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Rani A, Khanikar S, Dutta M, Katiyar S, Qamar T, Seth A, Agnihotri PK, Guha R, Vishwakarma JN, Kar S. Quinolinyl β-enaminone derivatives exhibit leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania donovani by impairing the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex and inducing ROS-mediated programmed cell death. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:dkac395. [PMID: 36475314 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously, a series of side chain-modified quinolinyl β-enaminones was identified to possess significant activity against chloroquine-sensitive or -resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Brugia malayi microfilariae. The present study evaluates in vitro and in vivo activity of the series against Leishmania donovani and reports their mode of action. METHODS The in vitro activity of 15 quinolinyl β-enaminone derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes was assessed by luciferase assay. The reduction of organ parasite burden was assessed by Giemsa staining in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice and hamsters. Intracellular Ca2+ and ATP level in active derivative (3D)-treated promastigotes were determined by fluorescence and luminescence assays. Flow cytometry was performed to determine loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using JC-1 dye, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) dye, phosphatidylserine externalization by Annexin V-FITC staining and cell-cycle arrest by propidium iodide (PI) staining. RESULTS Compounds 3A, 3B and 3D showed significant in vitro efficacy against L. donovani with IC50 < 6 µM and mild cytotoxicity (∼75% viability) at 25 µM on J774 macrophages. 3A and 3D at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg reduced parasite burden (>84%) in infected mice and hamsters, respectively, whereas 3D-treated animals demonstrated maximum parasite burden reduction without organ toxicity. Mode-of-action analysis revealed that 3D induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial complex II, reducing MMP and ATP levels, increasing ROS and Ca2+ levels, ultimately triggering phosphatidylserine externalization and sub-G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest in promastigotes. CONCLUSIONS Compound 3D-mediated inhibition of L. donovani mitochondrial complex induces apoptosis, making it a promising therapeutic candidate for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rani
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shilpika Khanikar
- Organic Research Lab, Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur 782 402, Assam, India
| | - Mukul Dutta
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shivani Katiyar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Tooba Qamar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anuradha Seth
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - P K Agnihotri
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jai N Vishwakarma
- Organic Research Lab, Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur 782 402, Assam, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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Brioschi MBC, Coser EM, Coelho AC, Gadelha FR, Miguel DC. Models for cytotoxicity screening of antileishmanial drugs: what has been done so far? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 60:106612. [PMID: 35691601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have demonstrated the in vitro potential of an impressive number of antileishmanial candidates in the past years. However, the lack of uniformity regarding the choice of cell types for cytotoxicity assays may lead to uncomparable and inconclusive data. In vitro assays relying solely on non-phagocytic cell models may not represent a realistic result as the effect of an antileishmanial agent should ideally be presented based on its cytotoxicity profile against reticuloendothelial system cells. In the present review, we have assembled studies published in the scientific literature from 2015 to 2021 that explored leishmanicidal candidates, emphasising the main host cell models used for cytotoxicity assays. The pros and cons of different host cell types as well as primary cells and cell lines are discussed in order to draw attention to the need to establish standardised protocols for preclinical testing when assessing new antileishmanial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B C Brioschi
- Department of Animal Biology-Parasitology Section, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M Coser
- Department of Animal Biology-Parasitology Section, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano C Coelho
- Department of Animal Biology-Parasitology Section, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Gadelha
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Department of Animal Biology-Parasitology Section, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Seth A, Ghoshal A, Dewaker V, Rani A, Singh SP, Dutta M, Katiyar S, Singh SK, Rashid M, Wahajuddin M, Kar S, Srivastava AK. Discovery of 2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,4- b]quinolin-1-one derivatives as possible antileishmanial agents. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:746-760. [PMID: 35814931 PMCID: PMC9215122 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of uniquely functionalized 2,3,-dihydro-1H-pyyrolo[3,4-b]quinolin-1-one derivatives were synthesized in one to two steps by utilizing a post-Ugi modification strategy and were evaluated for antileishmanial efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Among the library compounds, compound 5m exhibited potential in vitro antileishmanial activity (CC50 = 65.11 μM, SI = 7.79, anti-amastigote IC50 = 8.36 μM). In vivo antileishmanial evaluation of 5m demonstrated 56.2% inhibition in liver and 61.1% inhibition in spleen parasite burden in infected Balb/c mice (12.5 mg kg-1, i.p.). In vitro pharmacokinetic study ascertained the stability of 5m in both simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. All the active compounds passed the PAINS filter and showed no toxicity in in silico predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Seth
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anirban Ghoshal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Varun Dewaker
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ankita Rani
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sangh Priya Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mukul Dutta
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shivani Katiyar
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Muhammad Wahajuddin
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ajay Kumar Srivastava
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
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