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Abdelaal HI, Mohamed AR, Abo-Ashour MF, Giovannuzzi S, Fahim SH, Abdel-Aziz HA, Supuran CT, Abou-Seri SM. Mitigating the resistance of MCF-7 cancer cells to Doxorubicin under hypoxic conditions with novel coumarin based carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 152:107759. [PMID: 39213797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, the design and synthesis of novel coumarin derivatives 8a-h, 11a-d and 16a-c as potential selective inhibitors for the tumor associated human carbonic anhydrase isoforms (hCA IX and XII) was reported. All the newly synthesized derivatives showed potent to mild activity against the targeted CA IX (KI = 0.08-9.57 µM), with selectivity indices over CA I (SI = 2.0-21.9) and over CA II (SI = 1.1-15.7). They showed similar activities against CA XII (KI = 0.06-9.48 µM) with selectivity indices over CA I (SI = 1.4-21.2) and CA II (SI = 0.9-15.5). Compound 16b featuring sulfonamide function possessed promising inhibitory activities against the targeted isoforms CA IX and XII with KI values of 0.08 and 0.06 µM, respectively. Interestingly, it was found that using compound 16b at a nontoxic concentration as an adjuvant with Doxorubicin against MCF-7 cells enhanced the cytotoxicity under hypoxia by almost 3.5 folds; IC50 decreased from 25.74 to 7.43 µM. Therefore, compound 16b restored the cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin against MCF-7 cells under hypoxia, almost as normoxia. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis of a combination treatment of compound 16b and Doxorubicin to the MCF7 cell line revealed an increase in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and a more efficient apoptotic effect than Doxorubicin alone. Furthermore, compound 16b showed no cytotoxicity against normal breast MCF-10A cell line (IC50 = 296.25 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend I Abdelaal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Abdalla R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud F Abo-Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida, Egypt
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samar H Fahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pahros University in Alexandria, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Alexandria 21648, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Sahar M Abou-Seri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Wang R, Chen Z, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Chen M, Huang X. The current landscape of coumarin hybrids with antibreast cancer therapeutic applications: An updated review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400438. [PMID: 38982307 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer (BC) has the highest prevalence among malignant diseases. BC is also the primary cause of death among women. Notably, BC morbidity has been increasing continuously at an approximate growth rate of 2.2% per year. Persistent BC is a major public health issue worldwide. Consequently, novel chemotherapeutic agents to combat this lethal disease should be developed urgently. Coumarins with interesting structural and mechanistic variations exhibit promising activity in several forms of BC, including BCs with multidrug resistance. In particular, coumarin hybrids composed of coumarin and one or more anti-BC pharmacophores can target different biological components in BC cells simultaneously. Thus, coumarin hybrids are useful scaffolds that can help improve the anti-BC efficacy of coumarins, reduce side effects, improve pharmacokinetics, minimize drug-drug interactions, and circumvent drug resistance. This review, in which articles published from 2020 to the present day have been evaluated, highlights the landscape of coumarin hybrids that exhibit therapeutic effects against breast cancer. These findings can aid further investigations on novel antibreast-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiheng Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Bonardi A, Nocentini A, de Luca V, Capasso C, Elkaeed EB, Eldehna WM, Supuran CT. Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Effectively Suppress Cancer Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10006. [PMID: 39337494 PMCID: PMC11432087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer management by combining the antitumor effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and inhibition of carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1), specifically isoforms IV, IX, and XII. H2S has demonstrated cytotoxicity against various cancers at high concentrations. The inhibition of tumor-associated CAs leads to lethal intracellular alkalinization and acidification of the extracellular tumor microenvironment and restores tumor responsiveness to the immune system, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The study proposes H2S donor-CA inhibitor (CAI) hybrids for tumor management. These compounds effectively inhibit the target CAs, release H2S consistently, and exhibit potent antitumor effects against MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, and A549 cancer cell lines. Notably, some compounds display high cytotoxicity across all investigated cell lines. Derivative 30 shows a 2-fold increase in cytotoxicity (0.93 ± 0.02 µM) under chemically induced hypoxia in HCT-116 cells. These compounds also disturb the cell cycle, leading to a reduction in cell populations in G0/G1 and S phases, with a notable increase in G2/M and Sub-G1. This disruption is correlated with induced apoptosis, with fold increases of 37.2, 24.5, and 32.9 against HCT-116 cells and 14.2, 13.1, and 19.9 against A549 cells compared to untreated cells. These findings suggest the potential of H2S releaser-CAI hybrids as effective and versatile tools in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Viviana de Luca
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El Mahmoudia St., Alexandria 21648, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Paoletti N, Supuran CT. Benzothiazole derivatives in the design of antitumor agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400259. [PMID: 38873921 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Benzothiazoles are a class of heterocycles with multiple applications as anticancer, antibiotic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory agents. Benzothiazole is a privileged scaffold in drug discovery programs for modulating a variety of biological functions. This review focuses on the design and synthesis of new benzothiazole derivatives targeting hypoxic tumors. Cancer is a major health problem, being among the leading causes of death. Tumor-hypoxic areas promote proliferation, malignancy, and resistance to drug treatment, leading to the dysregulation of key signaling pathways that involve drug targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, dual-specificity protein kinase, cyclin-dependent protein kinases, casein kinase 2, Rho-related coil formation protein kinase, tunica interna endothelial cell kinase, cyclooxygenase-2, adenosine kinase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, thioredoxin, heat shock proteins, and carbonic anhydrase IX/XII. In turn, they regulate angiogenesis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival, controlling the cell cycle, inflammation, the immune system, and metabolic alterations. A wide diversity of benzothiazoles were reported over the last years to interfere with various proteins involved in tumorigenesis and, more specifically, in hypoxic tumors. Many hypoxic targets are overexpressed as a result of the hypoxia-inducible factor activation cascade and may not be present in normal tissues, providing a potential strategy for selectively targeting hypoxic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Paoletti
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Hefny SM, El-Moselhy TF, El-Din N, Ammara A, Angeli A, Ferraroni M, El-Dessouki AM, Shaldam MA, Yahya G, Al-Karmalawy AA, Supuran CT, Tawfik HO. A new framework for novel analogues of pazopanib as potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, repurposing rational, synthesis, crystallographic, in vivo and in vitro biological assessments. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116527. [PMID: 38810335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of novel aryl pyrimidine benzenesulfonamides APBSs 5a-n, 6a-c, 7a-b, and 8 as pazopanib analogues to explore new potent and selective inhibitors for the CA IX. All APBSs were examined in vitro for their promising inhibition activity against a small panel of hCAs (isoforms I, II, IX, and XII). The X-ray crystal structure of CA I in adduct with a representative APBS analogue was solved. APBS-5m, endowed with the best hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity, was evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a small panel of different cancer cell lines, SK-MEL-173, MDA-MB-231, A549, HCT-116, and HeLa, and it demonstrated one-digit IC50 values range from 2.93 μM (MDA-MB-231) to 5.86 μM (A549). Furthermore, compound APBS-5m was evaluated for its influence on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) production, apoptosis induction, and colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The in vivo efficacy of APBS-5m as an antitumor agent was additionally investigated in an animal model of Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC). In order to offer perceptions into the conveyed hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity in silico, a molecular docking investigation was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma M Hefny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Tarek F El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabaweya El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Andrea Ammara
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo, Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo, Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry, Via della Lastruccia, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ahmed M El-Dessouki
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia, 44519, Egypt; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo, Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Bonardi A, Nocentini A, Giovannuzzi S, Paoletti N, Ammara A, Bua S, Abutaleb NS, Abdelsattar AS, Capasso C, Gratteri P, Flaherty DP, Seleem MN, Supuran CT. Development of Penicillin-Based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9613-9627. [PMID: 38776401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of antibacterial drugs with new mechanisms of action is crucial in combating the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections. Bacterial carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) have been validated as promising antibacterial targets against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. A multitarget strategy is proposed to design penicillin-based CA inhibitor hybrids for tackling resistance by targeting multiple bacterial pathways, thereby resensitizing drug-resistant strains to clinical antibiotics. The sulfonamide derivatives potently inhibited the CAs from N. gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli with KI values in the range of 7.1-617.2 nM. Computational simulations with the main penicillin-binding protein (PBP) of N. gonorrhoeae indicated that these hybrid derivatives maintained the mechanism of action of the lead β-lactams. A subset of derivatives showed potent PBP-related antigonococcal effects against multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains, with several compounds significantly outperforming both the lead β-lactam and CA inhibitor drugs (MIC values in the range 0.25 to 0.5 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonardi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Niccolò Paoletti
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Andrea Ammara
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Silvia Bua
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest 050663, Romania
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Paola Gratteri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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Zhang P, Shi C, Dong T, Song J, Du G. The anticancer therapeutic potential of pyrimidine-sulfonamide hybrids. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:905-924. [PMID: 38624011 PMCID: PMC11249161 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer as a devastating malignancy, seriously threatens human life and health, but most chemotherapeutics have long been criticized for unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance and severe off-target toxicity. Pyrimidines, including fused pyrimidines, are privileged scaffolds for various biological cancer targets and are the most important class of metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Pyrimidine-sulfonamide hybrids can act on different targets in cancer cells simultaneously and possess potent activity against various cancers, revealing that hybridization of pyrimidine with sulfonamide is a promising approach to generate novel effective anticancer candidates. This review aims to summarize the recent progress of pyrimidine-sulfonamide hybrids with anticancer potential, covering papers published from 2020 to present, to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Emergency Intensive Care Medicine Department, Zibo 148 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co. Ltd, Zibo, Shandong Province, 255000, PR China
| | - Congcong Shi
- Zibo Vocational Institute College of Medical Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, 255000, PR China
| | - Tongbao Dong
- Zibo Vocational Institute College of Medical Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, 255000, PR China
| | - Juntao Song
- Hematology & Oncology Department, Zibo 148 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co. Ltd, Zibo, Shandong Province, 255000, PR China
| | - Gang Du
- Emergency Intensive Care Medicine Department, Zibo 148 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co. Ltd, Zibo, Shandong Province, 255000, PR China
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Köksal Karayildirim Ç. Preparation, Characterization, and Antiangiogenic Evaluation of a Novel 5-Fluorouracil Derivative Solid Lipid Nanoparticle with a Hen's Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay and Wound Healing Response in HaCaT Keratinocytes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16640-16647. [PMID: 38617689 PMCID: PMC11007769 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, and it is commonly used as a chemotherapeutic agent in many cancers. The present goal is to analyze and characterize the physicochemical and biological properties of a new therapeutic formulation of 5-FUD-Gal under simulated chronic wound and oxidative stress conditions. After synthesis of a new 5-fluorouracil derivative, preparation and characterization of the formulation were carried out. The antiangiogenic effect, wound healing, and oxidative stress responses were conducted with a HET-CAM assay and in vitro cell culture technique. The results initially demonstrated that 5-FUD-Gal synthesized by a series of reactions and the SLN formulation were prepared successfully. A strong cell protective effect above 98% cell viability was detected at 20 μM at 48 h. The wound closure of the HaCaT scratch assay was calculated to be 90.12 and 98.98% at 10 and 20 μM concentrations, respectively, at 48 h. Moreover, the strongest effect of 5-FUD-Gal-F was observed at 20 μM concentration on chicken embryos. This study provides novel insights that a new derivative of semisynthetic 5-FUD-Gal-F can be further evaluated as a therapeutic chemical compound in cancer disease.
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Shaldam MA, Almahli H, Angeli A, Badi RM, Khaleel EF, Zain-Alabdeen AI, Elsayed ZM, Elkaeed EB, Salem R, Supuran CT, Eldehna WM, Tawfik HO. Discovery of sulfonamide-tethered isatin derivatives as novel anticancer agents and VEGFR-2 inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2203389. [PMID: 37122176 PMCID: PMC10134960 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2203389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, new isatin-based sulphonamides (6a-i, 11a-c, 12a-c) were designed and synthesised as potential dual VEGFR-2 and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with anticancer activities. Firstly, all target isatins were examined for in vitro antitumor action on NCI-USA panel (58 tumour cell lines). Then, the most potent derivatives were examined for the potential CA inhibitory action towards the physiologically relevant hCA isoforms I, II, and tumour-linked hCA IX isoform, in addition, the VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity was evaluated. The target sulphonamides failed to inhibit the CA isoforms that could be attributable to the steric effect of the neighbouring methoxy group, whereas they displayed potent VEGFR-2 inhibitory effect. Following that, isatins 11b and 12b were tested for their influence on the cell cycle disturbance, and towards the apoptotic potential. Finally, detailed molecular modelling analyses, including docking and molecular dynamics, were carried out to assess the binding mode and stability of target isatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hadia Almahli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rehab Mustafa Badi
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman F Khaleel
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zainab M Elsayed
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh Uinversity, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rofaida Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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10
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Giovannuzzi S, Bonardi A, Gratteri P, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Discovery of the first-in-class potent and isoform-selective human carbonic anhydrase III inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2202360. [PMID: 37092262 PMCID: PMC10128460 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2202360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the unrecognised physio-pathological role of human carbonic anhydrase III (hCA III), a structure-based drug design was set up to identify the first-in-class potent and selective inhibitors of this neglected isoform. hCA III targeting was planned considering a unique feature of its active site among the other hCA isoforms, i.e. the Leu198/Phe198 substitution which interferes with the binding of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides and other inhibitors. Thus, new aliphatic primary sulfonamides possessing long and flexible (CH2)nSO2NH2 moieties were designed to coordinate the zinc(II) ion, bypassing the bulky Phe198 residue. They incorporate 1,2,3-triazole linkers which connect the tail moieties to the sulfonamide head, enhancing thus the contacts at the active site entrance. Some of these compounds act as nanomolar and selective inhibitors of hCA III over other isoforms. Docking/molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate ligand/target interactions for these sulfonamides which might improve our understanding of the physio-pathological roles of hCA III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
- NEUROFARBA Department, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Leventić M, Opačak-Bernardi T, Rastija V, Matić J, Pavlović Saftić D, Ban Ž, Žinić B, Glavaš-Obrovac L. The Mechanism of Anti-Tumor Activity of 6-Morpholino- and 6-Amino-9-Sulfonylpurine Derivatives on Human Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:6136. [PMID: 37630388 PMCID: PMC10458232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of antitumor effect of (E)-6-morpholino-9-(styrylsulfonyl)-9H-purine (6-Morpholino-SPD) and (E)-6-amino-9-(styrylsulfonyl)-9H-purine (6-Amino-SPD). The effects on apoptosis induction, mitochondrial potential, and accumulation of ROS in treated K562 cells were determined by flow cytometry. The RT-PCR method was used to measure the expression of Akt, CA IX, caspase 3, and cytochrome c genes, as well as selected miRNAs. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of Akt, cytochrome c, and caspase 3. The results demonstrate the potential of the tested derivatives as effective antitumor agents with apoptotic-inducing properties. In leukemic cells treated with 6-Amino-SPD, increased expression of caspase 3 and cytochrome c genes was observed, indicating involvement of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis. Conversely, leukemic cells treated with 6-Morpholino-SPD showed reduced expression of these genes. The observed downregulation of miR-21 by 6-Morpholino-SPD may contribute to the induction of apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial function. In addition, both derivatives exhibited increased expression of Akt and CA IX genes, suggesting activation of the Akt/HIF pathway. However, the exact mechanism and its relations to the observed overexpression of miR-210 need further investigation. The acceptable absorption and distribution properties predicted by ADMET analysis suggest favorable pharmacokinetic properties for these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Leventić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (T.O.-B.)
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (T.O.-B.)
| | - Vesna Rastija
- Department of Agroecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Josipa Matić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Dijana Pavlović Saftić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Željka Ban
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (T.O.-B.)
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12
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Ragab MA, Eldehna WM, Nocentini A, Bonardi A, Okda HE, Elgendy B, Ibrahim TS, Abd-Alhaseeb MM, Gratteri P, Supuran CT, Al-Karmalawy AA, Elagawany M. 4-(5-Amino-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives as novel multi-target anti-inflammatory agents endowed with inhibitory activity against COX-2, 5-LOX and carbonic anhydrase: Design, synthesis, and biological assessments. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115180. [PMID: 36796297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current medical era, the single target inhibition paradigm of drug discovery has given way to the multi-target design concept. As the most intricate pathological process, inflammation gives rise to a variety of diseases. There are several drawbacks to the single target anti-inflammatory drugs currently available. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a novel series of 4-(5-amino-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives (7a-j) with COX-2, 5-LOX and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activities as potential multi-target anti-inflammatory agents. The pharmacophoric 4-(pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide moiety in Celecoxib was used as the core scaffold and different substituted phenyl and 2-thienyl tails were grafted via a hydrazone linker to enhance inhibitory activity against hCA IX and XII isoforms, yielding target pyrazoles 7a-j. All reported pyrazoles were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX. Pyrazoles 7a, 7b, and 7j showed the best inhibitory activities against the COX-2 isozyme (IC50 = 49, 60 and 60 nM, respectively) and against 5-LOX (IC50 = 2.4, 1.9, and 2.5 μM, respectively) with excellent SI indices (COX-1/COX-2) of 212.24, 208.33, and 158.33, respectively. In addition, the inhibitory activities of pyrazoles 7a-j were evaluated against four different hCA isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. Both transmembrane hCA IX and XII isoforms were potently inhibited by pyrazoles 7a-j with KI values in the nanomolar range; 13.0-82.1 nM and 5.8-62.0 nM, respectively. Furthermore, pyrazoles 7a and 7b with the highest COX-2 activity and selectivity indices were evaluated in vivo for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic activities. The serum level of the inflammatory mediators was then measured in order to confirm the anti-inflammatory activities of pyrazoles 7a and 7b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Buhaira, 22516, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt; School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Hazem E Okda
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, MO, USA; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tarek S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M Abd-Alhaseeb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Buhaira, 22516, Egypt
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elagawany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Buhaira, 22516, Egypt.
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13
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Cavalcante CDQO, da Mota THA, de Oliveira DM, Nascimento ÉCM, Martins JBL, Pittella-Silva F, Gatto CC. Dithiocarbazate ligands and their Ni(II) complexes with potential biological activity: Structural, antitumor and molecular docking study. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1146820. [PMID: 36968279 PMCID: PMC10034969 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1146820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for new metal complexes with antitumor potential, two dithiocarbazate ligands derived from 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione (H2L1) and (H2L2) and four Ni(II) complexes, [Ni(L1)PPh3] (1), [Ni(L1)Py] (2), [Ni(L2)PPh3] (3), and [Ni(L2)Py] (4), were successfully synthesized and investigated by physical-chemistry and spectroscopic methods. The crystal structure of the H2L1 and the Ni(II) complexes has been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The obtained structure from H2L1 confirms the cyclization reaction and formation of the pyrazoline derivative. The results showed square planar geometry to the metal centers, in which dithiocarbazates coordinated by the ONS donor system and a triphenylphosphine or pyridine molecule complete the coordination sphere. Hirshfeld surface analysis by dnorm function was investigated and showed π–π stacking interactions upon the molecular packing of H2L1 and non-classical hydrogen bonds for all compounds. Fingerprint plots showed the main interactions attributed to H⋅H C⋅H, O⋅H, Br⋅H, and F⋅H, with contacts contributing between 1.9% and 38.2%. The mass spectrometry data indicated the presence of molecular ions [M + H]+ and characteristic fragmentations of the compounds, which indicated the same behavior of the compounds in solution and solid state. Molecular docking simulations were studied to evaluate the properties and interactions of the free dithiocarbazates and their Ni(II) complexes with selected proteins and DNA. These results were supported by in vitro cytotoxicity assays against four cancer cell lines, showing that the synthesized metal complexes display promising biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia de Q. O. Cavalcante
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Crystallography, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tales H. A. da Mota
- University of Brasília, Faculdade UnB Ceilândia, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Human Health, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Diêgo M. de Oliveira
- University of Brasília, Faculdade UnB Ceilândia, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Human Health, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Érica C. M. Nascimento
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João B. L. Martins
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pittella-Silva
- University of Brasília, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Pathology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Claudia C. Gatto
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Crystallography, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudia C. Gatto,
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14
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Zouaghi MO, Amri N, Hassen S, Arfaoui Y, Özdemir N, Özdemir I, Hamdi N. Biological determination, Molecular Docking and Hirshfeld surface analysis of rhoduim(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complex: Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT calculations, Optical and Non Linear Optical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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15
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, El Kerdawy AM, Petreni A, Supuran CT. Novel benzenesulfonamide-thiouracil conjugates with a flexible N-ethyl acetamide linker as selective CA IX and CA XII inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200434. [PMID: 36372524 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzenesulfonamide derivatives linked to diverse functionalized thiouracils through a flexible N-ethyl acetamide linker were designed and synthesized as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. The synthesized candidates demonstrated a potent inhibitory activity against four different CA isoforms in the nanomolar range. Compound 10d showed more than twofold higher potency than the reference AAZ against CA II with Ki of 5.65 and 12 nM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 10d and 20 revealed potent activity against CA IX with Ki of 18.1 and 14.2 nM, respectively. In addition, 10c, 10d, 11b, 11c, and 20 demonstrated high potency against the CA XII isozyme with a Ki range of 4.18-4.8 nM. Most of the synthesized derivatives displayed preferential selectivity toward the CA IX and CA XII isoforms over CA I and CA II. Compounds 11a and 20 exhibited favorable selectivity toward CA IX over CA II with a selectivity index (SI) of 14.36 and 16.62, respectively, and toward CA XII over CA II with SI of 71.01 and 51.19, respectively. Molecular docking simulations showed that the synthesized conjugates adopted comparable binding modes in the CA I, CA II, CA IX, and CA XII isoforms, involving the deep fitting of the sulfonamide moiety in the base of the CA active site via chelation of the Zn2+ ion and H-bond interaction with the key amino acids Thr199 and/or Thr200. Moreover, the N-ethyl acetamide flexible linker enables the substituted thiouracils and fused thiouracil tail to achieve multiple interactions with the surrounding hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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16
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Fluorescence, cyclic voltammetric, computational, and spectroscopic studies of Mn(II), Co(II), Pd(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of salen ligand and their biological applications. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Sharma V, Kumar R, Angeli A, Supuran CT, Sharma PK. Benzenesulfonamides with trisubstituted triazole motif as selective carbonic anhydrase I, II, IV, and IX inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200391. [PMID: 36316236 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty novel 1,2,3-triazole benzenesulfonamides featuring nitrile 8a-g, carbothioamide 9a-f, and N'-hydroxycarboximidamide 10a-g functionalities were designed and synthesized to improve potency and selectivity as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). The synthesized 1,2,3-triazole compounds were tested in vitro as CAIs against four physiologically and pharmacologically relevant isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA I, II, IV, and IX). Compounds 8a-g, 9a-f, and 10a-g displayed variable inhibition constants ranging from 8.1 nM to 3.22 μM for hCA I, 4.7 nM to 0.50 μM for hCA II, 15.0 nM to 3.7 μM for hCA IV, and 29.6 nM to 0.27 μM for hCA IX. As per the inhibition data profile, compounds 9a-e exhibited strong efficacy for hCA IV, whereas the inhibition was found to be somewhat diminished in the case of hCA IX by nearly all the compounds. A computational protocol based on docking and MM-GBSA was conducted to reveal the plausible interactions of the targeted sulfonamides within the hCA II and IX binding sites. The outcomes of appending various functionalities at the C-4 position of the 1,2,3-triazole motif over the inhibition potential and selectivity of the designed sulfonamides were examined with a potential for the discovery of new isoform selective CAIs. The CAI and SAR data established the significance of the synthesized 1,2,3-triazoles as building blocks for developing CAI drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India.,Pt. Chiranji Lal Sharma Government College, Karnal, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Ch. Mani Ram Godara Government College for Women, Fatehabad, India
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pawan K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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18
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Thacker PS, Newaskar V, Angeli A, Sigalapalli DK, Goud NS, Chirra H, Shaik AB, Arifuddin M, Supuran CT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of coumarin-thiazole hybrids as selective carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200232. [PMID: 36122182 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of coumarin-linked thiazoles (6a-p) was synthesized and the synthesized compounds were evaluated against human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) IX and XII, which have been implicated in cancer. All the compounds exhibited selective inhibition of both isoforms. The designed compounds inhibited hCA IX in a moderate nanomolar to submicromolar range. The hCA XII was inhibited in a low to moderate nanomolar range. Compound 6o exhibited the best inhibition of hCA XII with a Ki value of 91.1 nM. The hydrolyzed form of compound 6o also exhibited favorable interactions as well as good docking scores with both the isoforms. Hence, this compound can be taken as a template for the design of selective and potent hCA XII inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra S Thacker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaishnavi Newaskar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degl iStudi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Dilep Kumar Sigalapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hepsibha Chirra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Afzal B Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammed Arifuddin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Chemistry, Directorate of Distance Education, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degl iStudi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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A decade of tail-approach based design of selective as well as potent tumor associated carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Insights into the effect of elaborating coumarin-based aryl enaminones with sulfonamide or carboxylic acid functionality on carbonic anhydrase inhibitory potency and selectivity. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, Petreni A, Supuran CT. Investigation of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity of benzenesulfonamides incorporating substituted fused-pyrimidine tails. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200274. [PMID: 35972823 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of 2-thiocyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-benzenesulfonamides 12a-l and 2-thiotetrahydroquinazoline-benzenesulfonamides 13a-j were synthesized and evaluated for their carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory acivity and cytotoxic activity. The derivatives 12a and 12i exerted effective inhibition against CA II with Ki = 0.11 and 0.15 µM, while 12a, 12e, 12i, and 13d (Ki = 0.083-0.087 µM) were found to be the most potent against CA XII. In addition, higher selectivity toward CA II and CA XII over CA I and CA IX was observed for the majority of the synthesized conjugates. Analysis of the effect of the synthesized compounds on NCI cancer cell lines revealed that compounds 12b and 13d showed mean growth inhibitory effects of 53.59% and 49.25%, respectively. Docking of the synthesized hybrids in the CA II and CA XII binding pockets displayed the capability of the benzenesulfonamide derivatives to form, through their SO2 NH2 moiety, the characteristic interactions of the traditional CA inhibitors, besides additional interactions achieved by the tail with isoform-specific residues in the peripheral part of the CA binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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22
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Giovannuzzi S, Capasso C, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Continued Structural Exploration of Sulfocoumarin as Selective Inhibitor of Tumor-Associated Human Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134076. [PMID: 35807318 PMCID: PMC9267968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new 3- and 7-substituted sulfocoumarins was obtained by several cyclization reactions and subsequent derivatization for screening as prodrug inhibitors of the human (h) cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases (CAs) IX and XII. All products were ineffective inhibitors against the off-target hCA I and II, whilst hCAs IX and XII were inhibited with inhibition constants (KIs) spanning from low nanomolar to the high micromolar range, according to the sulfocoumarin derivatization pattern. In particular, sulfocoumarin 15 turned out to be the most potent and selective inhibitor herein reported (hCA I and II: KI > 100 µM; hCA IX: KI = 22.9 nM; hCA XII: KI = 19.2 nM). Considering that hCA IX and XII validated anti-tumor targets, such prodrug, isoform-selective inhibitors as the sulfocoumarins reported here may be useful for identifying suitable drug candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (C.T.S.)
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Eraslan-Elma P, Akdemir A, Berrino E, Bozdağ M, Supuran CT, Karalı N. New 1H-indole-2,3-dione 3-thiosemicarbazones with 3-sulfamoylphenyl moiety as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200023. [PMID: 35500156 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl/ethyl/benzyl-5-(un)substituted 1H-indole-2,3-diones (2, 3, and 4) were synthesized by reaction of 5-(un)substituted 1H-indole-2,3-diones (1) with methyl iodide, ethyl chloride, and benzyl bromide. (3-Sulfamoylphenyl)isothiocyanate (6) was obtained by the treatment of 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide (5) with thiophosgene. Compound 6 was reacted with hydrazine to yield 4-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)thiosemicarbazide (7). Novel 1-(un)substituted/methyl/ethyl/benzyl-5-(un)substituted 1H-indole-2,3-dione 3-[4-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone] derivatives (8-11) were prepared by condensation of 7 and 1-4. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data. Inhibition of the widely distributed cytosolic off-targets human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) I and II, and two tumor-associated membrane-bound isoforms (hCAs IX and XII), by 8-11 was investigated. The hCA II inhibitory effects of all tested compounds were in the subnanomolar to low nanomolar levels (Ki = 0.32-83.3 nM), and generally high selectivity for hCA II isoenzyme over hCA I, IX, and XII isoenzymes was observed. The strongest inhibitors of hCA II, 1-benzyl-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-substituted 11c (Ki = 0.32 nM) and 1-ethyl-5-chloro-substituted 10e (Ki = 0.35 nM), were docked within the enzyme active site. Molecular modeling studies with the most effective hCA IX and XII inhibitors were also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emanuela Berrino
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Murat Bozdağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Nilgün Karalı
- Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bonardi A, Bua S, Combs J, Lomelino C, Andring J, Osman SM, Toti A, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Gratteri P, Ghelardini C, McKenna R, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. The three-tails approach as a new strategy to improve selectivity of action of sulphonamide inhibitors against tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase IX and XII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:930-939. [PMID: 35306936 PMCID: PMC8942523 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2053526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human (h) carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms IX and XII were recently confirmed as anticancer targets against solid hypoxic tumours. The “three-tails approach” has been proposed as an extension of the forerunner “tail” and “dual-tail approach” to fully exploit the amino acid differences at the medium/outer active site rims among different hCAs and to obtain more isoform-selective inhibitors. Many three-tailed inhibitors (TTIs) showed higher selectivity against the tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII with respect to the off-targets hCA I and II. X-ray crystallography studies were performed to investigate the binding mode of four TTIs in complex with a hCA IX mimic. The ability of the most potent and selective TTIs to reduce in vitro the viability of colon cancer (HT29), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), and breast cancer (ZR75-1) cell lines was evaluated in normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (3% O2) conditions demonstrating relevant anti-proliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonardi
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Jacob Combs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carrie Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Andring
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sameh Mohamed Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Amjad E, Sokouti B, Asnaashari S. An investigation of 6-Shogaol effects on MCF7 cell lines through a systems biology approach. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
In the literature, to investigate hormonal mechanisms of cell growth of patients with breast cancer (BC), as the second most common cause of death in the world, the researchers frequently used MCF-7 cell lines. And, identifying the functional mechanisms of therapeutics agents as new cancer inhibitors is still unclear.
Methods
We used the NCBI-GEO dataset (GSE36973) to study the effects of 6-Shogaol on MCF-7 cell lines commonly used for more than 45 years in several studies. The pre-processing and post-processing stages were carried out for the target samples to identify the most significant differentially expressed genes between two MCF-7 with and without treated by 6-Shogaol. Furthermore, various analyses, including biological process and molecular function from the DAVID website, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, gene-miRNA, gene-transcription factor, gene-drugs, and gene-diseases networks, statistically significant assoications with clinical features and survival rates were conducted.
Results
The initial outcomes revealed thirty significant DEGs. Among which the approach resulted in eleven upregulated and nineteen downregulated genes. Over-expression of TRADD and CREB3L1 and low-expression of KIF4A and PALMD were substantial in the TNF signaling pathway. Moreover, hsa-mir-16-5p and hsa-mir-124-3p were inhibitors of breast cancer growth.
Conclusion
The fact that some of genes are associated with survival rates as well as various clinical features including disease stages, it can be deduced that the 6-Shogaol treatment on MCF7 cell lines at the genome level shows inhibition functionalities of the herbal medicine in breast cancer at early stages and pave the way in developing new therapeutic agents.
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, El Kerdawy AM, Omar MA, Petreni A, Allam RM, El Diwani HI, Supuran CT. Application of the dual-tail approach for the design and synthesis of novel Thiopyrimidine-Benzenesulfonamide hybrids as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114004. [PMID: 34847409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A dual-tail approach was applied to the design of a novel series of 2-thiopyrimidine-benzenesulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. The design strategy is based on the hybridization between a benzenesulfonamide moiety as Zn2+ binding group and 2,4-disubstituted thiopyridimidine as a tail. Among the synthesized compounds, 14h displayed the highest potency (Ki = 1.72 nM) and selectivity for CA II over the isoforms CA IX and CA XII with selectivity indexes of 50 and 5.26, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 14a and 14l displayed a potent inhibitory activity against CA IX (Ki = 7.4 and 7.0 nM, respectively) compared with the reference drug acetazolamide (AAZ) (Ki = 25 nM), and compound 14l showed higher potency (Ki = 4.67 nM) than AAZ (Ki = 5.7 nM) against the tumor-associated isoform CA XII. Evaluation of the antiproliferative activity in NCI single-dose testing of selected hybrids revealed a pronounced potency of the selective CA II inhibitor 14h against most of the tested NCI cancer cell lines. Moreover, compound 14h demonstrated an IC50 values ranging from 2.40 to 4.50 μM against MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, HT29 and SW-620. These results demonstrate that CA II inhibition can be an alternative therapeutic target for cancer treatment. A cell cycle analysis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 showed that treatment with 14h arrested both cell lines at the G2/M phase with significant accumulation of cells in the pre-G1 phase. Moreover, compound 14h showed a noticeable induction of late apoptosis and necrotic cell death of both cell lines compared with untreated cells as a control. A molecular docking study suggested that the sulfonamide moiety accommodates deeply in the CA active site and interacts with the Zn2+ ion while the dual-tail extension interacts with the surrounding amino acids via several hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, which affects the potency and selectivity of the hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), NewGiza, Km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Omar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rasha M Allam
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda I El Diwani
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Xia D, Liu H, Cheng X, Maraswami M, Chen Y, Lv X. Recent Developments of Coumarin-based Hybrids in Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:269-283. [PMID: 34986774 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin scaffold is a highly significant O-heterocycle, namely benzopyran-2-ones, form an elite class of naturally occurring compounds that possess promising therapeutic perspectives. Based on its broad spectrum of biological activities, the privileged coumarin scaffold is applied to medicinal and pharmacological treatments by several rational design strategies and approaches. Structure-activity relationships of the coumarin-based hybrids with various bioactivity fragments revealed significant information toward the further development of highly potent and selective disorder therapeutic agents. The molecular docking studies between coumarins and critical therapeutic enzymes demonstrated mode of action by forming noncovalent interactions with more than one receptor, further rationally confirm information about structure-activity relationships. This review summarizes recent developments relating to coumarin-based hybrids with other pharmacophores aiming to numerous feasible therapeutic enzymatic targets to combat various therapeutic fields, including anticancer, antimicrobic, anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongguo Xia
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yiting Chen
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, 350108, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianhai Lv
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
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Giovannuzzi S, D’Ambrosio M, Luceri C, Osman SM, Pallecchi M, Bartolucci G, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Aromatic Sulfonamides including a Sulfonic Acid Tail: New Membrane Impermeant Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors for Targeting Selectively the Cancer-Associated Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010461. [PMID: 35008884 PMCID: PMC8745330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a new drug design strategy for producing membrane-impermeant carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors selectively targeting the tumor-associated, membrane-bound human CAs IX and XII over off-target cytosolic isoforms. To date, this approach has only been pursued by including permanent positively charged pyridinium type or highly hydrophilic glycosidic moieties into the structure of aromatic sulfonamide CA inhibitors (CAIs). Aliphatic (propyl and butyl) sulfonic acid tails, deprotonated at physiological pH, were thus incorporated onto a benzenesulfonamide scaffold by a common 1,2,3-triazole linker and different types of spacers. Twenty such derivatives were synthesized and tested for their inhibition of target (hCAs IV, IX, and XII) and off-target CAs (hCAs I and II). Most sulfonate CAIs induced a potent inhibition of hCAs II, IX, and XII up to a low nanomolar KI range (0.9–459.4 nM) with a limited target/off-target CA selectivity of action. According to the drug design schedule, a subset of representative derivatives was assessed for their cell membrane permeability using Caco-2 cells and a developed FIA-MS/MS method. The complete membrane impermeability of the sulfonate tailed CAIs (≥98%) validated these negatively charged moieties as being suitable for achieving, in vivo, the selective targeting of the tumor-associated CAs over off-target ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Mario D’Ambrosio
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50100 Firenze, Italy; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50100 Firenze, Italy; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Sameh Mohamed Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.S.)
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Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: an update on experimental agents for the treatment and imaging of hypoxic tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:1197-1208. [PMID: 34865569 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.2014813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxic tumors, unlike normal tissues, overexpress proteins involved in oxygen sensing, metabolism, pH regulation, angiogenesis, immunological response, and other survival mechanisms, which are under investigation as antitumor drug targets. AREAS COVERED Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms CA IX and XII are among these validated antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets, with several of their inhibitors undergoing preclinical or clinical-stage investigations. Alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy, CA IX/XII inhibitors, such as SLC-0111, SLC-149, S4, 6A10, etc., were shown to inhibit the growth of the primary tumor, metastases, and invasiveness of many tumor types, being also amenable for the development of imaging agents. EXPERT OPINION SLC-0111 is the most investigated agent, being in Phase Ib/II clinical trials. In addition to its interference with extracellular acidifications, it has been shown to promote ferroptosis in cancer cells, another antitumor mechanism of this compound and the entire class. A large number sulfonamide and non-sulfonamide inhibitors have been developed using SLC-0111 as lead in the last three years, together with hybrid agents incorporating CA inhibitors and other anticancer chemotypes, including cytotoxins, telomerase, thioredoxin or P-glycoprotein inhibitors, adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors or antimetabolites. All of them showed significant antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Eldeeb AH, Abo-Ashour MF, Angeli A, Bonardi A, Lasheen DS, Elrazaz EZ, Nocentini A, Gratteri P, Abdel-Aziz HA, Supuran CT. Novel benzenesulfonamides aryl and arylsulfone conjugates adopting tail/dual tail approaches: Synthesis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity and molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113486. [PMID: 33965860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
New series of benzenesulfonamide and benzoic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized using tail/dual tail approach to improve potency and selectivity as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The synthesized compounds evaluated as CAIs against isoforms hCA I, II, IV and IX with acetazolamide (AAZ) as standard inhibitor. The benzenesulfonamide derivatives 7a-d, 8a-h, 12a-c, 13a and 15a-c showed moderate to potent inhibitory activity with selectivity toward isoform hCA II, especially, compound 13a with (Ki = 7.6 nM), while the benzoic acid analogues 12d-f, 13b and 15d-f didn't show any activity except compounds 12d,f and 15e that showed weak activity. Additionally, molecular docking was performed for compounds 7a, 8a, 8e, 12a, 13a and 15a on isoform hCA I, II to illustrate the possible interaction with the active site to justify the inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem H Eldeeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud F Abo-Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Deena S Lasheen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Z Elrazaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Gandhi A, Masand V, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Ghorbal AB, Chapolikar A. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Evaluation of MDA-MB-231 Cell Anti-Proliferative Leads. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164795. [PMID: 34443383 PMCID: PMC8401583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present endeavor, for the dataset of 219 in vitro MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell antagonists, a (QSAR) quantitative structure–activity relationships model has been carried out. The quantitative and explicative assessments were performed to identify inconspicuous yet pre-eminent structural features that govern the anti-tumor activity of these compounds. GA-MLR (genetic algorithm multi-linear regression) methodology was employed to build statistically robust and highly predictive multiple QSAR models, abiding by the OECD guidelines. Thoroughly validated QSAR models attained values for various statistical parameters well above the threshold values (i.e., R2 = 0.79, Q2LOO = 0.77, Q2LMO = 0.76–0.77, Q2-Fn = 0.72–0.76). Both de novo QSAR models have a sound balance of descriptive and statistical approaches. Decidedly, these QSAR models are serviceable in the development of MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaykumar Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad 431 004, Maharashtra, India;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.E.A.Z.)
| | - Vijay Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati 444 602, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.E.A.Z.)
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Anis Ben Ghorbal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Archana Chapolikar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad 431 004, Maharashtra, India;
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The antithrombotic activity of natural and synthetic coumarins. Fitoterapia 2021; 154:104947. [PMID: 34352355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis, which seriously endangers human health and life, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Antithrombotic drugs can interfere with the occurrence and development of thrombotic diseases and play an important role in the treatment of thrombotic diseases. However, unsatisfactory efficacy and serious adverse effects of existing antithrombotic drugs increase the research for new, efficient and safer drugs. Natural and synthetic coumarins have been shown to possess antithrombotic activity, namely, anticoagulation and antiplatelet aggregation. Especially, coumarin-based warfarin, phenprocoumon and cloricromen have long been used in clinical treatment of thrombosis. Coumarin with low toxicity is the privileged structure for developing novel antithrombotic drugs with multiple mechanisms of action. The present review aims to compile current research on the development of coumarins against thrombosis, emphasizing the relationship between their chemical structures and therapeutic effectiveness. It is intended to provide promising ideas for the discovery of novel coumarin derivatives with high antithrombotic activity.
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Mushtaque M, Avecilla F, Ahmad I, Alharbi AM, Khan P, Ahamad S, Hassan MI. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based Aza-Michael addition product: A selective carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nabih S, Hassn SS. Nonchemical integration of Au/Ag-based reduced graphene nanohybrid combined with 5-Fluorouracil drug to treat cancer cells. Life Sci 2021; 272:119262. [PMID: 33639151 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The perpetual lack of advanced strategies to prevent aggressive breast cancer with multiple categories represents challenging scientific society problems. Reduced graphene oxide- can treat disease, which was recently investigated due to its ability to induce apoptosis-based death. This research tested the chemotherapeutics in vitro efficacy of reduced graphene oxide embedded with gold and silver nanoparticles toward drug-sensitive breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and their cytotoxicity. Synthesis of the Au-Ag/rGO-5FU nanocomposites has been conducted using a wet chemical approach with chitosan aid as a pore directing and capping agent. The particle structure and morphology well characterized using different systems. HR-TEM shows a narrow-sized distribution of less than 100 nm, which is proper for cell membranes and medical use. The physical combination of the nanocomposite and 5-FU drug has been conducted mechanically using wet chemistry. The Au/Ag/rGO-5FU material's high activity enables it to produce reactive oxygen radicals, which display a potential against MCF-7 cell lines. All the results, including those obtained via cytometry, use the combination of Au/Ag/rGO-5FU to show a more substantial anticancer influence and more drug stability than pure 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Nabih
- Basic Science Departments, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Maadi, Egypt.
| | - Shaymaa Sherif Hassn
- Basic Science Departments, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Maadi, Egypt
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Shaldam M, Eldehna WM, Nocentini A, Elsayed ZM, Ibrahim TM, Salem R, El-Domany RA, Capasso C, Abdel-Aziz HA, Supuran CT. Development of novel benzofuran-based SLC-0111 analogs as selective cancer-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113283. [PMID: 33667848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the design of different series of benzofuran-based derivatives as potential carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). The adopted design is based on bioisosteric replacement for the p-fluorophenyl SLC-0111 tail with the lipophilic 2-methylbenzofuran or 5-bromobenzofuran tails to furnish the 2-methylbenzofuran (MBF) sulfonamides (MBFS; 9, 11 and 13) and 5-bromobenzofuran (BBF) sulfonamides (BBFS; 27a-b, 28a-b and 29a-c), respectively. Thereafter, the urea spacer was either elongated to furnish MBFS (17 and 19), and BBFS (30) series, or replaced by a carbamate one to afford MBFS (15). All the designed compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against four human (h) CA isoforms: hCA I, II, IX and XII. MBFS (11b and 17) and BBFS (28b, 29a and 30) efficiently inhibited the tumor-related CA IX isoform in the single-digit nanomolar range (KIs = 8.4, 7.6, 5.5, 7.1 and 1.8 nM, respectively). In particular, MBFS 11b and BBFS 28b exhibited good selectivity toward hCA IX isoform over the main off-target hCA II isoform (S.I. = 26.4 and 58.9, respectively). As a consequence, 11b and 28b were examined for their anticancer and pro-apoptotic activities toward MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt; Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Zainab M Elsayed
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt; Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Rofaida Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A El-Domany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Kumar S, Rulhania S, Jaswal S, Monga V. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112923. [PMID: 33121862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is an enzyme and a very omnipresent zinc metalloenzyme which catalyzed the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate; a reaction which plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes. Carbonic anhydrase is present in human (h) with sixteen different isoforms ranging from hCA I-hCA XV. All these isoforms are widely distributed in different tissues/organs and are associated with a range of pivotal physiological activities. Due to their involvement in various physiological roles, inhibitors of different human isoforms of carbonic anhydrase have found clinical applications for the treatment of various diseases including glaucoma, retinopathy, hemolytic anemia, epilepsy, obesity, and cancer. However, clinically used inhibitors of CA (acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, etc.) are not selective causing the undesirable side effects. One of the major hurdles in the design and development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is the lack of balanced isoform selectivity which thrived to new chemotypes. In this review, we have compiled the recent strategies of various researchers related to the development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors belonging to different structural classes like pyrimidine, pyrazoline, selenourea, isatin, indole, etc. This review also summarizes the structure-activity relationships, analysis of isoform selectivity including mechanistic and in silico studies to afford ideas and to provide focused direction for the design and development of novel isoform-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Rulhania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shalini Jaswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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Supuran CT. Experimental Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumors. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:603-617. [PMID: 33364855 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms IX and XII are overexpressed in many hypoxic tumors as a consequence of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation cascade, being present in limited amounts in normal tissues. These enzymes together with many others are involved in the pH regulation and metabolism of hypoxic cancer cells, and were validated as antitumor targets recently. A multitude of targeting strategies against these enzymes have been proposed and are reviewed in this article. The small molecule inhibitors, small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADACs) or cytokine-drug conjugates but not the monoclonal antibodies against CA IX/XII will be discussed. Relevant synthetic chemistry efforts, coupled with a multitude of preclinical studies, demonstrated that CA IX/XII inhibition leads to the inhibition of growth of primary tumors and metastases and depletes cancer stem cell populations, all factors highly relevant in clinical settings. One small molecule inhibitor, sulfonamide SLC-0111, is the most advanced candidate, having completed Phase I and being now in Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of advanced hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy
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Krasavin M, Kalinin S, Sharonova T, Supuran CT. Inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase IX and XII as a candidate selection criterion in the development of new anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1555-1561. [PMID: 32746643 PMCID: PMC7470080 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1801674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the literature data reveals that while inhibition of cancer-related carbonic anhydrase IX and XII isoforms continues to be an important enrichment factor for designing anticancer agent development libraries, exclusive reliance on the in vitro inhibition of these two recombinant isozymes in nominating candidate compounds for evaluation of their effects on cancer cells may lead not only to identifying numerous compounds devoid of the desired cellular efficacy but also to overlooking many promising candidates which may not display the best potency in biochemical inhibition assay. However, SLC-0111, now in phase Ib/II clinical trials, was developed based on the excellent agreement between the in vitro, in vivo and more recently, in-patient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav Kalinin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Sharonova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abdelrahman MA, Ibrahim HS, Nocentini A, Eldehna WM, Bonardi A, Abdel-Aziz HA, Gratteri P, Abou-Seri SM, Supuran CT. Novel 3-substituted coumarins as selective human carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors: Synthesis, biological and molecular dynamics analysis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112897. [PMID: 33038795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, diverse series of coumarin derivatives were developed as potential carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). A "tail" approach was adopted by selecting the coumarin motif as a tail that is connected to the ZBG benzenesulfonamide moiety via a hydrazine (4a,b) or hydrazide (5a,b) linker. Thereafter, an aryl sulfone tail was incorporated to afford the dual tailed coumarin-sulfonamide arylsulfonehydrazones (13a-d) and hydrazides (14a,b). Then, the ZBG were removed from compounds 13 and 14 to furnish coumarin arylsulfonehydrazones (11a-d) and hydrazides (12a,b). Coumarin-sulfonamides 4 and 5 emerged as non-selective CAIs as they displayed good inhibitory activities toward all the examined CA isozymes (I, II, IX and XII) in the nanomolar ranges. Interestingly, the "dual-tail" approach (compounds 13 and 14) succeeded in achieving a good activity and selectivity toward CA IX/XII over the physiologically dominant CA I/II. In particular, compounds 13d and 14a were the most selective coumarin-sulfonamide counterparts. Concerning non-sulfonamide coumarin derivatives, coumarins 8 exhibited excellent activity and selectivity profiles against the target hCA IX/XII, whereas, coumarins 11 and 12 reported excellent selectivity profile, but they barely inhibited hCA IX/XII with KIs spanning in the micromolar ranges. Furthermore, molecular modelling studies were applied to get a deep focus about the feasible affinities and binding interactions for target coumarin-sulfonamides 4, 5, 13 and 14 with the active site for CA II, IX and XII isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Hany S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NE.UROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt.
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of NE.UROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sahar M Abou-Seri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NE.UROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Bonardi A, Nocentini A, Bua S, Combs J, Lomelino C, Andring J, Lucarini L, Sgambellone S, Masini E, McKenna R, Gratteri P, Supuran CT. Sulfonamide Inhibitors of Human Carbonic Anhydrases Designed through a Three-Tails Approach: Improving Ligand/Isoform Matching and Selectivity of Action. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7422-7444. [PMID: 32519851 PMCID: PMC8008423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The “tail
approach” has become a milestone in human
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (hCAI) design for various therapeutics,
including antiglaucoma agents. Besides the classical hydrophobic/hydrophilic
division of hCAs active site, several subpockets have been identified
at the middle/outer active sites rim, which could be targeted to increase
the CAI isoform selectivity. This postulate is explored here by three-tailed
benzenesulfonamide CAIs (TTI) to fully exploit such amino
acid differences among hCAs. In this proof-of-concept study, an extensive
structure–activity relationship (SAR) study was carried out
with 32 such benzenesulfonamides differing in tails combination that
were assayed for hCAs I, II, IV, and XII inhibition. A structural
study was undertaken by X-ray crystallography and in silico tools to assess the ligand/target interaction mode. The most active
and selective inhibitors against isoforms implicated in glaucoma were
assessed in a rabbit model of the disease achieving an intraocular
pressure-lowering action comparable to the clinically used dorzolamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonardi
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy.,Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy.,Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Jacob Combs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100245, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Carrie Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100245, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jacob Andring
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100245, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Laura Lucarini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Sgambellone
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100245, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy.,Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
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Network Analysis of Transcriptome and LC-MS Reveals a Possible Biosynthesis Pathway of Anthocyanins in Dendrobium officinale. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6512895. [PMID: 32420359 PMCID: PMC7210514 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6512895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a group of flavonoids, are widely present in plants and determine the colors of the peels of stems, fruits, and flowers. In this study, we used UHPLC-ESI-MS to identify anthocyanins in the herbal plant Dendrobium officinale, which has been used for centuries in China. The results indicated that the total anthocyanin content in samples from Guangxi was the highest. Seven anthocyanins were identified, and the fragmentation pathways were proposed from D. officinale. Most of the identified anthocyanins were composed of cyanidin and sinapoyl groups. We also carried out that the sinapoyl group had active sites on breast cancer receptors by using Schrödinger. The relative levels of the 7 anthocyanins in the samples from the three locations were determined. Transcriptomic analysis was used to analyze the sinapoyl anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in plants, such as genes encoding UGTs and serine carboxypeptidase. We speculated that sinapoyl anthocyanin biosynthesis was associated with the activities of certain enzymes, including chalcone flavonone isomerase-like, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 1, UGT-83A1, UGT-88B1 isoform X1, serine carboxypeptidase-like 18 isoform X3, and serine carboxypeptidase-like 18.
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Ali M, Bozdag M, Farooq U, Angeli A, Carta F, Berto P, Zanotti G, Supuran CT. Benzylaminoethyureido-Tailed Benzenesulfonamides: Design, Synthesis, Kinetic and X-ray Investigations on Human Carbonic Anhydrases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2560. [PMID: 32272689 PMCID: PMC7177897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A drug design strategy of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) belonging to sulfonamides incorporating ureidoethylaminobenzyl tails is presented. A variety of substitution patterns on the ring and the tails, located on para- or meta- positions with respect to the sulfonamide warheads were incorporated in the new compounds. Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrases (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX and XII, involving various pathologies, was assessed with the new compounds. Selective inhibitory profile towards hCA II was observed, the most active compounds being low nM inhibitors (KIs of 2.8-9.2 nM, respectively). Extensive X-ray crystallographic analysis of several sulfonamides in an adduct with hCA I allowed an in-depth understanding of their binding mode and to lay a detailed structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ali
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.A.); (A.A.); (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK 22060, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.A.); (A.A.); (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK 22060, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.A.); (A.A.); (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.A.); (A.A.); (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Paola Berto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.A.); (A.A.); (F.C.); (C.T.S.)
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Eldehna WM, Hassan GS, Al-Rashood ST, Alkahtani HM, A. Almehizia A, Al-Ansary GH. Marine-Inspired Bis-indoles Possessing Antiproliferative Activity against Breast Cancer; Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E190. [PMID: 32252280 PMCID: PMC7230731 DOI: 10.3390/md18040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse indoles and bis-indoles extracted from marine sources have been identified as promising anticancer leads. Herein, we designed and synthesized novel bis-indole series 7a-f and 9a-h as Topsentin and Nortopsentin analogs. Our design is based on replacing the heterocyclic spacer in the natural leads by a more flexible hydrazide linker while sparing the two peripheral indole rings. All the synthesized bis-indoles were examined for their antiproliferative action against human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines. The most potent congeners 7e and 9a against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.01 and 1.28 ± 0.04 μM, respectively) induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells (23.7-, and 16.8-fold increase in the total apoptosis percentage) as evident by the externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. This evidence was supported by the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio augmentation (18.65- and 11.1-fold compared to control) with a concomitant increase in the level of caspase-3 (11.7- and 9.5-fold) and p53 (15.4- and 11.75-fold). Both compounds arrested the cell cycle mainly in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, 7e and 9a displayed good selectivity toward tumor cells (S.I. = 38.7 and 18.3), upon testing of their cytotoxicity toward non-tumorigenic breast MCF-10A cells. Finally, compounds 7a, 7b, 7d, 7e, and 9a were examined for their plausible CDK2 inhibitory action. The obtained results (% inhibition range: 16%-58%) unveiled incompetence of the target bis-indoles to inhibit CDK2 significantly. Collectively, these results suggested that herein reported bis-indoles are good lead compounds for further optimization and development as potential efficient anti-breast cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Sara T. Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Hamad M. Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ghada H. Al-Ansary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo P.O. Box 11566, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Program, Batterejee Medical College, Jeddah P.O. Box 6231, Saudi Arabia
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