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Rumen protozoa population and carbohydrate-digesting enzymes in sheep fed a diet supplemented with hydrolysable tannins. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of adding different sources of hydrolysable tannins to the sheep diet on protozoa population and carbohydrate digestion in the rumen. The study was performed in 3 Polish Lowland ewes fistulated to the rumen in a 3 × 3 Latin -square design. Control sheep (CON) received (g/d): meadow hay (600), barley meal (300), soybean meal (100) and vitamin-mineral premix (20). Sheep from the experimental groups were additionally administered 12.6 g/kg DM oak bark extract (OAK) and 3.91 g/kg DM tannic acid (TAN). The net consumption of tannins was approx. 0.4% DM for both additives. Regarding the count of protozoa, a significant interaction between diet and sampling time was documented for all ciliates (P<0.01), with a significant effect of both factors when considered separately. Experimental diets reduced the number of total protozoa and Entodinium spp. (before, 2 and 4 h after feeding; P<0.01), while increasing the abundance of Isotricha spp. population (4 h after feeding; P<0.01) in the rumen. Interestingly, the count of Ophryoscolex spp. after feeding the TAN diet increased before feeding and 2 h after feeding in comparison to the CON and OAK groups, respectively, and subsequently decreased compared to the CON diet (4 and 8 h after feeding, P<0.01). A significant interaction between the diet and sampling time was observed for xylanolytic activity (P<0.01) in the rumen, with a significant effect of sampling time, which decreased its activity in CON (after feeding) and OAK sheep (2 h after feeding; P<0.01). For amylolytic activity (P<0.10), there was a trend towards a significant interaction between experimental factors, with a significant effect on both diet and sampling time. Detailed analysis showed that the TAN diet significantly reduced amylolytic activity 2 h after feeding compared to the CON group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the TAN diet significantly reduced the number of total protozoa and Entodinium spp., which consequently reduced amylolytic activity in the rumen, without any significant effect on pH and carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen.
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Solomon R, Jami E. Rumen protozoa: from background actors to featured role in microbiome research. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:45-49. [PMID: 33108831 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Solomon
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Elie Jami
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Yu C, Luo Q, Chen Y, Liu S, Zang C. Impact of docusate and fauna-free on feed intake, ruminal flora and digestive enzyme activities of sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1043-1051. [PMID: 32383244 PMCID: PMC7383821 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four Small‐tail Han male hogget sheep, fitted with rumen cannula and fed the same basal diet were used to study the impacts of docusate (DOC) and fauna‐free on the voluntary feed intake (VFI), and ruminal protozoal, bacterial and fungal counts and the digestive enzyme activities. By a 4 × 4 Latin square design, sheep were given no DOC (the control), 2 doses of DOC: 1.2 and 3.0 g/kg diet or oral dose of 6.0 g/d DOC for three days (fauna‐free treatment) in each period of 18 days, the last three days of which were for sampling the rumen fluid. Compared with the control, 1.2 g/kg of DOC supplementation significantly resulted in increases of 18.0% VFI and 44% bacterial count, and no significant change in the fungal number. Supplementing DOC reduced protozoal number in a dose‐dependent manner. The fibre degradation enzyme activity in rumen fluid increased by 17.7% with a concomitant 10% increase in volatile fatty acids (VFA); the protease activity was reduced by 23% with a corresponding reduction in rumen ammonia by 42%. In contrast, supplementing 3.0 g/kg of DOC has adverse effects on those measures compared with 1.2 g/kg of DOC. Defaunation was accompanied with substantial increases in the bacterial and fungal counts, but had no significant influences on VFI and the enzyme activity for starch, protein and pectin digestion, and small changes in fibre digestion enzymes and the total VFA compared with the control. A high correlation (r2 = 0.82) was noted between VFI and the total activity of fibre digestion enzymes and VFA. It was proposed that fibre digestion rate in the rumen is a primary factor for determining VFI in sheep, and dietary supplementation of 1.2 g/kg of DOC could partially result in enhanced activity of fibre digestive enzyme in the rumen and increase VFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chucai Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qiujiang Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Changjiang Zang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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The Effect of Protozoa on the Bacterial Composition and Hydrolytic Activity of the Roe Deer Rumen. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030467. [PMID: 32168784 PMCID: PMC7142636 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ruminants are herbivorous animals which obtain their energy and nutrients from plant material due to a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms. The main site of this interaction is the rumen, where the intensive digestion processing of plant material takes place. The bacteria, fungi and protozoa create a unique ecosystem—a complex consortium based on mutual interactions. Protozoa are an important component of the microbiome. They have a major impact on the rumen ecosystem as well as on the ruminant’s welfare. Most information on protozoal importance in the digestive processes was obtained from studies on domestic ruminants, with results from studies on wild ruminants being limited. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to compare any effects of the presence of protozoa in the rumen of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) on the bacterial composition and the digestion rate on the main carbohydrates of their forage. The results obtained from these pilot studies are presented as a short report investigating the relationship between these factors. The analysis of the bacterial composition indicated that the presence of protozoa did not have an effect on bacterial diversity, and furthermore, the protozoa had no effect on the digestion rate of carbohydrates in the rumen. Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the presence of protozoa in the rumen of wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) on the bacteria composition and digestion rate of the main carbohydrates of forage. The research material involved rumen content and rumen fluid, which were collected in the autumn-winter season, from eight adult males of roe deer with an average body mass of 22.6 kg. The microscopic analysis demonstrated that there were only protozoa in 50% of the animals sampled. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of protozoa belonging to the genus Entodinium. The density of protozoal population varied from 6.5 to 38.7 × 105/mL rumen fluid. The analysis of bacteria composition indicated that protozoa did not have an effect on bacterial diversity. Furthermore, the results of hydrolytic activity revealed that the fastest digestion of carbohydrates was for pectin, while the slowest was inulin. The pH and redox potential in the rumen varied from 5.9 to 6.1 and from −248.1 to −251.1 mV, respectively. In summary, the presence of protozoa in the rumen of wild roe deer does not have an effect on the bacterial population and has no effect on the digestion rate of carbohydrates in the rumen.
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Bełżecki G, McEwan NR, Kowalik B, Michałowski T, Miltko R. Effect of Entodinium caudatum on starch intake and glycogen formation by Eudiplodinium maggii in the rumen and reticulum. Eur J Protistol 2016; 57:38-49. [PMID: 28011297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the engulfed starch and reserve α-glucans (glycogen) in the cells of the ciliates Eudiplodinium maggii, as well the α-glucans in defaunated and selectively faunated sheep. The content of starch inside the cell of ciliates varied from 21 to 183mg/g protozoal DM relative to the rumen fauna composition whereas, the glycogen fluctuated between 17 and 126mg/g dry matter (DM) of this ciliate species. Establishment of the population Entodinium caudatum in the rumen of sheep already faunated with E. maggii caused a drop in both types of quantified carbohydrates. The content of α-glucans in the rumen of defaunated sheep varied from 4.4 to 19.9mg/g DM and increased to 7.4-29.9 or 11.8-33.9mg/g DM of rumen contents in the presence of only E. maggii or E. maggii and E. caudatum, respectively. The lowest content of the carbohydrates was always found just before feeding and the highest at 4h thereafter. The α-glucans in the reticulum varied 7.5-40.1, 14.3-76.8 or 21.9-106.1mg/g DM of reticulum content for defaunated, monofaunated or bifaunated sheep, respectively. The results indicated that both ciliate species engulf starch granules and convert the digestion products to the glycogen, diminishing the pool of starch available for amylolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bełżecki
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka Street 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Neil R McEwan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kowalik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka Street 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Michałowski
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka Street 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Renata Miltko
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka Street 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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Miltko R, Bełżecki G, Herman A, Kowalik B, Skomiał J. The effect of rumen ciliates on chitinolytic activity, chitin content and the number of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:425-40. [PMID: 27501267 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1215695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected protozoa on the degradation and concentration of chitin and the numbers of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep. Three adult ewes were fed a hay-concentrate diet, defaunated, then monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Diploplastron affine alone and refaunated with natural rumen fauna. The average density of the protozoa population varied from 6.1 · 10(4) (D. affine) to 42.2 · 10(4) cells/ml rumen fluid (natural rumen fauna). The inoculation of protozoa in the rumen of defaunated sheep increased the total activity of chitinolytic enzymes from 2.9 to 3.6 μmol N-acetylglucosamine/g dry matter (DM) of rumen fluid per min, the chitin concentration from 6.3 to 7.2 mg/g DM of rumen fluid and the number of fungal zoospores from 8.1 to 10.9 · 10(5) cells/ml rumen fluid. All examined indices showed diurnal variations. Ciliate population density was highest immediately prior to feeding and lowest at 4 h thereafter. The opposite effects were observed for the numbers of fungal zoospores, the chitin concentration and chitinolytic activity. Furthermore, it was found that chitin from zoospores may account for up to 95% of total microbial chitin in the rumen fluid of sheep. In summary, the examined ciliate species showed the ability of chitin degradation as well as a positive influence on the development of the ruminal fungal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Miltko
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bełżecki
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Andrzej Herman
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Barbara Kowalik
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
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MILTKO R, BEŁŻECKI G, KOWALIK B, SKOMIAŁ J. Presence of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes throughout the digestive tract of sheep. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1507-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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