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Szymanowska U, Karaś M, Jakubczyk A, Kocki J, Szymanowski R, Kapusta IT. Raspberry Pomace as a Good Additive to Apple Freeze-Dried Fruit Bars: Biological Properties and Sensory Evaluation. Molecules 2024; 29:5690. [PMID: 39683849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of adding raspberry pomace to the phenolic content and biological properties of freeze-dried apple/raspberry bars. The bars were prepared by replacing apple puree with raspberry pomace (5-50%), and their phenolic compounds were assessed using ethanol and buffer extracts. This work also explored the potential bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in enriched bars through a simulated digestion process (digest). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (LOX, COX-2 inhibition), antihypertensive (ACE inhibition), and antiproliferative effects on AGS and HT-29 cancer cells were evaluated. The total polyphenol content was highest in the all bar variants post-digestion. The highest-904.26 ± 23.5 mg/100 g-was determined for the B50 sample In the enriched bars, the concentration of chlorogenic acid decreased from 6.99 ± 1.08 mg/L for BP5 to 2.75 ± 0.32 mg/L for BP50, but the ellagic acid concentration increased from 1.46 ± 0.02 mg/L for BP5 to 12.73 ± 0.09 mg/L for BP50. Among the tested extracts, the highest antioxidant and LOX, COX-2 inhibiting activity was determined for digest. The ability to neutralize free radicals increased with raspberry pomace addition from 3.63 ± 0.26 mM TE/100 g for BC to 5.58 ± 0.22 mM TE/100 g for the BP50 sample. ACE inhibition was quite similar for ethanolic and digest extracts, but much weaker for buffer extracts. The lowest EC50 value was 1.04 ± 0.03 mg/mL for the BP30 ethanolic sample. Analyzed extracts showed antiproliferative activity against both tested cell lines. The EC50 values for HT-29 cancer cells decreased from 0.354 ± 0.031 mg/mL for BC to 0.026 ± 0.006 mg/mL for the BP50 digest sample. It can be assumed that the BP30 bar best met the assumed criteria, and is optimal for both sensory quality (receiving an average score of 4.45) and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Szymanowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, 8 Skromna Str., 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Karaś
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, 8 Skromna Str., 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, 8 Skromna Str., 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłłowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Szymanowski
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłłowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Tomasz Kapusta
- Department Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Technology, College of Natural Science, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza Str., 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
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Othman SA, Abou-Ghadir OF, Menon V, Ramadan WS, Mostafa YA, El-Awady R, Abdu-Allah HHM. Combining lavendustin C and 5-arylidenethiazolin-4-one-based pharmacophores toward multitarget anticancer hybrids. Bioorg Chem 2024; 153:107884. [PMID: 39423773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Lavendustin C, a natural-product derived anticancer lead compound, was modified at its carboxylic group by esterification or amidation (compounds 6-10) and at its amino group by introducing 5-arylidenethiazolin-4-ones (14a-c to 17a-c, 18a and 18b). Two strategies were used to combine these moieties and to optimize the yield. These new compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against a panel of nine cancer cell lines. The results clearly show that 5-arylidenethiazolin-4-one moiety contributes substantially to the activity. Also, methyl esters are more potent than amides, while N-ethylamides are the most potent among amides. 14b showed the highest potency against all tested cancer cell lines with IC50 1.4-2.5 µM, while against normal cell line IC50 > 50 µM. It showed arrest of HeLa cells at G0/G1, S phases and reduction of the percent of cells in G2/M. Moreover, 14b triggered death of HeLa cancer cells via apoptosis induction. EGFR inhibitory potency of 14b was found to be comparable to that of erlotinib. Computational docking and in silico pharmacokinetic studies were performed and discussed. In conclusion, 14b might serve as a multitarget lead compound for further development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Othman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ola F Abou-Ghadir
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Varsha Menon
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaser A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hajjaj H M Abdu-Allah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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Yilmaz YB, Güngör T, Dönmez S, Atalay HN, Siyah P, Durdağı S, Ay M, Boyunegmez Tumer T. Synthesis, in silico and bio-evaluation studies of new isothiocyanate derivatives with respect to COX inhibition and H 2S release profiles. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00495g. [PMID: 39507615 PMCID: PMC11536671 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of H2S-donating derivatives of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is considered important to reduce or overcome their gastrointestinal side effects. Sulforaphane, one of the most extensively studied isothiocyanates (ITCs), effectively releases H2S at a slow rate. Thus, we rationally designed, synthesized, and characterized new ITC derivatives (I1-3 and I1a-e) inspired by the natural compound sulforaphane. The anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds were evaluated by their inhibitory activities against cyclooxygenase targets COX-1 and COX-2. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the compounds was tested using the MTT assay on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, revealing no cytotoxic effects at low doses. Notably, compounds I1 and fluorine-containing ester derivative I1c emerged as the most potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors, with selectivity indexes of 2611.5 and 2582.4, respectively. The H2S-releasing capacities of ITC derivatives were investigated and compared with that of sulforaphane, showing that while compounds I1-3 exhibit slow and similar H2S release to sulforaphane, the release from compounds I1a-e was not as pronounced as that of the standard. Physics-based molecular modeling studies including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy calculations and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analyses were also conducted. MD simulations analysis underscored the crucial amino acids such as Tyr385, Trp387, Phe518, Val523, and Ser530 in the interactions between I1c hit compound and COX-2. The combined in silico and in vitro findings suggest that compounds I1 and I1c are promising NSAID candidates against selective COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakup Berkay Yilmaz
- Graduate Program of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Graduate Studies, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Türkiye
| | - Tuğba Güngör
- Natural Products and Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Türkiye
| | - Serhat Dönmez
- Graduate Program of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Graduate Studies, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Türkiye
| | - Hazal Nazlıcan Atalay
- Graduate Program of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Graduate Studies, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Türkiye
| | - Pınar Siyah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University Istanbul Türkiye
| | - Serdar Durdağı
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University Istanbul Türkiye
- Molecular Therapy Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University Istanbul Türkiye
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HITMER), Bahçeşehir University Istanbul Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Ay
- Natural Products and Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Türkiye
| | - Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Türkiye
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Saraf P, Bhardwaj B, Verma A, Siddiqui MA, Verma H, Kumar P, Srivastava S, Krishnamurthy S, Srikrishna S, Shrivastava SK. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of benzhydrylpiperazine-based novel dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00471j. [PMID: 39430948 PMCID: PMC11487423 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00471j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Piperazine derivatives were screened using the ChEMBL database, paving the way for the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel series of dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors and identifying their role in mitigating cancer cell proliferation. Compound 9d with 4-Cl substitution at the terminal phenyl ring showed promising inhibition of COX-2 (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.03 μM) and 5-LOX (IC50 = 7.87 ± 0.33 μM), outperforming the standards celecoxib (IC50 = 0.36 ± 0.023 μM) and zileuton (IC50 = 14.29 ± 0.173 μM), respectively. The two most active derivatives 9d and 9g indicated a significant anti-inflammatory response in a paw edema model by inhibiting PGE2, IL-6, and TNF-α and an increase in IL-10 concentrations. Interestingly, 9d effectively reduced pain by 55.78%, closely comparable to the 59.09% exhibited by the standard indomethacin, and was also devoid of GI, liver, kidney, and cardiac toxicity. Furthermore, 9d demonstrated anti-cancer potential against in vitro A549, COLO-205, and MIA-PA-CA-2 human cancer cell lines and an in vivo Drosophila cancer model. The pharmacokinetic investigations revealed that 9d has good oral absorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorvi Saraf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91 945 2156 527
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91 945 2156 527
| | - Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91 945 2156 527
| | - Mohammad Aquib Siddiqui
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005 India
| | - Samridhi Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91 945 2156 527
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005 India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91 945 2156 527
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Vega-Galvez A, Pasten A, Uribe E, Mejias N, Araya M, Vidal RL, Valenzuela-Barra G, Delporte C. Comprehensive Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory, Antiproliferative and Neuroprotective Properties of Cauliflower after Dehydration by Different Drying Methods. Foods 2024; 13:3162. [PMID: 39410197 PMCID: PMC11482558 DOI: 10.3390/foods13193162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Botrytis Linnaeus) has various health benefits due to its rich bioactive compound content. However, this fresh vegetable faces challenges related to its perishability and short shelf life. This study explores the effect of five drying methods, namely vacuum drying (VD), convective drying (CD), infrared drying (IRD), low-temperature vacuum drying (LTVD) and vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), on the bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of cauliflower. Analyses of amino acids, hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates, as well as evaluations of their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and neuroprotective properties, were conducted based on these five drying methods. The results revealed that samples treated with VFD and IRD had a higher content of amino acids involved in GSL anabolism. Moreover, VFD samples retained hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and glucosinolates to a greater extent than other methods. Nonetheless, the CD and VD samples exhibited higher antiproliferative and neuroprotective effects, which were correlated with their high sulforaphane content. Overall, considering the retention of most bioactive compounds from cauliflower and the topical inflammation amelioration induced in mice, VFD emerges as a more satisfactory option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vega-Galvez
- Food Engineering Department, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena 1700000, Chile; (A.P.); (E.U.); (N.M.)
| | - Alexis Pasten
- Food Engineering Department, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena 1700000, Chile; (A.P.); (E.U.); (N.M.)
| | - Elsa Uribe
- Food Engineering Department, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena 1700000, Chile; (A.P.); (E.U.); (N.M.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena 1700000, Chile
| | - Nicol Mejias
- Food Engineering Department, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena 1700000, Chile; (A.P.); (E.U.); (N.M.)
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - René L. Vidal
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica (BNI), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Centro FONDAP de Gerociencia, Salud Mental y Metabolismo (GERO), Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Gabriela Valenzuela-Barra
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (G.V.-B.); (C.D.)
| | - Carla Delporte
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (G.V.-B.); (C.D.)
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Fotopoulos I, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Approaches for the discovery of cinnamic acid derivatives with anticancer potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:1281-1291. [PMID: 39105559 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2387122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cinnamic acid is a privileged scaffold for the design of biologically active compounds with putative anticancer potential, following different synthetic methodologies and procedures. Since there is a need for the production of potent anticancer, cinnamate moiety can significantly contribute in the design of new and more active anticancer agents. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors provide a review on the synthetic approaches for the discovery of cinnamic acid derivatives with anticancer potential. Results from molecular simulations, hybridization, and chemical derivatization along with biological experiments in vitro and structural activity relationships are given, described, and discussed by the authors. Information for the mechanism of action is taken from original literature sources. EXPERT OPINION The authors suggest that (i) numerous areas of biology-pharmacology need to be considered: selectivity, in vivo studies, toxicity and drug-likeness, the mechanism of action in animals and humans, development of more efficient assays for various cancer types; (ii) hybridization techniques outbalance in the discovery and production of compounds with higher activity and greater selectivity; (iii) repositioning offers new anticancer cinnamic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Fotopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Li J, Shi X, Tang T, Zhou M, Ye F. Research progress on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407387. [PMID: 39135798 PMCID: PMC11317762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor is the third most common primary intracranial tumor. Its main clinical manifestations include abnormal hormone secretion symptoms, symptoms caused by tumor compression of the surrounding pituitary tissue, pituitary stroke, and other anterior pituitary dysfunction. Its pathogenesis is yet to be fully understood. Surgical treatment is still the main treatment. Despite complete resection, 10%-20% of tumors may recur. While dopamine agonists are effective in over 90% of prolactinomas, prolonged use and individual variations can lead to increased drug resistance and a gradual decline in efficacy, which ultimately requires surgical intervention. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the production of inflammatory mediator prostaglandins by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and exert antipyretic, analgesic, antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatory effects. In recent years, many in-depth studies have confirmed the potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a preventive and antitumor agent. It has been extensively utilized in the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer. However, their specific mechanisms of action still need to be fully elucidated. This article summarizes recent research progress on the expression of cyclooxygenase in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and the treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It provides a feasible theoretical basis for further research on pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and explores potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care Medicine, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, China
| | - Xinkang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, YiDu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Tang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Manxin Zhou
- Clinical Medicine School of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care Medicine, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Deyang, China
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Hegazy ME, Taher ES, Ghiaty AH, Bayoumi AH. Tailored quinoline hybrids as promising COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors endowed with diverse safety profile: Design, synthesis, SAR, and histopathological study. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107244. [PMID: 38428284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Complications of the worldwide use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) sparked scientists to design novel harmless alternatives as an urgent need. So, a unique hybridization tactic of quinoline/pyrazole/thioamide (4a-c) has been rationalized and synthesized as potential COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors, utilizing relevant reported studies on these pharmacophores. Moreover, we extended these preceding hybrids into more varied functionality, bearing crucial thiazole scaffolds(5a-l). All the synthesized hybrids were evaluatedin vitroas COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors. Initially, series4a-cexhibited significant potency towards 15-LOX inhibition (IC50 = 5.454-4.509 μM) compared to meclofenamate sodium (IC50 = 3.837 μM). Moreover, they revealed reasonable inhibitory activities against the COX-2 enzyme in comparison to celecoxib.Otherwise, conjugates 5a-ldisclosed marked inhibitory activity against 15-LOX and strong inhibitory to COX-2. In particular, hybrids5d(IC50 = 0.239 μM, SI = 8.95), 5h(IC50 = 0.234 μM, SI = 20.35) and 5l (IC50 = 0.201 μM, SI = 14.42) revealed more potency and selectivity outperforming celecoxib (IC50 = 0.512 μM, SI = 4.28). In addition, the most potentcompounds, 4a, 5d, 5h, and 5l have been elected for further in vivoevaluation and displayed potent inhibition of edema in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test that surpassed indomethacin. Further, compounds5d, 5h, and 5l decreased serum inflammatory markers including oxidative biomarkersiNO, and pro-inflammatory mediators cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE. Ulcerogenic liability for tested compounds demonstrated obvious gastric mucosal safety. Furthermore, a histopathological study for compound 5l suggested a confirmatory comprehensive safety profile for stomach, kidney, and heart tissues. Docking and drug-likeness studies offered a good convention with the obtained biological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Hegazy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ehab S Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan.
| | - Adel H Ghiaty
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
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