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The 1064-nm Nd: YAG Photobiomodulation vs. 20% Benzocaine Topical Gel in Inducing Mucosal Anesthetic Effect: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The periapical local anesthetic injection may be associated with fear of needles and pain administration. Dental topical anesthetic agents can help to reduce pain perception; however, adverse events can occur. To investigate the efficacy of 1064-nm photobiomodualtion (PBM) in inducing mucosal anesthesia delivered with a flat-top hand-piece compared to 20% Benzocaine topical anesthetic gel, sixty healthy patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either 20% benzocaine topical gel + placebo laser (T group) or PBM + placebo gel (L group). The 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser was employed and is associated with a novel flat-top hand piece. The applied operational parameters were 0.5 W, 10 Hz, 100 µs pulse width, and 30 J/cm2 for one-minute single application time. The enrolled subjects were asked to assess pain intensity at the time of anesthetic injection with a Visual Analog Scale. Taking into consideration taste, undesirable numbness, and overall satisfaction, the patients were asked to rate their experiences according to a verbal rating scale. Statistical analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the T and L Groups for pain ratings (p = 0.0596). The L Group displayed significantly higher ratings than T Group for taste, undesirable numbness, and overall satisfaction (p < 0.001). The 1064-nm PBM delivered by flat-top hand piece is effective in inducing mucosal anesthesia, eliminating the adverse side-effects of the conventional topical anesthetic gel.
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Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has become an important part of the therapeutic process in various diseases. However, despite the broad use of LLLT in everyday clinical practice, the full impact of LLLT on cell life processes has not been fully understood. This paper presents the current state of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of action of LLLT on cells. A better understanding of the molecular processes occurring within the cell after laser irradiation may result in introducing numerous novel clinical applications of LLLT and potentially increases the safety profile of this therapy.
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Lu Q, Yin Z, Shen X, Li J, Su P, Feng M, Xu X, Li W, He C, Shen Y. Clinical effects of high-intensity laser therapy on patients with chronic refractory wounds: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045866. [PMID: 34253665 PMCID: PMC8276284 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on chronic refractory wounds.DesignRandomised controlled trial. SETTING The outpatient wound care department of the Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from August 2019 to June 2020. PARTICIPANTS Sixty patients were enrolled in this study and were randomised into control (n=30) and treatment (n=30) groups. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOME MEASURES The control group was treated only with conventional wound dressing, whereas the treatment group received irradiation with HILT in addition to standard wound care, such as debridement, wound irrigation with normal saline solution and application of dressing and sterile gauze. Patient scores on the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) and Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) were evaluated before and after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. RESULTS One patient was excluded from the control group, and a total of 59 subjects completed the trial. The BWAT scores significantly decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group at the end of 3-week treatment (difference=-3.6; 95% CI -6.3 to-0.8; p<0.01). Similarly, patients in treatment group showed a significant reduction of PUSH scores compared with the control group (difference=-5.3; 95% CI -8.1 to -2.6; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effects of HILT on chronic refractory wounds are significant and far more superior to those of conventional wound dressing. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; ChiCTR1900023157. URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=38866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifei Yin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- Department of Outpatient Wound Care, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Outpatient Wound Care, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Panpan Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjun Xu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Ferrando S, Agas D, Mirata S, Signore A, De Angelis N, Ravera S, Utyuzh AS, Parker S, Sabbieti MG, Benedicenti S, Amaroli A. The 808 nm and 980 nm infrared laser irradiation affects spore germination and stored calcium homeostasis: A comparative study using delivery hand-pieces with standard (Gaussian) or flat-top profile. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111627. [PMID: 31536925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation relies on the transfer of energy from incident photons to a cell photoacceptor. For many years the concept of photobiomodulation and its outcome has been based upon a belief that the sole receptor within the cell was the mitochondrion. Recently, it has become apparent that there are other photoacceptors operating in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Alternative photoacceptors would appear to be water and mechanisms regulating calcium homeostasis, despite a direct effect of laser photonic energy on intracellular calcium concentration outwith mitochondrial activity or influence, have not been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of intracellular‑calcium and laser photon interaction, as well as to demonstrate differences in irradiation profiles with modern hand-pieces, we tested and compared the photobiomodulatory effect of 808 nm and 980 nm diode laser light by low- and higher-energy (60s, 100 mW/cm2, 100 mW/cm2, 500 mW/cm2, 1000 mW/cm2, 1500 mW/cm2, 2000 mW/cm2) irradiated with a "standard" (Gaussian fluence distribution) hand-piece or with a "flat-top" (uniform fluence) hand-piece. For this purpose, we used the eukaryote unicellular-model Dictyostelium discoideum. The 808 nm and 980 nm infrared laser light, at the energy tested directly affect the stored Ca2+ homeostasis, independent of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activities. From an organism perspective, the effect on Ca2+-dependent signal transduction as the regulator of spore germination in Dictyostelium, demonstrates how a cell can respond quickly to the correct laser photonic stimulus through a different cellular pathway than the known light-chromophore(mitochondria) interaction. Additionally, both hand-piece designs tested were able to photobiomodulate the D. discoideum cell; however, the hand-piece with a flat-top profile, through uniform fluence levels allows more effective and reproducible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino,Macerata, Italy
| | - Serena Mirata
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Signore
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Faculty of Therapeutic Stomatology, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicola De Angelis
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; University of Technology MARA, Department of Dentistry, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anatoliy S Utyuzh
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Steven Parker
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino,Macerata, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Ravera S, Ferrando S, Agas D, De Angelis N, Raffetto M, Sabbieti MG, Signore A, Benedicenti S, Amaroli A. 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser light affects transmembrane mitochondria respiratory chain complexes. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900101. [PMID: 31033186 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-plant-cell manipulation through a transfer of energy by means of light sources at the non-ablative or thermal intensity. Authors showed that cytochrome-c-oxidase (complex IV) is the specific chromophore's target of PBM at the red (600-700 nm) and NIR (760-900 nm) wavelength regions. Recently, it was suggested that the infrared region of the spectrum could influence other chromospheres, despite the interaction by wavelengths higher than 900 nm with mitochondrial chromophores was not clearly demonstrated. We characterized the interaction between mitochondria respiratory chain, malate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of Krebs cycle, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the β-oxidation (two mitochondrial matrix enzymes) with the 1064 nm Nd:YAG (100mps and 10 Hz frequency mode) irradiated at the average power density of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 W/cm2 to generate the respective fluences of 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 J/cm2 . Our results show the effect of laser light on the transmembrane mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV and V (adenosine triphosphate synthase) (window effects), but not on the extrinsic mitochondrial membrane complex II and mitochondria matrix enzymes. The effect is not due to macroscopical thermal change. An interaction of this wavelength with the Fe-S proteins and Cu-centers of respiratory complexes and with the water molecules could be supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Nicola De Angelis
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Dentistry, University of Technology MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Mirco Raffetto
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria G Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Antonio Signore
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Faculty of Therapeutic Stomatology, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Hamblin MR, Huang YY, Heiskanen V. Non-mammalian Hosts and Photobiomodulation: Do All Life-forms Respond to Light? Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:126-139. [PMID: 29882348 PMCID: PMC6286699 DOI: 10.1111/php.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser (light) therapy, was discovered over 50 years ago, but only recently has it been making progress toward wide acceptance. PBM originally used red and near-infrared (NIR) lasers, but now other wavelengths and non-coherent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are being explored. The almost complete lack of side effects makes the conduction of controlled clinical trials relatively easy. Laboratory research has mainly concentrated on mammalian cells (normal or cancer) in culture, and small rodents (mice and rats) as models of different diseases. A sizeable body of work was carried out in the 1970s and 1980s in Russia looking at various bacterial and fungal cells. The present review covers some of these studies and a recent number of papers that have applied PBM to so-called "model organisms." These models include flies (Drosophila), worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fish (zebrafish) and caterpillars (Galleria). Much knowledge about the genomics and proteomics, and many reagents for these organisms already exist. They are inexpensive to work with and have lower regulatory barriers compared to vertebrate animals. Other researchers have studied different models (snails, sea urchins, Paramecium, toads, frogs and chickens). Plants may respond to NIR light differently from visible light (photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis) but PBM in plants has not been much studied. Veterinarians routinely use PBM to treat non-mammalian patients. The conclusion is that red or NIR light does indeed have significant biologic effects conserved over many different kingdoms, and perhaps it is true that "all life-forms respond to light."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Amaroli A, Gallus L, Ferrando S. Permethrin drastically affects the developmental cycle of the non-target slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:1-7. [PMID: 29121537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of pyrethroids has increased throughout the world over the past few decades, as organophosphate, carbamate and organochlorine insecticides are being phased out. Permethrin is widely used in the USA for crops treatment, at concentrations around 750 × 103 μg/L. In our study 3.6 μg/L permethrin decreases the fission-rate and the fruiting bodies formation of slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. Whereas 3.6 × 104 μg/L kills the 100% of amoebae, showing a 24 h-LC50 = 96.6 μg/L. This concentration induces an increase in the pseudocholinesterase activity as well as in both butyrylcholinesterase and heat-shock-protein 70 presence. Our results highlight the high sensitivity of Dictyostelium to permethrin, at concentration of about 105 lesser than what used for agricultural pest control. If we match our results on 6 days of exposure, with the permethrin relatively slow permanence (30 days) in the aerobic soil, as well as the higher effect of permethrin than organophosphate, carbamate and organochlorine pesticides on D. discoideum, the damage on the dictyostelids community, by use of permethrin, is clear. Our data suggest that, if the sustainable agriculture implementation is a topic of the modern "industrial" farming, the permethrin cannot represent a reliable alternative to organochlorine, organophosphate or carbamate pesticides, in implementing Integrated Pest Management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Laboratory of Protistology, Department of Earth Science, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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