Reconstructive plastic surgery in the treatment of vulvar carcinomas

Vulvovaginal Reconstruction With a Modified Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap

This case report presents a novel approach for vulvovaginal reconstruction using a modified pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap. The patient was a 62-year-old woman with a history of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and radiation therapy, after which the cancer recurred. Total vulvectomy was performed with preservation of the urethra and vaginal introitus. The resulting defect was reconstructed using a boomerang-shaped ALT flap measuring 16 × 7 cm. The flap was harvested via intramuscular dissection and transposed into the vulvar defect through a subcutaneous tunnel. The excess skin was de-epithelialized and used to fill the defect around the urethra. Six months postoperatively, the patient had recovered successfully with satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. The advantages of the ALT flap include its versatility, long vascular pedicle, and the ability to harvest it from a nonirradiated area. The modified technique used a boomerang-shaped design and careful placement of the perforators. This technique eliminates the disadvantages associated with fenestrated and split ALT flaps, provides well-vascularized tissue, restores function, minimizes donor-site morbidity, and achieves a natural-looking aesthetic result. The modified pedicled ALT flap is a safe and effective method for vulvovaginal reconstruction, particularly in patients with a history of radiation therapy or large, complex vulvar defects.

Perforator versus Non-Perforator Flap-Based Vulvoperineal Reconstruction-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Patients with advanced vulvoperineal cancer require a multidisciplinary treatment approach to ensure oncological safety, timely recovery, and the highest possible quality of life (QoL). Reconstructions in this region often lead to complications, affecting approximately 30% of patients. Flap design has evolved towards perforator-based approaches to reduce functional deficits and (donor site) complications, since they allow for the preservation of relevant anatomical structures. Next to their greater surgical challenge in elevation, their superiority over non-perforator-based approaches is still debated.

METHODS

To compare outcomes between perforator and non-perforator flaps in female vulvoperineal reconstruction, we conducted a systematic review of English-language studies published after 1980, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series. Data on demographics and surgical outcomes were extracted and classified using the Clavien-Dindo classification. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to derive a pooled estimate of complication frequency (%) in patients who received at least one perforator flap and in patients who received non-perforator flaps.

RESULTS

Among 2576 screened studies, 49 met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 1840 patients. The overall short-term surgical complication rate was comparable in patients receiving a perforator (n = 276) or a non-perforator flap (n = 1564) reconstruction (p* > 0.05). There was a tendency towards fewer complications when using perforator flaps. The assessment of patients' QoL was scarce.

CONCLUSIONS

Vulvoperineal reconstruction using perforator flaps shows promising results compared with non-perforator flaps. There is a need for the assessment of its long-term outcomes and for a systematic evaluation of patient QoL to further demonstrate its benefit for affected patients.

Use of Rectus Flaps in Reconstructive Surgery for Gynecologic Cancer

The aim of this study was to explore the outcomes of pelvic reconstruction with a rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) or rectus abdominis myoperitoneal (RAMP) flap following radical surgery for gynecologic malignancy. This is a retrospective case series of all pelvic reconstructions with RAM or RAMP flap performed in a gynecologic oncology service between 1998 and 2023. Reconstructions with other flaps were excluded. A total of 28 patients were included. Most patients had vulvar cancer (n = 15, 53.6%) and the majority had disease recurrence (n = 20, 71.4%). Exenteration was the most common procedure, being carried out in 20 (71.4%) patients. Pelvic reconstruction was carried out with a RAM flap in 24 (85.7%) cases and a RAMP flap in 4 (14.3%) cases. Flap-specific complications included cellulitis (14.3%), partial breakdown (17.9%), and necrosis (17.9%). Donor site complications included surgical site infection and necrosis occurring in seven (25.0%) and three (10.7%) patients, respectively. Neovaginal reconstruction was performed in 14 patients. Out of those, two (14.3%) had neovaginal stenosis and three (21.4%) had rectovaginal fistula. In total, 50% of patients were disease-free at the time of the last follow up. In conclusion, pelvic reconstruction with RAM/RAMP flaps, at the time of radical surgery for gynecologic cancer, is an uncommon procedure. In our case series, we had a significant complication rate with the most common being infection and necrosis. The development of a team approach, with input from services including Gynecologic Oncology and Plastic Surgery should be developed to decrease post-operative complications and improve patient outcomes.

Trends and Complications of Vulvar Reconstruction After Vulvectomy: A Study of a Nationwide Cohort

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine complications associated with primary closure compared with reconstruction after vulvar excision and predisposing factors to these complications.

METHODS

Patients undergoing vulvar excision with or without reconstruction from 2011 to 2015 were abstracted from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Common Procedural Terminology codes were used to characterize surgical procedures as vulvar excision alone or vulvar excision with reconstruction. Patient characteristics and 30-day outcomes were used to compare the 2 procedures. Descriptive and univariate statistics were performed. Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated using a logistic regression model to control for potential confounders. Two-sided α with P < 0.05 was designated as significant.

RESULTS

A total of 2698 patients were identified; 78 (2.9%) underwent reconstruction. There were no differences in age, race, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, tobacco use, heart failure, renal failure, or functional status between the 2 groups. American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 and 4 patients and those with disseminated cancer were more likely to undergo reconstruction (both P < 0.001). On univariate analysis, reconstruction was associated with increased risk of readmission, surgical site infection, pulmonary complications, urinary tract infection, transfusion, deep venous thrombosis, sepsis, septic shock, unplanned reoperation, longer hospital stay, need for skilled nursing or subacute rehab on discharge, and death within 30 days. On logistic regression analysis, disseminated cancer, American Society of Anesthesiologists classes 3 and 4 and reconstruction remained significant risk factors for readmission and any postoperative complication.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing vulvar excision with reconstruction are at increased risk for readmission and postoperative complications compared with those undergoing excision alone. Careful patient selection and efforts to optimize surgical readiness are needed to improve outcomes. Long-term data could help determine if these 30-day outcomes are a reliable measure of surgical quality in vulvar surgery.

Outcome of vulvar reconstruction in patients with advanced and recurrent vulvar malignancies

Background

The use of flaps in vulvar cancer-related reconstruction has been increasing, but few studies have evaluated the outcome and quality of life of patients after this surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of vulvar reconstruction using musculocutaneous/skin flaps in patients with advanced and recurrent vulvar malignancies.

Methods

Patients with vulvar malignancies who underwent vulvar reconstruction using different types of flaps were retrospectively reviewed. Patient outcomes were evaluated with a focus on quality of life and prognosis.

Results

Thirty-six patients were enrolled, 58.33 % of them used anterolateral thigh flap (ALT), 16.67 % of them used pudendal thigh flap (PTF), 11.11 % of them used deep omferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and gracilis myocutaneous flap were used in 2.78 % of the patients, the other 11.11 % patients used two types of flaps. Eleven patients (30.56 %) developed complications, including 5 patients (13.89 %) with partial necrosis, 5 (13.89 %) with minimal wound dehiscence and 1 (2.78 %) with flap cellulitis. All patients who developed partial necrosis (13.89 %) underwent reoperation. The mean verbal rating scale score was 1.44 before reconstruction and 0.17 after surgery (P < 0.0001). The mean performance status was 1.67 before surgery and improved to 0.31 after surgery (P < 0.0001). The median overall follow-up time after vulvar reconstruction was 9 months. Twenty-one patients (58.3 %) developed recurrence at a median interval of 5 months after vulvar reconstruction. After a median follow-up time of 14 months, 41.7 % of the patients were living and disease-free. The 5-year survival of the 36 patients was 53.8 %.

Conclusion

Soft tissue reconstruction in patients undergoing resection of advanced/recurrent vulvar malignances is associated with a low rate of postoperative complications, decreased pain, and improved functional status. Although the recurrence rate in this patient population is high, a reasonable proportion of patients who undergo resection for advanced/recurrent vulvar cancer and reconstructive surgery appear to benefit.

Recent trends in surgical and reconstructive management of vulvar cancer: review of literature

Vulvar cancer (VC) is a rare disease. The most common histologic type is squamous-cell carcinoma. VC could be divided into two types: type one, commonly associated with HPV infection, occurs in young women and type two, associated with non-neoplastic lesions that usually occurs in older women. Previously VC was often treated with radical Vulvectomy. Today update in diagnostic and surgery technique, capable to identify early stages of disease and adaptation in surgery procedures, according to the stage of disease, age of patients and possible physical and psychological morbidity consequence, allow using less radical surgery approaches. That has led to decrease therapy-associated morbidity while preserving oncologic safety and improving psychosexual outcomes. Finally, several surgical treatments are available in case of VC and, despite radical surgery is often required, less radical surgery associated with reconstructive plastic surgery decreases some of short- and long-term associated complications.

Postablative reconstruction of vulvar defects with local fasciocutaneous flaps and superficial fascial system repair

INTRODUCTION

Postablative reconstruction of vulvar defects is a difficult challenge because of the functional, locational and cosmetic importance of this region. Local flaps carry a high incidence of delayed wound healing as local flaps may redistribute but not eliminate local wound tension. Repair of the superficial fascial system may avert local complications by minimising tension to the skin and increasing the initial biomechanical strength of wound. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcome of local fasciocutaneous flaps used for postablative reconstruction of vulvar defects in which the superficial fascial system was repaired.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with vulvar carcinoma in situ or vulvar carcinoma, who underwent ablation and immediate reconstruction with local fasciocutaneous flaps and superficial fascial system repair. Postoperative complications were recorded and clinical outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

Twelve of the 13 flaps healed primarily. Complications included 2 superficial wound infections, both of which were treated successfully with antibiotic therapy. One flap was complicated by minor wound dehiscence, which healed with conservative treatment.

DISCUSSION

Local fasciocutaneous flaps with superficial fascial system repair provide excellent design flexibility and can be designed and tailored to reconstruct postablative vulvar defects with good outcomes and minimal morbidity.

Local Fasciocutaneous Infragluteal (FCI) Flap for Vulvar and Vaginal Reconstruction: A New Technique in Cancer Surgery

Introduction

Soft tissue reconstruction after vulvar, vaginal, or anal cancer resection poses a formidable task for reconstructive surgeons because of the functional, locational, and cosmetic importance of this region. Although numerous flaps have been designed for vulvar reconstruction, each has its disadvantages.

Methods

The authors introduce the local fasciocutaneous infragluteal (FCI) flap for vulvar and vaginal reconstruction after tumor resection, vaginal scar obliteration, and vulvar ulceration in 15 patients operated on between 1999 and 2007. The FCI flap is supplied by the cutaneous branch of the descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery. The sensory supply of this flap comes from side branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. A total of 17 flaps were performed in 15 patients.

Results

Except for one, all flaps survived. One flap necrosis occurred because of false postoperative position with compression and tension to the vascular pedicle. In the remaining patients, we found one local cancer recurrence with necessity of a second flap from the contralateral side. The patients report satisfaction with reconstruction, without one having pain at donor site and recurrent vaginal ulceration.

Conclusions

This article discusses the expanding indications of this versatile flap and the operative technique of the local FCI flap for reconstruction of vulvar and partial vaginal defects. It can be raised in different volume and dimension out of possible irradiated area with an inconspicuous scar.

Diagnosis and treatment options of vulvar cancer: a review

INTRODUCTION

Vulvar cancer is a rare malignancy in women. However, within the past decade, a distinct increase in the incidence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) as a precursor lesion, and an increase of vulvar cancer have been reported within Europe and the USA. Surgery is the first choice in treating patients with vulvar cancer, especially in its early stages. In an attempt to decrease the incidence of complications, research was made into modifications of the surgical procedure without compromising the prognosis. The replacement of radical vulvectomy by less wide local excision is one of these modifications. As vulvar cancer is relatively rare, it is possible to give evidence-based treatment recommendations, but usually on a low evidence level. Aim of this paper is to elucidate diagnostics and surgical treatment options in the management of vulvar cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We searched major databases (i.e. pubmed) with the following selection criteria: vulvar cancer, en bloc resection, triple incision, and sentinel node biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

Today, the operative therapy is much less radical and more emphasized on individualized therapeutic concepts. The tendency is to leave the ultraradical surgical options which suffer from high morbidity towards less radical, minimal invasive techniques. Due to the rarity of the disease further studies will have to be performed by international collaborative groups.

Vulvar reconstruction using a "V-Y" fascio-cutaneous gluteal flap: a valid reconstructive alternative in post-oncological loss of substance

OBJECTIVE

We will present our experience in vulvar reconstruction using a local fascio-cutaneous flap, in order to get an easier intra-operative management and a good post-operative outcome.

METHODS

Between May 2006 and December 2008, eight patients with vulvar carcinomas underwent a vulvar reconstruction, using a V-Y advancement flap of the gluteal fold. This fascio-cutaneous flap, based on the perforator vessels originated from the internal pudendal artery, was used for the reconstructive treatment of patients who had undergone a vulvectomy with medium-size defects.

RESULTS

All the 16 flaps prepared survived without major complications. Walking and sitting positions were restored in few post-operative days. Length of hospitalisation was 2-3 weeks. The flaps restored sensitivity few months after surgery. In no case the surgical scars needed being revised.

CONCLUSIONS

The follow-up results proved satisfactory in terms of patients' compliance and morphological results. The flap appeared to be thin, well vascularised and very flexible in its advancement. The post-operative follow-up is characterised by a rapid healing and a low incidence of short- and long-term complications.