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Zheng Y, Feng J, Yu Y, Ling M, Song Y, Xie H, Zhang M, Li W, Wang X. Anti-Coronavirus Potential of Polyether Ionophores: The New Application of Veterinary Antibiotics in Livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10640-10654. [PMID: 38661066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have consistently posed a major global concern in the field of livestock industry and public health. However, there is currently a lack of efficient drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity to address the challenges presented by emerging mutated strains or drug resistance. Additionally, the method for identifying multitarget drugs is also insufficient. Aminopeptidase N (APN) and 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) represent promising targets for host-directed and virus-directed strategies, respectively, in the development of effective drugs against various coronaviruses. In this study, maduramycin ammonium demonstrated a broad-spectrum antiviral effect by targeting both of the proteins. The binding domains 4 Å from the ligand of both target proteins shared a structural similarity, suggesting that screening and designing drugs based on these domains might exhibit broad-spectrum and highly effective antiviral activity. Furthermore, it was identified that the polyether ionophores' ability to carry zinc ion might be one of the reasons why they were able to target APN and exhibit antiviral effect. The findings of this experiment provide novel perspectives for future drug screening and design, while also offering valuable references for the utilization of polyether ionophores in the management of livestock health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youle Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jin Feng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yixin Yu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Min Ling
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanbin Song
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Mengjia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Freidel MR, Vakhariya PA, Sardarni SK, Armen RS. The Dual-Targeted Fusion Inhibitor Clofazimine Binds to the S2 Segment of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Viruses 2024; 16:640. [PMID: 38675980 PMCID: PMC11054727 DOI: 10.3390/v16040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Clofazimine and Arbidol have both been reported to be effective in vitro SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors. Both are promising drugs that have been repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19 and have been used in several previous and ongoing clinical trials. Small-molecule bindings to expressed constructs of the trimeric S2 segment of Spike and the full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were measured using a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) binding assay. We demonstrate that Clofazimine, Toremifene, Arbidol and its derivatives bind to the S2 segment of the Spike protein. Clofazimine provided the most reliable and highest-quality SPR data for binding with S2 over the conditions explored. A molecular docking approach was used to identify the most favorable binding sites on the S2 segment in the prefusion conformation, highlighting two possible small-molecule binding sites for fusion inhibitors. Results related to molecular docking and modeling of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a newly reported series of Clofazimine derivatives support the proposed Clofazimine binding site on the S2 segment. When the proposed Clofazimine binding site is superimposed with other experimentally determined coronavirus structures in structure-sequence alignments, the changes in sequence and structure may rationalize the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Clofazimine in closely related coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS, hCoV-229E, and hCoV-OC43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roger S. Armen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut St. Suite 918, Philadelphia, PA 19170, USA (P.A.V.); (S.K.S.)
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Tang S, Sun LJ, Pan AQ, Huang J, Wang H, Lin YW. Application of engineered myoglobins for biosynthesis of clofazimine by integration with chemical synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9603-9609. [PMID: 38014756 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made in the design of artificial metalloenzymes. Myoglobin (Mb), an O2 carrier, has been engineered to exhibit different functions. Herein, we applied a series of engineered Mb mutants with peroxidase activity for biosynthesis of clofazimine (CFZ), a potential drug with a broad-spectrum antiviral activity, by integration with chemical synthesis. Two of those mutants, F43Y Mb and F43Y/T67R Mb, have been shown to efficiently catalyze the oxidative coupling of 2-N-(4-chlorophenyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (N-4-CPBDA) in the presence of H2O2, with 97% yields. The overall catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) is 46-fold and 82-fold higher than that of WT Mb, respectively. By further combination of this reaction with chemical synthesis, the production of CFZ was accomplished with an isolated yield of 72%. These results showed that engineered Mbs containing the Tyr-heme cross-link (F43Y Mb and F43Y/T67R Mb) exhibit enhanced activity in the oxidative coupling reaction. This study also indicates that the combination of biocatalysis and chemical synthesis avoids the need for the separation of intermediate products, which offers a convenient approach for the total synthesis of the biological compound CFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ai-Qun Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Huamin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Xu J, Koval A, Katanaev VL. Clofazimine: A journey of a drug. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115539. [PMID: 37742606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among different strategies to develop novel therapies, drug repositioning (aka repurposing) aims at identifying new uses of an already approved or investigational drug. This approach has the advantages of availability of the extensive pre-existing knowledge of the drug's safety, pharmacology and toxicology, manufacturing and formulation. It provides advantages to the risk-versus-rewards trade-off as compared to the costly and time-consuming de novo drug discovery process. Clofazimine, a red-colored synthetic derivative of riminophenazines initially isolated from lichens, was first synthesized in the 1950 s, and passed through several phases of repositioning in its history as a drug. Being initially developed as an anti-tuberculosis treatment, it was repurposed for the treatment of leprosy, prior to re-repositioning for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and other infections. Since 1990 s, reports on the anticancer properties of clofazimine, both in vitro and in vivo, started to appear. Among the diverse mechanisms of action proposed, the activity of clofazimine as a specific inhibitor of the oncogenic Wnt signaling pathway has recently emerged as the promising targeting mechanism of the drug against breast, colon, liver, and other forms of cancer. Seventy years after the initial discovery, clofazimine's journey as a drug finding new applications continues, serving as a colorful illustration of drug repurposing in modern pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Xu
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
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Li Z, Guo Z, Lu X, Ma X, Wang X, Zhang R, Hu X, Wang Y, Pang J, Fan T, Liu Y, Tang S, Fu H, Zhang J, Li Y, You X, Song D. Evolution and development of potent monobactam sulfonate candidate IMBZ18g as a dual inhibitor against MDR Gram-negative bacteria producing ESBLs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [PMID: 37521870 PMCID: PMC10372838 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new monobactam sulfonates is continuously synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacies against Gram-negative bacteria. Compound 33a (IMBZ18G) is highly effective in vitro and in vivo against clinically intractable multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative strains, with a highly druglike nature. The checkerboard assay reveals its significant synergistic effect with β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam, and the MIC values against MDR enterobacteria were reduced up to 4-512 folds. X-ray co-crystal and chemoproteomic assays indicate that the anti-MDR bacteria effect of 33a results from the dual inhibition of the common PBP3 and some class A and C β-lactamases. Accordingly, preclinical studies of 33a alone and 33a‒avibactam combination as potential innovative candidates are actively going on, in the treatment of β-lactamase-producing MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Stadler JAM, Maartens G, Meintjes G, Wasserman S. Clofazimine for the treatment of tuberculosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1100488. [PMID: 36817137 PMCID: PMC9932205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shorter (6-9 months), fully oral regimens containing new and repurposed drugs are now the first-choice option for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Clofazimine, long used in the treatment of leprosy, is one such repurposed drug that has become a cornerstone of DR-TB treatment and ongoing trials are exploring novel, shorter clofazimine-containing regimens for drug-resistant as well as drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clofazimine's repurposing was informed by evidence of potent activity against DR-TB strains in vitro and in mice and a treatment-shortening effect in DR-TB patients as part of a multidrug regimen. Clofazimine entered clinical use in the 1950s without the rigorous safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation which is part of modern drug development and current dosing is not evidence-based. Recent studies have begun to characterize clofazimine's exposure-response relationship for safety and efficacy in populations with TB. Despite being better tolerated than some other second-line TB drugs, the extent and impact of adverse effects including skin discolouration and cardiotoxicity are not well understood and together with emergent resistance, may undermine clofazimine use in DR-TB programmes. Furthermore, clofazimine's precise mechanism of action is not well established, as is the genetic basis of clofazimine resistance. In this narrative review, we present an overview of the evidence base underpinning the use and limitations of clofazimine as an antituberculosis drug and discuss advances in the understanding of clofazimine pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and resistance. The unusual pharmacokinetic properties of clofazimine and how these relate to its putative mechanism of action, antituberculosis activity, dosing considerations and adverse effects are highlighted. Finally, we discuss the development of novel riminophenazine analogues as antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. M. Stadler
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,*Correspondence: Jacob A. M. Stadler,
| | - Gary Maartens
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zhao X, Mei Y, Guo Z, Si S, Ma X, Li Y, Li Y, Song D. Discovery of new riminophenazine analogues as antimycobacterial agents against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:105929. [PMID: 35701239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-three new riminophenazine and pyrido[3,2-b]quinoxaline derivatives were prepared and examined for their antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, taking clofazimine (1) as the lead. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that the introduction of a heterocycle or diethylamine substituted benzene moiety on the N-5 atom might be beneficial for activity. The most potent compound 7m also displayed enhanced activity against wild-type as well as multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB clinical isolates, with the MICs ranging from 0.08 to 1.25 μg/mL, especially effective toward strain M20A507, resistant to 1. Further mechanism study indicated that its anti-TB activity was independent of cell membrane disruption, but related to NDH-2 reduction and the resulting high ROS production. Our study provides instructive guidance for the further development of clofazimine derivatives into promising antimicrobial agents against MDR and XDR TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuheng Mei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhihao Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuyi Si
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xican Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Danqing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Yuan W, Dong X, Chen L, Lei X, Zhou Z, Guo L, Wang J. Screening for inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:186-192. [PMID: 35574239 PMCID: PMC9077799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, generating new variants that pose a threat to global health; therefore, it is imperative to obtain safe and broad-spectrum antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. To this end, we screened compounds for their ability to inhibit viral entry, which is a critical step in virus infection. Twenty compounds that have been previously reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication were tested by using pseudoviruses containing the spike protein from the original strain (SARS-CoV-2-WH01). The cytotoxicity of these compounds was determined. Furthermore, we identified six compounds with strong antagonistic activity against the WH01 pseudovirus, and low cytotoxicity was identified. These compounds were then evaluated for their efficacy against pseudoviruses expressing the spike protein from B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), the two most prevalent circulating strains. These assays demonstrated that two phenothiazine compounds, trifluoperazine 2HCl and thioridazine HCl, inhibit the infection of Delta and Omicron pseudoviruses. Finally, we discovered that these two compounds were highly effective against authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses, including the WH01, Delta, and Omicron strains. Our study identified potential broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors and provided insights into the development of novel therapeutics.
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