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Iglesias Pastrana C, Navas González FJ, Macri M, Martínez Martínez MDA, Ciani E, Delgado Bermejo JV. Identification of novel genetic loci related to dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) morphometrics, biomechanics, and behavior by genome-wide association studies. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:418. [PMID: 39294626 PMCID: PMC11409489 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the realm of animal breeding for sustainability, domestic camels have traditionally been valued for their milk and meat production. However, key aspects such as zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior have often been overlooked in terms of their genetic foundations. Recognizing this gap, the present study perfomed genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic markers associated with zoometrics-, biomechanics-, and behavior-related traits in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). 16 and 108 genetic markers were significantly associated (q < 0.05) at genome and chromosome-wide levels of significance, respectively, with zoometrics- (width, length, and perimeter/girth), biomechanics- (acceleration, displacement, spatial position, and velocity), and behavior-related traits (general cognition, intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)) in dromedaries. In most association loci, the nearest protein-coding genes are linkedto neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders. This suggests that genetic variations related to neural development and sensory perception play crucial roles in shaping a dromedary camel's physical characteristics and behavior. In summary, this research advances our understanding of the genomic basis of essential traits in dromedary camels. Identifying specific genetic markers associated with zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior provides valuable insights into camel domestication. Moreover, the links between these traits and genes related to neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders highlight the broader implications of domestication and modern selection on the health and welfare of dromedary camels. This knowledge could guide future breeding strategies, fostering a more holistic approach to camel husbandry and ensuring the sustainability of these animals in diverse agricultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Macri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Animal Breeding Consulting S.L, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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2
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Hau A, Baxter A, Chandler K, Fennell A, Hsieh TC, Krawitz PM, Pinner J, Goel H. Seven Novel Variants of Weiss-Kruszka Syndrome and Phenotype Expansion. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63856. [PMID: 39287049 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Weiss-Kruszka syndrome (WKS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by metopic ridging, ptosis, arched eyebrows, down slanting palpebral fissures, abnormalities in the corpus callosum, cardiac malformations, and variable neurodevelopmental delay. To date, 32 individuals with a diagnosis of WKS have been reported in the literature. The syndrome is caused by a heterozygous pathogenic variant in the ZNF462 gene or a deletion of the 9p31.2 region involving ZNF462. There is significant phenotypic heterogeneity and intrafamilial variability among these patients. Our study reviewed nine patients from seven unrelated families and identified seven novel heterozygous ZNF462 variants through exome sequencing. GestaltMatcher analysis of our cohort's facial images, alongside previously published images of ZNF462 patients, demonstrated a high degree of facial similarity. Further longitudinal research is needed to delineate this rare condition's long-term health implications and adult-onset features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hau
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Anne Baxter
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kate Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Fennell
- Monash Genetics, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tzung-Chien Hsieh
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter M Krawitz
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jason Pinner
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Ward SK, Wadley A, Tsai CHA, Benke PJ, Emrick L, Fisher K, Houck KM, Dai H, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Craigen W, Glaser K, Murdock DR, Rohena L, Diderich KEM, Bruggenwirth HT, Lee B, Bacino C, Burrage LC, Rosenfeld JA. De novo missense variants in ZBTB47 are associated with developmental delays, hypotonia, seizures, gait abnormalities, and variable movement abnormalities. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:17-30. [PMID: 37743782 PMCID: PMC11221546 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The collection of known genetic etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders continues to increase, including several syndromes associated with defects in zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZNFs) that vary in clinical severity from mild learning disabilities and developmental delay to refractory seizures and severe autism spectrum disorder. Here we describe a new neurodevelopmental disorder associated with variants in ZBTB47 (also known as ZNF651), which encodes zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 47. Exome sequencing (ES) was performed for five unrelated patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. All five patients are heterozygous for a de novo missense variant in ZBTB47, with p.(Glu680Gly) (c.2039A>G) detected in one patient and p.(Glu477Lys) (c.1429G>A) identified in the other four patients. Both variants impact conserved amino acid residues. Bioinformatic analysis of each variant is consistent with pathogenicity. We present five unrelated patients with de novo missense variants in ZBTB47 and a phenotype characterized by developmental delay with intellectual disability, seizures, hypotonia, gait abnormalities, and variable movement abnormalities. We propose that these variants in ZBTB47 are the basis of a new neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Ward
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexandrea Wadley
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Chun-Hui Anne Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Paul J Benke
- Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Emrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly M Houck
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongzheng Dai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - William Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly Glaser
- Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
- Invitae, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Rohena
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karin E M Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hennie T Bruggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, USA
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Brady L, Ballantyne M, Duck J, Fisker T, Kleefman R, Li C, Nfonsam L, Schultz LA, Tarnopolsky M, McCready E. Further characterization of the 9q31 microdeletion phenotype; delineation of a common region of overlap containing ZNF462. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2116. [PMID: 36461789 PMCID: PMC10009906 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of function variants and whole gene deletions of ZNF462 has been associated with a novel phenotype of developmental delay/intellectual disability and distinctive facial features. Over two dozen cases have been reported to date and the condition is now known as Weiss-Kruszka syndrome (OMIM# 618619). There are several older reports in the literature and DECIPER detailing individuals with interstitial deletions of 9q31 involving the ZNF462 gene. Many of the characteristic facial features described in these microdeletion cases are similar to those who have been diagnosed with Weiss-Kruszka syndrome. METHODS We describe three additional patients with overlapping 9q31 deletions and compare the phenotypes of the microdeletion cases reported in the literature to Weiss-Kruszka syndrome. RESULTS Phenotypic overlap was observed between patients with 9q31 deletions and Weiss-Kruszka syndrome. Several additional features were noted in 9q31 deletion patients, including hearing loss, small head circumference, palate abnormalities and short stature. CONCLUSIONS The common region of overlap of microdeletion cases implicates ZNF462 as the main driver of the recognizable 9q31 microdeletion phenotype. The observation of additional features in patients with 9q31 microdeletions that are not reported in Weiss-Kruszka syndrome further suggests that other genes from the 9q31 region likely act synergistically with ZNF462 to affect phenotypic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brady
- Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neuromuscular & Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Ballantyne
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Duck
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Fisker
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Kleefman
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chumei Li
- Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Landry Nfonsam
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Schultz
- Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neuromuscular & Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McCready
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Meng W, Reel PS, Nangia C, Rajendrakumar AL, Hebert HL, Guo Q, Adams MJ, Zheng H, Lu ZH, Ray D, Colvin LA, Palmer CNA, McIntosh AM, Smith BH. A Meta-Analysis of the Genome-Wide Association Studies on Two Genetically Correlated Phenotypes Suggests Four New Risk Loci for Headaches. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:64-76. [PMID: 36939796 PMCID: PMC9883337 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Headache is one of the commonest complaints that doctors need to address in clinical settings. The genetic mechanisms of different types of headache are not well understood while it has been suggested that self-reported headache and self-reported migraine were genetically correlated. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the self-reported headache phenotype from the UK Biobank and the self-reported migraine phenotype from the 23andMe using the Unified Score-based Association Test (metaUSAT) software for genetically correlated phenotypes (N = 397,385). We identified 38 loci for headaches, of which 34 loci have been reported before and four loci were newly suggested. The LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1)-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6)-S hort chain D ehydrogenase/R eductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7) region in chromosome 12 was the most significantly associated locus with a leading p value of 1.24 × 10-62 of rs11172113. The One Cut homeobox 2 (ONECUT2) gene locus in chromosome 18 was the strongest signal among the four new loci with a p value of 1.29 × 10-9 of rs673939. Our study demonstrated that the genetically correlated phenotypes of self-reported headache and self-reported migraine can be meta-analysed together in theory and in practice to boost study power to identify more variants for headaches. This study has paved way for a large GWAS meta-analysis involving cohorts of different while genetically correlated headache phenotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00078-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Meng
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Parminder S. Reel
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Charvi Nangia
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Aravind Lathika Rajendrakumar
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Harry L. Hebert
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Qian Guo
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zen Haut Lu
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Lesley A. Colvin
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4BF UK
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6
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Zhou Y, Liu J, Wu S, Li W, Zheng Y. Case report: A heterozygous mutation in ZNF462 leads to growth hormone deficiency. Front Genet 2022; 13:1015021. [PMID: 36568367 PMCID: PMC9770794 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1015021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weiss-Kruszka syndrome (WSKA) is a rare disease most often caused by mutations in the ZNF462 gene. To screen for hereditary diseases, exons from the patient's genome were sequenced. Genomic PCR experiments followed by Sanger sequencing were used to confirm the mutated genomic regions in the patient and his parents. We report a new mutation site, a heterozygous mutation (NM_021224.6:c.6311dup) in ZNF462 in a male patient of 8 years old. The mutation in the ZNF462 gene caused WSKA. This patient is the first case with WSKA characterized by attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and complete growth hormone deficiency without pituitary lesions. Our results suggest that the heterozygous mutation in ZNF462 is the direct cause of WSKA in this patient. Mutations in other genes interacting with ZNF462 result in similar symptoms of WSKA. Furthermore, ZNF462 and its interacting proteins ASXL2 and VPS13B may form a protein complex that is important for normal development but awaits more studies to reveal its detailed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Yikun Zhou, ; Yun Zheng,
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wanran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Yikun Zhou, ; Yun Zheng,
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Zhao S, Miao C, Wang X, Lu Y, Liu H, Zhang X. A Nonsense Variant of ZNF462 Gene Associated With Weiss-Kruszka Syndrome-Like Manifestations: A Case Study and Literature Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:781832. [PMID: 35198003 PMCID: PMC8860098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.781832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics and genetic basis of a patient with unilateral ptosis and unilateral hearing impairment in pedigree analysis. Methods: The clinical data of the child and his father were collected. The genomic DNA of the patient and his relatives were extracted from their peripheral blood samples and subjected to trio-whole-exome sequencing (trio-WES) and copy number variation analysis. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the potential variant. Results: The sequencing analysis identified a heterozygous nonsense variant c.6431C > A (p.Ser2144*) in the ZNF462 gene (NM_021224.6) in the child and his father, whereas the locus in his asymptomatic mother, brother, and grandparents was found to be the wild type, which is an autosomal dominant inheritance. The new genetic variant has not been previously reported in the ClinVar and HGMD databases and the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Conclusion: This is the first incidence of Weiss–Kruszka syndrome relating to the nonsense variant in the ZNF462 gene in China. The finding from this study is novel in its expansion of the variant spectrum of the ZNF462 gene and clarifies the genetic etiology of the patient and his father.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Zhao
- Center of Medical Genetics, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Miao
- Center of Medical Genetics, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Center of Medical Genetics, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Yitong Lu
- Center of Medical Genetics, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Center of Medical Genetics, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Medical Genetics, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
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8
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Pellino G, Chiasso L, Fiori G, Mazzone S, Zama D, Cordelli DM, Russo A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with Weiss-Kruszka syndrome: Casual or causal association? Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104457. [PMID: 35182807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Weiss-Kruszka syndrome is a recently described genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial features, ptosis, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, and neurodevelopmental impairment. It is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function variants
in ZNF462 gene. During the time, the original phenotype was expanded, including several complications, sensorineural hearing loss, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia and complete growth hormone deficiency associated with empty sella syndrome. Here we report the first case of Weiss-Kruszka syndrome, associated to a de novo 9q31.1q31.3 microdeletion showing an acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A speculation on the contribution of our case to the phenotypic expansion of WSKA is here discussed. More clinical and functional studies are needed to elucidate this association. A possible expansion of the WSKA phenotype is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Pellino
- Pediatric Unit, Azienda USL Ferrara - Sant'Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Chiasso
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiori
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Mazzone
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Zama
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Russo
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy.
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González-Tarancón R, Salvador-Rupérez E, Miramar Gallart MD, Barroso E, Díez García-Prieto I, Pérez Delgado R, López Pisón J, García Jiménez MC. A novel mutation in the ZNF462 gene c.3306dup; p.(Gln1103Thrfs*10) is associated to Weiss-Kruszka syndrome. A case report. Acta Clin Belg 2022; 77:118-121. [PMID: 32543299 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2020.1780391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weiss-Kruszka syndrome (WSKA) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the ZNF462 gene or deletion of 9p31.2 chromosome region, involving ZNF462. The prevalence of WSKA is unknown as only 24 affected individuals have been described. This syndrome should be suspected in individuals presenting mild global developmental delay and common craniofacial abnormalities. CASE PRESENTATION We presented a case of an infant, 3 years and 4-month life who presented pondostatural and psychomotor retardation, generalized hypotonia with hypermobility, bilateral palpebral ptosis, epicanthal folds, and poorly expressive facies as the main clinical features. These characteristics lead to the realization of genetics studies that resulted in the identification of a novel mutation c.3306dup; p.(Gln1103Thrfs*10) in ZNF462. CONCLUSIONS WSKA should be suspected in individuals presenting mild global developmental delay, ptosis, downslanting palpebral fissures, exaggerated Cupid's Bow, arched eyebrows, epicanthal folds and short upturned nose with a bulbous tip. Hypertrophy of the ventricular septum and severe OSA were described in our patient and should be considered in future reviews of the disease. This case is added to the reduced number of publications previously reported regarding WSKA and contributes to understanding the genetic characteristics, clinical features, and diagnosis of this syndrome.Abbreviations: WSKA: Weiss-Kruszka syndrome; CP: craniofacial perimeter; WES: whole-exome sequencing; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; OSA: obstructive sleep apnoea; ACMG: American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. González-Tarancón
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Genetic Laboratory, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E. Salvador-Rupérez
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Genetic Laboratory, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - MD Miramar Gallart
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Genetic Laboratory, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - R. Pérez Delgado
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Neurometabolism Unit, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. López Pisón
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Neurometabolism Unit, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - MC García Jiménez
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Neurometabolism Unit, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Iivonen AP, Kärkinen J, Yellapragada V, Sidoroff V, Almusa H, Vaaralahti K, Raivio T. Kallmann syndrome in a patient with Weiss-Kruszka syndrome and a de novo deletion in 9q31.2. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:57-66. [PMID: 33909591 PMCID: PMC8183635 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with deletions on chromosome 9q31.2 may exhibit delayed puberty, craniofacial phenotype including cleft lip/palate, and olfactory bulb hypoplasia. We report a patient with congenital HH with anosmia (Kallmann syndrome, KS) and a de novo 2.38 Mb heterozygous deletion in 9q31.2. The deletion breakpoints (determined with whole-genome linked-read sequencing) were in the FKTN gene (9:108,331,353) and in a non-coding area (9:110,707,332) (hg19). The deletion encompassed six protein-coding genes (FKTN, ZNF462, TAL2, TMEM38B, RAD23B, and KLF4). ZNF462 haploinsufficiency was consistent with the patient's Weiss-Kruszka syndrome (craniofacial phenotype, developmental delay, and sensorineural hearing loss), but did not explain his KS. In further analyses, he did not carry rare sequence variants in 32 known KS genes in whole-exome sequencing and displayed no aberrant splicing of 15 KS genes that were expressed in peripheral blood leukocyte transcriptome. The deletion was 1.8 Mb upstream of a KS candidate gene locus (PALM2AKAP2) but did not suppress its expression. In conclusion, this is the first report of a patient with Weiss-Kruszka syndrome and KS. We suggest that patients carrying a microdeletion in 9q31.2 should be evaluated for the presence of KS and KS-related features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
- Department of Physiology, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Kärkinen
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venkatram Yellapragada
- Department of Physiology, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henrikki Almusa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Department of Physiology, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Department of Physiology, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to T Raivio;
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11
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Park J, Ha DJ, Seo GH, Maeng S, Kang SM, Kim S, Lee JE. Empty Sella Syndrome Associated with Growth Hormone Deficiency: the First Case Report of Weiss-Kruszka Syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e133. [PMID: 33975400 PMCID: PMC8111047 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Weiss-Kruszka syndrome (WSKA), caused by heterozygous loss-of-function variants in ZNF462 gene, is a recently described and extremely rare genetic disorder. The main phenotypes include characteristic craniofacial features, ptosis, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, and neurodevelopmental impairment. We report the first Korean boy with molecularly confirmed WSKA presenting with an atypical manifestation. A 16-year-old boy with a history of bilateral ptosis surgery presented with short stature (-3.49 standard deviation score) and delayed puberty. The patient showed characteristic craniofacial features including an inverted triangular-shaped head, exaggerated Cupid's bow, arched eyebrows, down-slanting palpebral fissures, and poorly expressive face. He had a mild degree of intellectual disability and mild hypotonia. Endocrine studies in the patient demonstrated complete growth hormone deficiency (GHD) associated with empty sella syndrome (ESS), based on a magnetic resonance imaging study for the brain that showed a flattened pituitary gland and cerebrospinal fluid space herniated into the sella turcica. To identify the genetic cause, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES). Through WES, a novel de novo heterozygous nonsense variant, c.4185del; p.(Met1396Ter) in ZNF462 was identified. This is the first case of WSKA accompanied by primary ESS associated with GHD. More clinical and functional studies are needed to elucidate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | | - Seri Maeng
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Mo Kang
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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12
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Cheng D, Yuan S, Hu L, Yi D, Luo K, Gong F, Lu C, Lu G, Lin G, Tan YQ. The genetic cause of intellectual deficiency and/or congenital malformations in two parental reciprocal translocation carriers and implications for assisted reproduction. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 38:243-250. [PMID: 33094427 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the genetic cause of intellectual deficiency and/or congenital malformations in two parental reciprocal translocation carriers and provide appropriate strategies of assisted reproductive therapy (ART). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two similar couples having a child with global developmental delay/intellectual disability symptoms attended the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya (Changsha, China) in 2017 and 2019, respectively, in order to determine the cause(s) of the conditions affecting their child and to seek ART to have a healthy baby. Both of the healthy couples were not of consanguineous marriage, denied exposure to toxicants, and had no adverse life history. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents. Genetic diagnoses were performed by karyotype analysis, breakpoint mapping analysis of chromosomal translocation(s), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) for the two children and different appropriate reproductive strategies were performed in the two families. RESULTS Karyotype analysis revealed that both patients carried parental reciprocal translocations [46,XY,t(7;16)(p13;q24)pat and 46,XY,t(13;17)(q12.3;p11.2)pat, respectively]. Follow-up breakpoint mapping analysis showed no interruption of associated genes, and SNP microarray analysis identified no significant copy number variations (CNVs) in the two patients. Moreover, WES results revealed that patients 1 and 2 harbored candidate compound heterozygous mutations of MCOLN1 [c.195G>C (p.K65N) and c.1061G>A (p.W354*)] and MCPH1 [c.877A>G (p.S293G) and c.1869_1870delAT (p.C624*)], respectively, that were inherited from their parents and not previously reported. Furthermore, the parents of patient 1 obtained 10 embryos during ART cycle, and an embryo of normal karyotype and non-carrier of observed MCOLN1 mutations according to preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangement and monogenic defect was successfully transferred, resulting in the birth of a healthy boy. The parents of patient 2 chose to undergo ART with donor sperm to reduce the risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Systematic genetic diagnosis of two carriers of inherited chromosomal translocations accompanied by clinical phenotypes revealed their cause of disease, which was critical for genetic counseling and further ART for these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Cheng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Yuan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Duo Yi
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Luo
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gong
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Changfu Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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13
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Muley VY, López-Victorio CJ, Ayala-Sumuano JT, González-Gallardo A, González-Santos L, Lozano-Flores C, Wray G, Hernández-Rosales M, Varela-Echavarría A. Conserved and divergent expression dynamics during early patterning of the telencephalon in mouse and chick embryos. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 186:101735. [PMID: 31846713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian and the avian telencephalon are nearly indistinguishable at early embryonic vesicle stages but differ substantially in form and function at their adult stage. We sequenced and analyzed RNA populations present in mouse and chick during the early stages of embryonic telencephalon to understand conserved and lineage-specific developmental differences. We found approximately 3000 genes that orchestrate telencephalon development. Many chromatin-associated epigenetic and transcription regulators show high expression in both species and some show species-specific expression dynamics. Interestingly, previous studies associated them to autism, intellectual disabilities, and mental retardation supporting a causal link between their impaired functions during telencephalon development and brain dysfunction. Strikingly, the conserved up-regulated genes were differentially enriched in ontologies related to development or functions of the adult brain. Moreover, a differential enrichment of distinct repertoires of transcription factor binding motifs in their upstream promoter regions suggest a species-specific regulation of the various gene groups identified. Overall, our results reveal that the ontogenetic divergences between the mouse and chick telencephalon result from subtle differences in the regulation of common patterning signaling cascades and regulatory networks unique to each species at their very early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Lozano-Flores
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Gregory Wray
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Kruszka P, Hu T, Hong S, Signer R, Cogné B, Isidor B, Mazzola SE, Giltay JC, van Gassen KLI, England EM, Pais L, Ockeloen CW, Sanchez-Lara PA, Kinning E, Adams DJ, Treat K, Torres-Martinez W, Bedeschi MF, Iascone M, Blaney S, Bell O, Tan TY, Delrue MA, Jurgens J, Barry BJ, Engle EC, Savage SK, Fleischer N, Martinez-Agosto JA, Boycott K, Zackai EH, Muenke M. Phenotype delineation of ZNF462 related syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2075-2082. [PMID: 31361404 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 462 (ZNF462) is a relatively newly discovered vertebrate specific protein with known critical roles in embryonic development in animal models. Two case reports and a case series study have described the phenotype of 10 individuals with ZNF462 loss of function variants. Herein, we present 14 new individuals with loss of function variants to the previous studies to delineate the syndrome of loss of function in ZNF462. Collectively, these 24 individuals present with recurring phenotypes that define a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. Most have some form of developmental delay (79%) and a minority has autism spectrum disorder (33%). Characteristic facial features include ptosis (83%), down slanting palpebral fissures (58%), exaggerated Cupid's bow/wide philtrum (54%), and arched eyebrows (50%). Metopic ridging or craniosynostosis was found in a third of study participants and feeding problems in half. Other phenotype characteristics include dysgenesis of the corpus callosum in 25% of individuals, hypotonia in half, and structural heart defects in 21%. Using facial analysis technology, a computer algorithm applying deep learning was able to accurately differentiate individuals with ZNF462 loss of function variants from individuals with Noonan syndrome and healthy controls. In summary, we describe a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome associated with haploinsufficiency of ZNF462 that has distinct clinical characteristics and facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tommy Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sungkook Hong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Signer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Betrand Isidor
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Sarah E Mazzola
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacques C Giltay
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen L I van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleina M England
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lynn Pais
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte W Ockeloen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Esther Kinning
- West of Scotland Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth Hospitals, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Darius J Adams
- Personalized Genomic Medicine and Pediatric Genetics, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey
| | - Kayla Treat
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Maria F Bedeschi
- Medical Genetic Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stephanie Blaney
- Genetics, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and Sexual Health, Algoma Public Health, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Bell
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tiong Y Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Département de pédiatrie, Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Jurgens
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brenda J Barry
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kym Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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