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Sadler AWE, Hogan L, Fraser B, Rendina LM. Cutting edge rare earth radiometals: prospects for cancer theranostics. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 36018527 PMCID: PMC9418400 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With recent advances in novel approaches to cancer therapy and imaging, the application of theranostic techniques in personalised medicine has emerged as a very promising avenue of research inquiry in recent years. Interest has been directed towards the theranostic potential of Rare Earth radiometals due to their closely related chemical properties which allow for their facile and interchangeable incorporation into identical bifunctional chelators or targeting biomolecules for use in a diverse range of cancer imaging and therapeutic applications without additional modification, i.e. a “one-size-fits-all” approach. This review will focus on recent progress and innovations in the area of Rare Earth radionuclides for theranostic applications by providing a detailed snapshot of their current state of production by means of nuclear reactions, subsequent promising theranostic capabilities in the clinic, as well as a discussion of factors that have impacted upon their progress through the theranostic drug development pipeline. Main body In light of this interest, a great deal of research has also been focussed towards certain under-utilised Rare Earth radionuclides with diverse and favourable decay characteristics which span the broad spectrum of most cancer imaging and therapeutic applications, with potential nuclides suitable for α-therapy (149Tb), β−-therapy (47Sc, 161Tb, 166Ho, 153Sm, 169Er, 149Pm, 143Pr, 170Tm), Auger electron (AE) therapy (161Tb, 135La, 165Er), positron emission tomography (43Sc, 44Sc, 149Tb, 152Tb, 132La, 133La), and single photon emission computed tomography (47Sc, 155Tb, 152Tb, 161Tb, 166Ho, 153Sm, 149Pm, 170Tm). For a number of the aforementioned radionuclides, their progression from ‘bench to bedside’ has been hamstrung by lack of availability due to production and purification methods requiring further optimisation. Conclusions In order to exploit the potential of these radionuclides, reliable and economical production and purification methods that provide the desired radionuclides in high yield and purity are required. With more reactors around the world being decommissioned in future, solutions to radionuclide production issues will likely be found in a greater focus on linear accelerator and cyclotron infrastructure and production methods, as well as mass separation methods. Recent progress towards the optimisation of these and other radionuclide production and purification methods has increased the feasibility of utilising Rare Earth radiometals in both preclinical and clinical settings, thereby placing them at the forefront of radiometals research for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leena Hogan
- ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Benjamin Fraser
- ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Louis M Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Wendt RE, Ketring AR, Frank RK, Simón J. Dosimetric implications of the potential radionuclidic impurities in 153Sm-DOTMP. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 185:110246. [PMID: 35452906 PMCID: PMC9896376 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thehuman internal dosimetry of the radionuclidic impurities of samarium-153 in a new bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical, 153Sm-1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecanetetramethylenephosponic acid (153Sm-DOTMP), has been estimated from preclinical data. The effective dose from the impurities in lower-specific-activity 153Sm is less than 17% of the effective dose from pure Sm-153. It has a background-equivalent radiation time for a dosage of 37 MBq/kg of less than one-half year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Wendt
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1352, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Alan R. Ketring
- IsoTherapeutics Group, LLC, 1004 S. Velasco St, Angleton, TX, 77515, USA
| | - R. Keith Frank
- IsoTherapeutics Group, LLC, 1004 S. Velasco St, Angleton, TX, 77515, USA
| | - Jaime Simón
- IsoTherapeutics Group, LLC, 1004 S. Velasco St, Angleton, TX, 77515, USA
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Tan HY, Wong YH, Kasbollah A, Md Shah MN, Abdullah BJJ, Perkins AC, Yeong CH. Development of neutron-activated samarium-153-loaded polystyrene microspheres as a potential theranostic agent for hepatic radioembolization. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:410-422. [PMID: 35045548 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatic radioembolization is an effective minimally invasive treatment for primary and metastatic liver cancers. Yttrium-90 [90Y]-labelled resin or glass beads are typically used as the radioembolic agent for this treatment; however, these are not readily available in many countries. In this study, novel samarium-153 oxide-loaded polystyrene ([153Sm]Sm2O3-PS) microspheres were developed as a potential alternative to 90Y microspheres for hepatic radioembolization. METHODS The [152Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres were synthesized using solid-in-oil-in-water solvent evaporation. The microspheres underwent neutron activation using a 1 MW open-pool research reactor to produce radioactive [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres via 152Sm(n,γ)153Sm reaction. Physicochemical characterization, gamma spectroscopy and in-vitro radionuclide retention efficiency were carried out to evaluate the properties and stability of the microspheres before and after neutron activation. RESULTS The [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres achieved specific activity of 5.04 ± 0.52 GBq·g-1 after a 6 h neutron activation. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis showed that the microspheres remained spherical with an average diameter of ~33 μm before and after neutron activation. No long half-life radionuclide and elemental impurities were found in the samples. The radionuclide retention efficiencies of the [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres at 550 h were 99.64 ± 0.07 and 98.76 ± 1.10% when tested in saline solution and human blood plasma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A neutron-activated [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microsphere formulation was successfully developed for potential application as a theranostic agent for liver radioembolization. The microspheres achieved suitable physical properties for radioembolization and demonstrated high radionuclide retention efficiency in saline solution and human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Yee Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
| | | | - Mohammad Nazri Md Shah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
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Naseri F, Charkhi A, Salek N, Vosoughi S. The radio-europium impurities in [153Sm]-EDTMP production: a review of isolation methods. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 42:951-963. [PMID: 34001824 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many human cancers predominantly metastasize to the bone which causes bone pain and other symptoms. However, the management of bone metastases is challenging. Radionuclide therapy using low-energy beta-emitting radionuclides has yielded encouraging results. The aim of this therapy is to deliver the maximum dose to the metastatic sites but a minimal dose to the normal tissue. Samarium-153 [153Sm]Sm-Ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonate (EDTMP) is an FDA and European Medicine Agency approved (Quadramet) radionuclide and is widely used for bone pain palliation. 153Sm is reactor produced, and the presence of europium impurities is thus unavoidable. This in turn causes an increase in the hospital radioactive waste burden and in radiation absorbed doses to the patients, and therefore it is a concern. The effective removal of these impurities is thus highly desirable before its administration to the patients. In this article, we present a detailed review of the various methods described in the literature for separation of 153Sm and Eu, that is solvent extraction, ion-exchange chromatography, electrochromatography, electrochemical separation and supported ionic liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara Vosoughi
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
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Santos AO, Ricciardi JBS, Pagnano R, Pereira LFM, Sakuma ET, Matsuda MMN, Bernardes ES, Araújo EB, Brunetto SQ, Takahashi MES, Brunetto EM, Zulli R, Ozelo MC, Etchebehere ECSC. Knee radiosynovectomy with 153Sm-hydroxyapatite compared to 90Y-hydroxyapatite: initial results of a prospective trial. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 35:232-240. [PMID: 33389651 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiosynovectomy (RS) with 90Y-hydroxyapatite (90Y-HyA) aims to control knee hemarthrosis in hemophiliac patients to prevent secondary arthropathy. However, knee RS using 153Sm-hydroxyapatite (153Sm-HyA) is considered less suitable due to the lower average soft tissue range and energy of 153Sm for large joints, such as the knees. PURPOSE The objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy and safety of knee RS with 153Sm-HyA, compared to 90Y-HyA. METHODS Forty patients were prospectively assigned to undergo knee RS with 153Sm-HyA (n = 19) or with 90Y-HyA (n = 21). The frequency of hemarthrosis episodes before and after treatment were compared. RESULTS After six months of knee RS, 153Sm-HyA and 90Y-HyA promoted a similar reduction of hemarthrosis episodes (50% and 66.7%, respectively). However, after 12 months of knee RS, the reduction of hemarthrosis episodes was significantly (p = 0.037) higher using 153Sm-HyA (87.5%) compared to 90Y-HyA (50.0%). This discrepancy was more pronounced (p = 0.002) for 153Sm-HyA compared to 90Y-HyA in adults/adolescents. CONCLUSION Knee radiosynovectomy with 153Sm-HyA is safe, reduces hemarthrosis episodes after 12 months of treatments, especially in adults/adolescents and even with grades III/IV arthropathy, similar to 90Y-HyA. 90Y-HyA seems to promote better hemarthrosis control in small children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan O Santos
- Division of Nuclear Medicine of the Department of Radiology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Janaina B S Ricciardi
- Hemophilia Unit of Hemocentro UNICAMP, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pagnano
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Department of Surgery, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando M Pereira
- Division of Nuclear Medicine of the Department of Radiology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emerson T Sakuma
- Division of Ultrasound of the Department of Radiology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Margareth M N Matsuda
- Radiopharmacy Center of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Bernardes
- Radiopharmacy Center of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine B Araújo
- Radiopharmacy Center of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Q Brunetto
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Edna M Brunetto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine of the Department of Radiology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zulli
- Hemophilia Unit of Hemocentro UNICAMP, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Margareth C Ozelo
- Hemophilia Unit of Hemocentro UNICAMP, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elba C S C Etchebehere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine of the Department of Radiology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Van de Voorde M, Van Hecke K, Binnemans K, Cardinaels T. Supported ionic liquid phases for the separation of samarium and europium in nitrate media: Towards purification of medical samarium-153. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Radiochemical processing of nuclear-reactor-produced radiolanthanides for medical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Van de Voorde M, Van Hecke K, Binnemans K, Cardinaels T. Separation of samarium and europium by solvent extraction with an undiluted quaternary ammonium ionic liquid: towards high-purity medical samarium-153. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20077-20086. [PMID: 35541693 PMCID: PMC9080731 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lived europium-154 impurities are formed during the production of medical samarium-153 in a high-flux nuclear reactor. A method to separate these europium impurities from samarium was investigated using the hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ionic liquid Aliquat 336 nitrate. The separation method consists of the selective reduction of Eu3+ by zinc metal in an aqueous feed solution containing a high nitrate salt concentration. Subsequent extraction using undiluted Aliquat 336 nitrate leads to an efficient separation of both lanthanides in a relatively short time frame. Sm3+ was extracted to the neat ionic liquid phase much more efficiently than Eu2+. An initial approach using the addition of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 to capture Eu2+ in the ionic liquid phase was less efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Van de Voorde
- SCK•CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Materials Science Boeretang 200 B-2400 Mol Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. 2404 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Karen Van Hecke
- SCK•CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Materials Science Boeretang 200 B-2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. 2404 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Thomas Cardinaels
- SCK•CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Materials Science Boeretang 200 B-2400 Mol Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. 2404 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
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An electrochemical approach for removal of radionuclidic contaminants of Eu from 153 Sm for effective use in metastatic bone pain palliation. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 58:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Amanda M. Johnsen
- Radiation Science and Engineering Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J. Di Pasqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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