biaryls including axial atropisomers are discussed in a systematic manner. Finally, a very recent advance of cyclic aryliodoniums employed as halogen-bonding organocatalysts is described.

The crystal structure of 2-(7-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methoxyphenol, C20H18N4O4

C20H18N4O4, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 7.670(4) Å, b = 15.679(8) Å, c = 29.170(17) Å, V = 3508(3) Å3, Z = 8, R gt(F) = 0.0497, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1379, T = 243(2) K.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Triazole-Pyrimidine Hybrids as Potential Neuroprotective and Anti-neuroinflammatory Agents

OBJECTIVE

Neuroprotection is a precise target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Pyrimidine and its derivatives have been proven to use antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity prompting us to study the neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory activity of the triazole-pyrimidine hybrid on human microglia and neuronal cell model.

METHODS

A series of novel triazole-pyrimidine-based compounds were designed, synthesized and characterized by mass spectra, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and a single X-Ray diffraction analysis. Further, the neuroprotective, anti-neuroinflammatory activity was evaluated by cell viability assay (MTT), Elisa, qRT-PCR, western blotting, and molecular docking.

RESULTS

The molecular results revealed that triazole-pyrimidine hybrid compounds have promising neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Among the 14 synthesized compounds, ZA3-ZA5, ZB2-ZB6, and intermediate S5 showed significant anti-neuroinflammatory properties through inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in LPS-stimulated human microglia cells. From 14 compounds, six (ZA2 to ZA6 and intermediate S5) exhibited promising neuroprotective activity by reduced expression of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, BIP, and apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 in human neuronal cells. Also, a molecular docking study showed that lead compounds have favorable interaction with active residues of ATF4 and NF-kB proteins.

CONCLUSION

The possible mechanism of action was observed through the inhibition of ER stress, apoptosis, and the NF-kB inflammatory pathway. Thus, our study strongly indicates that the novel scaffolds of triazole-pyrimidine-based compounds can potentially be developed as neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory agents.

1,2,4‐Triazole and benzimidazole fused dihydropyrimidine derivatives: Design, green synthesis, antibacterial, antitubercular, and antimalarial activities

This study reports the design and synthesis of novel 1,2,4-triazolo/benzimidazolo-pyrimidine linked 1-benzyl-4-[(p-tolyloxy)methyl]-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents according to their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular as well as antimalarial activities. An efficient, ecologically benign, and facile multicomponent synthesis was employed to synthesize these derivatives. The synthesis is accelerated with the mild and eco-friendly organocatalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide, providing a yield of 82%-96% within the short reaction time of 0.5-1.5 h. Compared with the MIC values of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin on the respective strains, compound d2 showed better activity against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes and compound d8 showed better MIC against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, compounds d3, d4, and d5 showed potent MIC values against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All triazolo-pyrimidine derivatives d1-d8 showed potent inhibitory action against Gram-positive strains. Compound e3 showed good potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The IC₅₀ values of d3 and e2 indicated better activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Collectively, these derivatives depict potent multifaceted activity and provide promising access for further antimicrobial and antimalarial investigations.

Pyrimidine: An elite heterocyclic leitmotif in drug discovery-synthesis and biological activity

Heterocyclic compounds bearing the pyrimidine core are of tremendous interest as they constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting diverse useful biological activities that hold attractive potential for clinical translation as therapeutic agents in alleviation of a myriad of diseases. Heterocycles possessing a pyrimidine scaffold have piqued tremendous interest of organic and medicinal chemists owing to their privileged bioactivities. Drugs having the pyrimidine motif have manifested to exhibit gratifying biological activity like anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antihypertensive activities. This heterocycle, being a significant endogenous component of the body, the pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. The landscape of FDA approved drugs, presently marketed incorporating the pyrimidine scaffold continues to evolve in number and diversity. There is a tremendous surge in discovery of new targets across many diseases especially those involving emerging resistance to clinically used battery of drugs. Pyrimidine scaffolds will continue to be explored expanding their chemical space portfolio in an effort to find novel drugs impacting these targets. This review aims to provide an elaborate recapitulation of the recent trends adopted to synthesize propitious pyrimidine incorporated hits and also focuses on the clinical significance reported for functionalized pyrimidine analogues that would quintessentially aid medicinal chemists for new research explorations in this arena.

Similarity-Based Virtual Screening to Find Antituberculosis Agents Based on Novel Scaffolds: Design, Syntheses and Pharmacological Assays

A method to identify molecular scaffolds potentially active against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is developed. A set of structurally heterogeneous agents against MTBC was used to obtain a mathematical model based on topological descriptors. This model was statistically validated through a Leave-n-Out test. It successfully discriminated between active or inactive compounds over 86% in database sets. It was also useful to select new potential antituberculosis compounds in external databases. The selection of new substituted pyrimidines, pyrimidones and triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines was particularly interesting because these structures could provide new scaffolds in this field. The seven selected candidates were synthesized and six of them showed activity in vitro.

CK2 Inhibition and Antitumor Activity of 4,7-Dihydro-6-nitroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

Today, cancer is one of the most widespread and dangerous human diseases with a high mortality rate. Nevertheless, the search and application of new low-toxic and effective drugs, combined with the timely diagnosis of diseases, makes it possible to cure most types of tumors at an early stage. In this work, the range of new polysubstituted 4,7-dihydro-6-nitroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines was extended. The structure of all the obtained compounds was confirmed by the data of ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated against human recombinant CK2 using the ADP-GloTM assay. In addition, the IC₅₀ parameters were calculated based on the results of the MTT test against glioblastoma (A-172), embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma (Rd), osteosarcoma (Hos), and human embryonic kidney (Hek-293) cells. Compounds 5f, 5h, and 5k showed a CK2 inhibitory activity close to the reference molecule (staurosporine). The most potential compound in the MTT test was 5m with an IC₅₀ from 13 to 27 µM. Thus, our results demonstrate that 4,7-dihydro-6-nitroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are promising for further investigation of their antitumor properties.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Indole Derivatives against Gastric Cancer Cells MGC-803 via the Suppression of ERK Signaling Pathway

[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and indole skeletons are widely used to design anticancer agents. Therefore, in this work, a series of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine indole derivatives were designed and synthesized by the molecular hybridization strategy. The antiproliferative activities of the target compounds H1-H18 against three human cancer cell lines, MGC-803, HCT-116 and MCF-7, were tested. Among them, compound H12 exhibited the most active antiproliferative activities against MGC-803, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 9.47, 9.58 and 13.1 μM, respectively, which were more potent than that of the positive drug 5-Fu. In addition, compound H12 could dose-dependently inhibit the growth and colony formation of MGC-803 cells. Compound H12 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the ERK signaling pathway, resulting in the decreased phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, c-Raf, MEK1/2 and AKT. Furthermore, compound 12 induced cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest, and regulated cell cycle-related and apoptosis-related proteins in MGC-803 cells. Taken together, we report here that [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine indole derivatives, used as anticancer agents via the suppression of ERK signaling pathway and the most active compound, H12, might be a valuable hit compound for the development of anticancer agents.

Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazolines and 1,2,4-Triazoles via Tandem Addition/Cyclization of Trifluoromethyl N-Acylhydrazones with Cyanamide

A tandem addition/cyclization reaction between trifluoromethyl N-acylhydrazones and cyanamide is described, which provides a novel and efficient process for the synthesis of polysubstituted 3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazolines and their derivatives. The method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, good product yields, and atom economy.

Green Synthesis of Benzoimidazopyrimidine, Benzimidazoloquinazolinone, Triazolopyrimidine and Triazoloquinazolinone Derivatives Catalyzed by Oxalic Acid Dihydrate

Abstract:

Benzoimidazopyrimidine, benzimidazoloquinazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, and triazoloquinazolinone derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot multi-component reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of oxalic acid dihydrate. The reactions were performed in the mixture of EtOH:H2O or under solvent-free conditions as green media. The advantageous features of these methodologies are inexpensive starting materials and catalyst, high atom economy and good yields, and metal-free synthesis. Moreover, all the products were obtained by simple filtration, and no need for column chromatography or tedious separation procedures, which is very important in terms of reducing environmental pollutions.

Computational Analysis Reveals Monomethylated Triazolopyrimidine as a Novel Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp)

The human population is still facing appalling conditions due to several outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The absence of specific drugs, appropriate vaccines for mutants, and knowledge of potential therapeutic agents makes this situation more difficult. Several 1, 2, 4-triazolo [1, 5-a] pyrimidine (TP)-derivative compounds were comprehensively studied for antiviral activities against RNA polymerase of HIV, HCV, and influenza viruses, and showed immense pharmacological interest. Therefore, TP-derivative compounds can be repurposed against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to ensure the genomic variability and stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp protein. The molecular docking of natural and synthetic TP compounds to RdRp and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed to analyse the dynamic behaviour of TP compounds at the active site of the RdRp protein. TP compounds were also docked against other non-structural proteins (NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, NSP5, NSP8, NSP13, and NSP15) of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the inhibition potential of TP compounds was compared with Remdesivir and Favipiravir drugs as a positive control. Additionally, TP compounds were analysed for inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV RdRp protein. This study demonstrates that TP analogues (monomethylated triazolopyrimidine and essramycin) represent potential lead molecules for designing an effective inhibitor to control viral replication. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies will strengthen the use of these inhibitors as suitable drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of functional derivatives of thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles

Background:

Condensed triazoles are a well-known class of heterocyclic compounds due to a wide range of biological activity. The study is dedicated to the evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of new functional derivatives of thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles.

Methods:

Effective, easy-to-implement and low-cost routes to the production of title compounds via electrophilic intramolecular heterocyclization are reported. Bactericidal and fungicidal activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungus were studied. The influence of functional groups on the biological activity of tested thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles is discussed.

Results:

Microbiological evaluation shows that 6-[(trichlorotellanyl)methyl]-[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazol-3-amine hydrogen chloride 2a and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(trichloro-λ4-tellanyl)methyl]-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazole 2g have a high bactericidal activity and Cu (I) salts of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-iodomethyl/6-methylidene-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo-[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles 5a,c have a high fungicidal activity.

Conclusion:

it must be concluded that these products or their derivatives may be of practical benefit as bactericidal and fungicidal agents.

Photophysics, photochemistry and bioimaging application of 8-azapurine derivatives

New 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazolopyrimidines were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Their optical properties were thoroughly studied in the solid phase, in solution and in a biological environment. Density Functional Theory (DFT) based calculations were performed, including the molecular geometry optimization for both the ground state and the first singlet excited state, the prediction of the UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, the determination of the molecular electrostatic properties and the solvent effect on the optical properties. The emission intensity was revealed to increase in time upon irradiation. Mass spectrometric research, quantum mechanical calculations, and analysis of literature data suggested a possible photo-transformation pathway through the homolytic cleavage of one of the C-Cl bonds upon irradiation with UV light. The structure of the active intermediate was identified by the series of mass spectrometry experiments and via synthesis of putative transformation products. The kinetic parameters measured in different solvents allowed estimating the rate of these photo-transformations. Biological experiments demonstrated that 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazolopyrimidines penetrate cells and selectively accumulate in the cell membrane and the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. Their unique properties pave the way for new possible applications of fluorescent 8-azapurines in biology and medicine.

Construction of a Pyrimidine Framework through [3 + 2 + 1] Annulation of Amidines, Ketones, and N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol as One Carbon Donor

An efficient, facile, and eco-friendly synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives has been developed. It involves a [3 + 2 + 1] three-component annulation of amidines, ketones, and one carbon source. N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol is oxidized through C(sp³)-H activation to provide the carbon donor. One C-C and two C-N bonds are formed during the oxidative annulation process. The reaction shows good tolerance to many important functional groups in air, making this methodology a highly versatile alternative, and significant improvement to the existing methods for structuring a pyrimidine framework, especially 4-aliphatic pyrimidines.

Oxidative Aromatization of 4,7-Dihydro-6-nitroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: Synthetic Possibilities and Limitations, Mechanism of Destruction, and the Theoretical and Experimental Substantiation

The reaction tolerance of the multicomponent process between 3-aminoazoles, 1-morpholino-2-nitroalkenes, and aldehydes was studied. The main patterns of this reaction have been established. Conditions for the oxidation of 4,7-dihydro-6-nitroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were selected. Previous claims that the 4,7-dihydro-6-nitroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines could not be aromatised have now been refuted. Compounds with an electron-donor substituent at position seven undergo decomposition during oxidation. The phenomenon was explained based on experimental data, electro-chemical experiment, and quantum-chemical calculation. The mechanism of oxidative degradation has been proposed.

Benzimidazoazapurines: Design, Synthesis, and Photophysical Study

A highly efficient approach to a new class of polycyclic 8-azapurines, benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a][1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-e]pyrimidines (BITPs), with good photophysical characteristics is proposed. The approach comprises condensation of aminobenzimidazoles with 3-oxo-2-phenylazopropionitrile to form 3-(arylazo)benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-4-amines, which undergo oxidative cyclization by the catalytic action of copper(II) acetate, resulting in BITPs with 73-84% yield. Spectral investigations demonstrated the fluorescent properties of BITPs, exhibiting good quantum yields (up to 60%) with maxima absorption at 379-399 and emission at 471-505 nm.

Triazolopyrimidine Nuclei: Privileged Scaffolds for Developing Antiviral Agents with a Proper Pharmacokinetic Profile

Viruses are a continuing threat to global health. The lack or limited therapeutic armamentarium against some viral infections and increasing drug resistance issues make the search for new antiviral agents urgent. In recent years, a growing literature highlighted the use of triazolopyrimidine (TZP) heterocycles in the development of antiviral agents, with numerous compounds that showed potent antiviral activities against different RNA and DNA viruses. TZP core represents a privileged scaffold for achieving biologically active molecules, thanks to: i) the synthetic feasibility that allows to variously functionalize TZPs in the different positions of the nucleus, ii) the ability of TZP core to establish multiple interactions with the molecular target, and iii) its favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In the present review, after mentioning selected examples of TZP-based compounds with varied biological activities, we will focus on those antivirals that appeared in the literature in the last 10 years. Approaches used for their identification, the hit-to-lead studies, and the emerged structure-activity relationship will be described. A mention of the synthetic methodologies to prepare TZP nuclei will also be given. In addition, their mechanism of action, the binding mode within the biological target, and pharmacokinetic properties will be analyzed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of compounds based on the TZP scaffold, which is increasingly used in medicinal chemistry.

Pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles: synthesis and perspective of their pharmacological use

The review presents data on the synthesis as well as studies of biological activity of new derivatives of pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles published over the last decade. The bibliography of the review includes 136 sources.

Design and synthesis of new indole containing biaryl derivatives as potent antiproliferative agents

A new series of indole containing biaryl derivatives were designed and synthesized, and further biological evaluations of their antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines (MGC-803 and TE-1 cells) were also conducted. Of these synthesized biaryls, compound 4-methyl-2-((5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)methyl)quinazoline (23) performed as the most potent antiproliferative agent that inhibited cell viability of MGC-803 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 8.28 µM. In addition, investigation of mechanism exhibited that the compound 4-methyl-2-((5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)methyl)quinazoline (23) could inhibit the expression of c-Myc and glycolysis related proteins, decrease the ATP and lactate production, and further induce apoptosis by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p53 signaling pathways.

Discovery of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines derivatives as potential anticancer agents

In this work, we reported the discovery of compound 6i with potent antiproliferative activity against MGC-803. Among these compounds, the most potent compound 6i could effectively inhibit MGC-803 (IC₅₀ = 0.96 μM), being around 38-fold selectivity over GES-1. Further underlying mechanism studies indicated that 6i inhibited the colony formation, migration of MGC-803, and exerted anti-proliferative effect by inducing G0/G1 phase arrest in MGC-803 cells. Cell apoptosis was induced by 6i through activating mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway and the death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathway. 6i induced cell apoptosis by elevating the level of ROS. Also, 6i up-regulated pro-apoptotic Bax and p53 level, while down-regulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression. Furthermore, acute toxicity experiment indicated 6i exhibited good safety in vivo. Therefore, 6i may be a template for future development of [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine-based anti-cancer agents.

A PASE Approach to the Synthesis of Benzimidazopurines as Polycondensed Purine Derivatives

A highly efficient PASE approach to a new class of polycyclic purine derivatives has been proposed. The strategy includes a consecutive reduction, auto-aromatization, and heterocyclization of the initial nitrobenzimidazopyrimidines obtained by a three-component condensation. It was shown that reduction of nitrobenzimidazopyrimidines by metals in acidic media was more efficient than heterogeneous hydro­genation. Novel derivatives of benz[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]purines were obtained­ in good yields and the proposed structure was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The obtained convergent benzimidazopurines combine two relevant medicinal chemistry scaffolds – benz­imidazole and purine.

Selective cyclization modes of methyl 3′-heteroarylamino-2′-(2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-carbonyl)acrylates. Synthesis of model (thienyl)pyrazolo- and triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidines

Interaction of methyl 3-ethoxy-2-(2,5-dichloro-3-thenoyl)acrylate (I) with 3-aminopyrazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole generated the respective pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine (4) and triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine (7). The formation of 4 entails selective and consecutive displacement of the 3-ethoxy and methoxy (ester) anions in I by 3-NH2 and 1-NH of 3-aminopyrazole. On the other hand, the formation of 7 implies selective displacement of 3-ethoxy in I by the ring-NH followed by cyclocondensation involving the keto group in I and 3-NH2 of aminotriazole. This latter selective displacement sequence is also followed by 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole in its reaction with I. The structures of the new compounds are supported by microanalytical and spectral data.

Facile and green synthesis of a series of dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds

This work presents a new catalytic application of 4,4′-trimethylenedipiperidine for the efficient synthesis of a series of dihydro-[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. According to the principles of green chemistry, the reaction was performed (a) in a solvent mixture comprised of water and ethanol (1:1 v/v) at reflux temperature and (b) solvent-free grinding in a mortar by a pestle. The organocatalyst could be reused up to 10 runs, and no reduction of catalytic activity was detected. A variety of substituted dihydro-[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were obtained in good to excellent yields under eco-friendly conditions. 4,4′-Trimethylenedipiperidine is commercially available and easy to handle, and it also shows high thermal stability and good solubility in water. This work revealed that this organocatalyst, a hydrogen bond donor to active carbonyl groups and simultaneously a Lewis base through the nitrogen atom of second piperidine moiety, could play a vital role in the promotion of the one-pot multi-component reactions. The main merits of the current methodology include short reaction time, wide substrate scope, use of a metal-free catalyst and green solvents, and simple work-up process. Furthermore, this organocatalyst can be an alternative to piperidine for organic transformations.

New protocols for the synthesis of 5-amino-7-(4-phenyl)-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate esters using an efficient additive

This work introduces a new additive named 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine for the practical and ecofriendly preparation of ethyl 5-amino-7-(4-phenyl)-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives. This chemical is commercially available and easy to handle. It also possesses a low melting point and a broad liquid range temperature, high thermal stability, and good solubility in water. Based on green chemistry principles, the reaction was performed in a) a mixture of green solvents i.e. water and ethanol (1:1 v/v) at reflux temperature, and b) the additive was liquefied at 65 °C and the reaction was conducted in the liquid state of the additive. High yields of the desired triazolo-pyrimidines were obtained under both aforementioned conditions. Our results demonstrated that this additive, containing 2 Lewis base sites and able to act as an acceptor-donor hydrogen bonding group, is a novel and efficient alternative to piperidine, owing to its unique properties such as its reduced toxicity, nonflammable nature, nonvolatile state, broad liquid range temperature, high thermal stability, and ability to be safely handled. Furthermore, this additive could be completely recovered and exhibited high recyclability without any change in its chemical structure and no significant reduction in its activity. The current methodology has several advantages: (a) it avoids the use of hazardous materials, as well as toxic, volatile, and flammable solvents, (b) it does not entail tedious processes, harsh conditions, and the multistep preparation of catalysts, (c) it uses a metal-free and noncorrosive catalyst, and (d) reduces the generation of hazardous waste and simple work-up processes. The most important result of this study is that 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine can be a promising alternative for toxic, volatile, and flammable base reagents in organic synthesis owing to its unique properties.