1
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Liu Y, Yu S, He Y, Zhang S, Liu M, Han J, Sun B. Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel Benzazole Bifunctional Antifungal Inhibitors with an LDH Carrier. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38888292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections maintain a close relation with the body's immune function. In this study, three series of benzazole compounds were designed as dual-target (PD-L1/CYP51) inhibitors using the skeleton splicing approach; their molecular structures were synthesized and evaluated accordingly. Among them, the compounds 9a-2, 12a-2, and 12b-1 exhibited potent antifungal activity and dual-target inhibition ability. Especially, the compound 12a-2 simultaneously exerted excellent bifunctional effects of fungal inhibition and immune activation. Moreover, a layered double hydroxide (LDH) carrier was also successfully constructed based on an infection microenvironment to improve the bioavailability and the targeting of compound 12a-2. This significantly accelerated the recovery process of deep and shallow fungal infections. In conclusion, this study expanded the development horizon of antifungal drugs and provided a novel drug delivery route for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin He
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
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2
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Yu S, He YQ, Liu Y, Ji S, Wang Y, Sun B. Construction and Activity Evaluation of Novel Bifunctional Inhibitors and a COF Carrier Based on a Fungal Infection Microenvironment. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8420-8444. [PMID: 38718180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Faced with increasingly serious fungal infections and drug resistance issues, three different series of novel dual-target (programmed death ligand 1/14 α-demethylase) compounds were constructed through the fragment combination pathway in the study. Their chemical structures were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, preferred compounds 10c-1, 17b-1, and 18b-2 could efficiently exert their antifungal and antidrug-resistant fungal ability through blocking ergosterol biosynthesis, inducing the upregulation of reactive oxygen species level, and triggering apoptosis. Especially, compound 18b-2 exhibited the synergistic function of fungal inhibition and immune activation. Moreover, the covalent organic framework carrier was also generated based on the acidic microenvironment of fungal infection to improve the bioavailability and targeting of preferred compounds; this finally accelerated the body's recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yan-Qin He
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shilei Ji
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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3
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Yu S, Liu M, Han J, Sun B. Construction and Evaluation of Novel Dual-function Antifungal Inhibitors and Covalent Organic Framework Carriers Based on the Infection Microenvironment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13838-13857. [PMID: 37752076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PD-L1 and CYP51 were selected as key dual-target enzymes, which play an important role in the process of fungal proliferation and immune suppression. A series of novel bifonazole dual-target compounds were designed through the method of fragment combination. Their chemical structure was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, the compounds (10c-1, 14a-2, 17c-2) exhibited excellent antifungal and antidrug-resistant fungal activity in vitro. In particular, the preferred compound 14a-2 with high-efficiency dual-target inhibitor ability could block the fungal proliferation and activate the organism's immune efficacy. Moreover, the corresponding covalent organic framework carrier was also successfully constructed to improve its bioavailability. This significantly accelerated the body's recovery process from fungal infection in vivo. In summary, this study expanded the scientific frontier of antifungal drugs and provided a feasible candidate pathway for clinical treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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4
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Sun B, Liu W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Yu S, Liu M, Han J. Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel Dual-Target Inhibitors with Antifungal and Immunoregulatory Properties. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13007-13027. [PMID: 37705322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Dual-target (CYP51/PD-L1) plays an important role in the process of fungal proliferation and immune suppression. A series of novel quinazoline compounds with dual-target inhibition function was constructed using the skeleton growth method, and their structures were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, the perfected compounds (L11, L20, L21) were selected for further study, which exhibited remarkable biological activity against different fungal strains (MIC50, 0.25-2.0 μg/mL) in vitro. On the one hand, these compounds inhibited CYP51 activity, induced ROS aggregation, and mitochondrial damage; this ultimately caused fungal lysis and death. On the other hand, they also effectively activated the body's immune ability by blocking the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1, slowed down the inflammatory reaction, and accelerated the recovery process of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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5
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Li SR, Tan YM, Zhang L, Zhou CH. Comprehensive Insights into Medicinal Research on Imidazole-Based Supramolecular Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051348. [PMID: 37242590 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The electron-rich five-membered aromatic aza-heterocyclic imidazole, which contains two nitrogen atoms, is an important functional fragment widely present in a large number of biomolecules and medicinal drugs; its unique structure is beneficial to easily bind with various inorganic or organic ions and molecules through noncovalent interactions to form a variety of supramolecular complexes with broad medicinal potential, which is being paid an increasing amount of attention regarding more and more contributions to imidazole-based supramolecular complexes for possible medicinal application. This work gives systematical and comprehensive insights into medicinal research on imidazole-based supramolecular complexes, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory aspects as well as ion receptors, imaging agents, and pathologic probes. The new trend of the foreseeable research in the near future toward imidazole-based supramolecular medicinal chemistry is also prospected. It is hoped that this work provides beneficial help for the rational design of imidazole-based drug molecules and supramolecular medicinal agents and more effective diagnostic agents and pathological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rui Li
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi-Min Tan
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Che J, Pan F, Chen X, Zhang Y, Tao N, Fu Y. Screening of Oxygenated Aromatic Compounds for Potential Antifungal Activity against Geotrichum citri-aurantii through Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13787-13795. [PMID: 36240172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii (G. citri-aurantii) is responsible for huge economic losses during citrus fruit storage. However, the availability of chemical fungicides for controlling this disease is rather limited. In the present study, the antifungal activities of 25 oxygenated aromatic compounds against the mycelial growth of G. citri-aurantii were determined, and their corresponding structure-activity relationships were illustrated. Salicylaldehyde (pMIC = 2.689) possessed the strongest inhibitory effect on G. citri-aurantii growth, followed by thymol (pMIC = 2.478) and o-phthalaldehyde (pMIC = 2.429). Molecular electrostatic potential and molecular orbital analysis showed that the antifungal efficiency of test compounds was determined by the number and location of hydroxyl and aldehyde groups and the length of the ester chain. All compounds were selected for quantitative structure-antifungal activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. A three-dimensional-QSAR model of G. citri-aurantii inhibitors was established and demonstrated good predictive capability [comparative molecular field analysis, q2 = 0.532, optimum number of components (ONC) =10, R2 = 0.996, F = 560.325, standard error of estimation (SEE) = 0.034, and two descriptors; comparative similarity index analysis, q2 = 0.675, ONC = 6, R2 = 0.989, F = 263.354, SEE = 0.054, and five descriptors]. QSAR analysis showed that substitution at position 1 with hydrophilic and electron-withdrawing groups produced a hydrogen donor and thus improved the antifungal activity. In contrast, substitution at positions 4 or 5 with hydrophilic and electron-donating groups decreased its antifungal activity. These findings can provide theoretical guidance for preparing effective antifungal drugs for controlling sour rot in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Che
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan411105, P.R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100093, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan411105, P.R. China
- Postdoctoral Station of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan411105, P.R. China
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan411105, P.R. China
| | - Yishan Fu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500Yunnan, China
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7
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Liu Y, Liu W, Yu S, Wang Q, Liu M, Han J, Sun B. Novel Aryl Alkamidazole Derivatives as Multifunctional Antifungal Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14916-14937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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8
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Liu W, Liu Y, Fan H, Liu M, Han J, An Y, Dong Y, Sun B. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Dual-Target COX-2/CYP51 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Fungal Infectious Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12219-12239. [PMID: 36074863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of novel dual-target (COX-2/CYP51) inhibitors was proposed in the study, and three series of compounds were constructed though the pathway of skeleton screening and combination; their molecular structures were synthesized and evaluated. Most of the compounds exhibited significant antifungal ability. Among them, potential compounds (10a-2, 16b-3) with excellent antifungal and anti-drug-resistant fungal ability (MIC50, 0.125-2.0 μg/mL) were selected for the subsequent mechanistic study. On the one hand, these compounds could block the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway by inhibiting CYP51 and influence the internal physiological function of fungal cells, which included the increase of the ROS level, the anomaly of ΔΨm, and the emergence of an apoptotic state. On the other hand, these compounds also effectively showed COX-2 inhibition ability, eliminated the inflammatory reaction of the infected region, and activated the body's immune function. In summary, this study not only provided a novel antifungal drug design pathway but also discovered excellent target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yue Dong
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
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9
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Sun B, Liu Y, Fan H, An Y, Liu W, Wang Q, Han J. The discovery of novel antifungal phenylpyridines derivatives based on CYP53 binding model. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114676. [PMID: 35994951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Benzoates as toxic intermediate are naturally produced by fungal intracellular metabolism, and CYP53 can specific transform the substrates. In the study, we constructed the CYP53 homology model and analyzed the corresponding active region. At the same time, the molecular docking and the structure-based pharmacophore model (SBP) were performed to explore the bind mode of representative CYP53 inhibitors. On the basis, a series of phenylpyridines derivatives were designed as novel CYP53 inhibitors, and their molecular structures were synthesized and evaluated. Compared with the positive control groups, their antifungal activity showed the obvious upward trend. In particular, target compounds (13a, 15b) possessed the excellent biological activity against pathogenic fungi and drug-resistant fungi in vivo and in vitro. The preliminary action mechanism has confirmed that target compounds could inhibit CYP53 activity, and block the metabolism of toxic intermediates (Benzoates). This further induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the pattern of mitochondrial depolarization, which eventually caused fungal lysis and death. In summary, the study provided the reasonable computational models, and effectively guided the generation of novel CYP53 antifungal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China.
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
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10
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Moghimi S, Shafiei M, Foroumadi A. Drug design strategies for the treatment azole-resistant candidiasis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:879-895. [PMID: 35793245 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2098949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the availability of novel antifungals and therapeutic strategies, the rate of global mortality linked to invasive fungal diseases from fungal infection remains high. Candida albicans account for the most invasive mycosis produced by yeast. Thus, the current arsenal of medicinal chemists is focused on finding new effective agents with lower toxicity and broad-spectrum activity. In this review article, recent efforts to find effective agents against azole-resistant candidiasis, a common fungal infection, are covered. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors outlined all azole-based compounds, dual target, and new scaffolds (non-azole-based compounds) which were effective against azole-resistant candidiasis. In addition, the mechanism of action and SAR studies were also discussed, if the data were available. EXPERT OPINION The current status of fungal infections and the drawbacks of existing drugs have encouraged scientists to find novel scaffolds based on different methods like virtual screening and fragment-based drug discovery. Machine learning and in-silico methods have found their role in this field and experts are hopeful to find novel scaffolds/compounds by using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Moghimi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiei
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Yang L, Xu WB, Sun L, Zhang C, Jin CH. SAR analysis of heterocyclic compounds with monocyclic and bicyclic structures as antifungal agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200221. [PMID: 35475328 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by eukaryotic organisms, such as fungi, are generally more difficult to treat than bacterial infections. With the widespread use of antifungal drugs in humans and plants, resistance and toxicity have emerged. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new antifungal drugs with low toxicity that are not susceptible to the development of resistance. This review presents a summary of the past 2017 to 2021 years of research on heterocyclic compounds as antifungal agents for use in humans and plants, focusing on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds. This review may provide ideas and data for designing and developing new antifungal drugs with fewer side effects compared with currently available drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, CHINA
| | - Wen Bo Xu
- Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, CHINA
| | | | | | - Cheng Hua Jin
- Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Gongyuan, 133002, Yanji, CHINA
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12
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Yin W, Liu L, Jiang H, Wu T, Cui H, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Sun Y, Qin Q, Zhao L, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 3-thiophene derivatives as potent fungistatic and fungicidal reagents based on a conformational restriction strategy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Yin W, Wu T, Liu L, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Cui H, Sun Y, Qin Q, Sun Y, Gao Z, Zhao L, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Species-Selective Targeting of Fungal Hsp90: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 4,5-Diarylisoxazole Derivatives for the Combination Treatment of Azole-Resistant Candidiasis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5539-5564. [PMID: 35298171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are emerging as serious infectious diseases worldwide. Because of the development of antifungal drug resistance, the limited efficacy of the existing drugs has led to high mortality in patients. The use of the essential eukaryotic chaperone Hsp90, which plays a multifaceted role in drug resistance across diverse pathogenic fungal species, is considered to be a new strategy to mitigate the resistance and counter the threat posed by drug-resistant fungi. Thus, a series of 4,5-diarylisoxazole analogues as fungal Hsp90 inhibitors were designed and synthesized that had potent synergistic effects with fluconazole in vitro and in vivo. In particular, compound A17 could avoid the potential mammalian toxicity of Hsp90 inhibitors based on key reside differences between humans and fungi. These data support the feasibility of targeting fungal Hsp90 as a promising antifungal strategy and further development of compound A17 as a valuable research probe for the investigation of fungal Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hengxian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiaohua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zixuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Su
- The School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
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14
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Ahmadi A, Mohammadnejadi E, Karami P, Razzaghi-Asl N. Current Status and Structure Activity Relationship of Privileged Azoles as Antifungal Agents (2016-2020). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106518. [PMID: 35045309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have major contribution to the infectious related deaths in recent century. The issue has gotten worse with the advent of immunity impairing conditions such as HIV epidemic. Eukaryote nature of fungal pathogens leads to harder eradication than bacterial infections. Given the importance of the problem, considerable efforts have been put on the synthesis and biological assessment of azole-based chemical scaffolds and their bioisosteres. The emergence of validated macromolecular targets within different fungal species inspires structure-based drug design strategies toward diverse azole-based agents. Despite of advantageous features, emergence of drug-resistant fungal species restrict the applicability of current azoles as the first-line antifungal agents. Consequently, it appears advisable to elucidate SARs and chemical biodiversity within antifungal azoles. Current contribution was devoted to a brief look at clinically applied drugs, structure-based classification of azole antifungals and their structure activity relationships (SARs). Reviewed molecules belong to the antifungal structures that were reported throughout 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmadi
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - E Mohammadnejadi
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - P Karami
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - N Razzaghi-Asl
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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15
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Zhao L, Sun Y, Yin W, Tian L, Sun N, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Zhao S, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Design, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation of 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole derivatives as broad-spectrum antifungal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:113987. [PMID: 34801270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To discover antifungal compounds with broad-spectrum and stable metabolism, a series of 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole derivatives was designed and synthesized. Compounds A30-A34 exhibited excellent broad-spectrum antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC values in the range of 0.03-0.5 μg/mL, and against Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus with MIC values in the range of 0.25-2 μg/mL. In addition, compounds A31 and A33 showed high metabolic stability in human liver microsomes in vitro, with the half-life of 80.5 min and 69.4 min, respectively. Moreover, compounds A31 and A33 showed weak or almost no inhibitory effect on the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. The pharmacokinetic evaluation in SD rats showed that compound A31 had suitable pharmacokinetic properties and was worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Linfeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptor-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xin Su
- The School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
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16
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Yin W, Cui H, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wu T, Sun Y, Zhao L, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Broadening antifungal spectrum and improving metabolic stablity based on a scaffold strategy: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole derivatives as potent fungistatic and fungicidal reagents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113955. [PMID: 34749201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
5-phenylthiophene derivatives exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformans. However, optimal compound 7 was inactive against Aspergillus fumigatus and unstable in human liver microsomes in vitro with a half-life of 18.6 min. To discover antifungal agents with a broad spectrum and improve the metabolic properties of the compounds, the scaffold hopping strategy was adopted and a series of 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole derivatives were designed and synthesized. It was especially encouraging that compound 22a displayed significant antifungal activities against eight susceptible strains and seven FLC-resistant strains. Furthermore, the potent compound 22a could prevent the formation of fungalbiofilms and displayed satisfactory fungicidal activity. In addition, the metabolic stability of compound 22a was improved significantly, with the half-life of 70.5 min. Compound 22a was almost nontoxic to mammalian A549, MCF-7, HepG2, and 293T cells. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies in SD rats showed that compound 22a exhibited pharmacokinetic properties with a bioavailability of 15.22% and a half-life of 4.44 h, indicating that compound 22a is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hengxian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xin Su
- The School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
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17
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An Y, Liu W, Xie H, Fan H, Han J, Sun B. Construction and activity evaluation of novel benzodioxane derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113950. [PMID: 34731761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol exert the important function in maintaining the fluidity and osmotic pressure of fungal cells, and its key biosynthesis enzymes (Squalene epoxidase, SE; 14 α-demethylase, CYP51) displayed the obvious synergistic effects. Therefore, we expected to discover the novel antifungal compounds with dual-target (SE/CYP51) inhibitory activity. In the progress, we screened the different kinds of potent fragments based on the dual-target (CYP51, SE) features, and the method of fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) was used to guide the construction of three different series of benzodioxane compounds. Subsequently, their chemical structures were synthesized and evaluated. These compounds displayed the obvious biological activity against the pathogenic fungal strains. Notably, target compounds 10a-2 and 22a-2 possessed the excellent broad-spectrum anti-fungal activity (MIC50, 0.125-2.0 μg/mL) and the activity against drug-resistant strains (MIC50, 0.5-2.0 μg/mL). Preliminary mechanism studies have confirmed that these compounds effectively inhibited the dual-target (SE/CYP51) activity, they could cause fungal rupture and death by blocking the bio-synthetic pathway of ergosterol. Further experiments discovered that compounds 10a-2 and 22a-2 also maintained a certain of anti-fungal effect in vivo. In summary, this study not only provided the new dual-target drug design strategy and method, but also discover the potential antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Honglei Xie
- Yantai branch, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China.
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18
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Liu W, Sun Z, An Y, Liu Y, Fan H, Han J, Sun B. Construction and activity evaluation of novel dual-target (SE/CYP51) anti-fungal agents containing amide naphthyl structure. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 228:113972. [PMID: 34772530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the increase of fungal infection and drug resistance, it is becoming an urgent task to discover the highly effective antifungal drugs. In the study, we selected the key ergosterol bio-synthetic enzymes (Squalene epoxidase, SE; 14 α-demethylase, CYP51) as dual-target receptors to guide the construction of novel antifungal compounds, which could achieve the purpose of improving drug efficacy and reducing drug-resistance. Three different series of amide naphthyl compounds were generated through the method of skeleton growth, and their corresponding target products were synthesized. Most of compounds displayed the obvious biological activity against different Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus. Among of them, target compounds 14a-2 and 20b-2 not only possessed the excellent broad-spectrum anti-fungal activity (MIC50, 0.125-2 μg/mL), but also maintained the anti-drug-resistant fungal activity (MIC50, 1-4 μg/mL). Preliminary mechanism study revealed the compounds (14a-2, 20b-2) could block the bio-synthetic pathway of ergosterol by inhibiting the dual-target (SE/CYP51) activity, and this finally caused the cleavage and death of fungal cells. In addition, we also discovered that compounds 14a-2 and 20b-2 with low toxic and side effects could exert the excellent therapeutic effect in mice model of fungal infection, which was worthy for further in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Zhuang Sun
- State Key Lab of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China.
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19
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel 5-phenylthiophene derivatives as potent fungicidal of Candida albicans and antifungal reagents of fluconazole-resistant fungi. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113740. [PMID: 34388384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-phenylthiophene derivatives with novel structures were designed and synthesized to combat the increasing incidence of susceptible and drug-resistant fungal infections. The antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was assessed against seven susceptible strains and six fluconazole-resistant strains. It is especially encouraging that compounds 17b and 17f displayed significant antifungal activities against all tested strains. Furthermore, the potent compounds 17b and 17f could prevent the formation of fungi biofilms and 17f displayed satisfactory fungicidal activity. Preliminary mechanistic studies showed that the potent antifungal activity of compound 17f stemmed from inhibition of C. albicans CYP51. In addition, Compounds 17b and 17f were almost nontoxic to mammalian A549, MCF-7, and THLE-2 cells. These results strongly suggested that compounds 17b and 17f are promising as novel antifungal drugs.
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20
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Improving the metabolic stability of antifungal compounds based on a scaffold hopping strategy: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of dihydrooxazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113715. [PMID: 34364163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
l-amino alcohol derivatives exhibited high antifungal activity, but the metabolic stability of human liver microsomes in vitro was poor, and the half-life of optimal compound 5 was less than 5 min. To improve the metabolic properties of the compounds, the scaffold hopping strategy was adopted and a series of antifungal compounds with a dihydrooxazole scaffold was designed and synthesized. Compounds A33-A38 substituted with 4-phenyl group on dihydrooxazole ring exhibited excellent antifungal activities against C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei, with MIC values in the range of 0.03-0.25 μg/mL. In addition, the metabolic stability of compounds A33 and A34 in human liver microsomes in vitro was improved significantly, with the half-life greater than 145 min and the half-life of 59.1 min, respectively. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies in SD rats showed that A33 exhibited favourable pharmacokinetic properties, with a bioavailability of 77.69%, and half-life (intravenous administration) of 9.35 h, indicating that A33 is worthy of further study.
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21
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Haroun M, Tratrat C, Kochkar H, Nair AB. CDATA[Recent Advances in the Development of 1,2,3-Triazole-containing Derivatives as Potential Antifungal Agents and Inhibitors of Lanoster ol 14α-Demethylase. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:462-506. [PMID: 33319673 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621999201214232018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazole, a five-membered heterocyclic nucleus, is widely recognized as a key chromophore of great value in medicinal chemistry for delivering compounds possessing innumerable biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory activities. Mainly, in the past years, diverse conjugates carrying this biologically valuable core have been reported due to their attractive fungicidal potential and potent effects on various infective targets. Hence, hybridization of 1,2,3-triazole with other antimicrobial pharmacophores appears to be a judicious strategy to develop new effective anti-fungal candidates to combat the emergence of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant infectious diseases. Thus, the current review highlights the recent advances of this promising category of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids incorporating diverse varieties of bioactive heterocycles such as conozole, coumarin, imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, indole, oxindole, chromene, pyrane, quinazoline, chalcone, isoflavone, carbohydrates, and amides. It underlies their inhibition behavior against a wide array of infectious fungal species during 2015-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafedh Kochkar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Xu H, Cao C, Wang X, Guo MB, Yan ZZ, An R, Zhang R, Dong EH, Mou YH, Hou Z, Guo C. Discovery of 1,2,3-selenadiazole analogues as antifungal agents using a scaffold hopping approach. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105182. [PMID: 34333426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of antifungal resistance, new antifungal agents having novel scaffolds hence are in an urgent need to combat infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. In this study, we reported the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel 1,2,3-selenadiazole analogues by scaffold hopping strategy. Preliminary results of antifungal activity demonstrated that the new class of compounds showed broad-spectrum fungistatic and fungicidal activity. Most importantly, these newly synthesized compounds can eliminate these azole-resistant fungi and inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilm. In particular, compound S07 showed promising antifungal activity against five azole-resistant strains with MIC values ranging from 4 to 32 μg/mL. Then, further target identification and mechanistic studies indicated that representative compound S07 exert its inhibitory activity by inhibiting fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51). Interestingly, representative compounds showed low cytotoxicity on mammalian cell lines. In addition, the molecular docking studies elucidated the binding modes of these compounds toward CYP51. Altogether, these results suggest that compound S07 with novel skeleton is a promising CYP51 inhibitor for treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Chun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Meng-Bi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zhong-Zuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Ran An
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - En-Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yan-Hua Mou
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China.
| | - Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China.
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23
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Tratrat C. 1,2,4-Triazole: A Privileged Scaffold for the Development of Potent Antifungal Agents - A Brief Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2235-2258. [PMID: 32621720 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200704140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a tremendous rise in invasive fungal infection diseases attributed to the yeast Candida albicans in immunocompromised individuals poses a seriously challenging issue. Another concern is the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens to the existing medicines due to their overuse and misuse. It was recently reported that 25-55% of the mortality rate is caused by invasive infection. Despite a large variety of drugs being available to treat invasive candidiasis, only two of them contain a 1,2,4-triazole core, namely Fluconazole and itraconazole, which are efficient in treating infection induced by fungal Candida species. Moreover, long-term therapy associated with azole medications has led to an increase in azole resistance as well as a high risk of toxicity. Despite numerous outstanding achievements in antifungal drug discovery, development of novel, safer and potent antifungal agents while overcoming the resistance problem associated with the current drugs is becoming the main focus of medicinal chemists. Therefore, this review outlines the breakthroughs in medicinal chemistry research regarding 1,2,4- triazole-based derivatives as potential antifungal agents in the past decade. In addition, the structureactivity relationship of these compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Sui YF, Ansari MF, Zhou CH. Pyrimidinetrione-imidazoles as a Unique Structural Type of Potential Agents towards Candida Albicans: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1417-1429. [PMID: 33829660 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Substantial morbidity and mortality of fungal infections have aroused concerns all over the world, and common Candida spp. currently bring about severe systemic infections. A series of pyrimidinetrione-imidazole conjugates as potentially antifungal agents were developed. Bioassays manifested that 4-fluobenzyl pyrimidinetrione imidazole 5 f exerted favorable inhibition towards C. albicans (MIC=0.002 mM), being 6.5 folds more active than clinical antifungal drug fluconazole (MIC=0.013 mM). Preliminary mechanism research indicated that compound 5 f could not only depolarize membrane potential but also permeabilize the membrane of C. albicans. Molecular docking was operated to simulate the interaction mode between molecule 5 f and CYP51. In addition, hybrid 5 f might form 5 f-DNA supramolecular complex via intercalating into DNA. The interference of membrane and DNA might contribute to its fungicidal capacity with no obvious tendency to induce the resistance against C. albicans. Conjugate 5 f endowed good blood compatibility as well as low cytotoxicity towards HeLa and HEK-293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Sui
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry', Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Fawad Ansari
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry', Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry', Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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25
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Xu H, Yan ZZ, Guo MB, An R, Wang X, Zhang R, Mou YH, Hou Z, Guo C. Lead optimization generates selenium-containing miconazole CYP51 inhibitors with improved pharmacological profile for the treatment of fungal infections. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113337. [PMID: 33713977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of selenium-containing miconazole derivatives were identified as potent antifungal drugs in our previous study. Representative compound A03 (MIC = 0.01 μg/mL against C.alb. 5314) proved efficacious in inhibiting the growth of fungal pathogens. However, further study showed lead compound A03 exhibited potential hemolysis, significant cytotoxic effect and unfavorable metabolic stability and was therefore modified to overcome these drawbacks. In this article, the further optimization of selenium-containing miconazole derivatives resulted in the discovery of similarly potent compound B17 (MIC = 0.02 μg/mL against C.alb. 5314), exhibiting a superior pharmacological profile with decreased rate of metabolism, cytotoxic effect and hemolysis. Furthermore, compound B17 showed fungicidal activity against Candida albicans and significant effects on the treatment of resistant Candida albicans infections. Meanwhile, compound B17 not only could reduce the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway by inhibiting CYP51, but also inhibited biofilm formation. More importantly, compound B17 also shows promising in vivo efficacy after intraperitoneal injection and the PK study of compound B17 was evaluated. In addition, molecular docking studies provide a model for the interaction between the compound B17 and the CYP51 protein. Overall, we believe that these selenium-containing miconazole compounds can be further developed for the potential treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zhong-Zuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Meng-Bi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Ran An
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yan-Hua Mou
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China.
| | - Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China.
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An Y, Dong Y, Liu M, Han J, Zhao L, Sun B. Novel naphthylamide derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112991. [PMID: 33183866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a serious medical problem due to the high infection rate and the frequent emergence of drug resistance. Squalene epoxidase (SE) and 14α-demethylase (CYP51) are considered as the important antifungal targets, they can show the synergistic effect on antifungal therapy. In the study, a series of active fragments were screened through the method of De Novo Link, and these active fragments with the higher Ludi_Scores were selected, which can show the obvious binding ability with the dual targets (SE, CYP51). Subsequently, three series of target compounds with naphthyl amide scaffolds were constructed by connecting these core fragments, and their structures were synthesized. Most of compounds showed the antifungal activity in the treatment of pathogenic fungi. It was worth noting that compounds 10b-5 and 17a-2 with the excellent broad-spectrum antifungal properties also exhibited the obvious antifungal effects against drug-resistant fungi. Preliminary mechanism study has proved these target compounds can block the biosynthesis of ergosterol by inhibiting the activity of dual targets (SE, CYP51). Furthermore, target compounds 10-5 and 17a-2 with low toxicity side effects also demonstrated the excellent pharmacological effects in vivo. The molecular docking and ADMET prediction were performed, which can guide the optimization of subsequent lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Yue Dong
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China.
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Sun B, Dong Y, An Y, Liu M, Han J, Zhao L, Liu X. Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of novel arylalkene-amide derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Xu H, Su X, Guo MB, An R, Mou YH, Hou Z, Guo C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel miconazole analogues containing selenium as potent antifungal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhao L, Sun N, Tian L, Sun Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhao S, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Combating fluconazole-resistant fungi with novel β-azole-phenylacetone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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OSMANİYE DERYA, ACAR ÇEVİK ULVİYE. Antifungal Activity of Some Benzimidazole-Hydrazones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.17776/csj.579734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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