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Lei X, Chen X, Chen J, Liang C. A New Mayorella Species Isolated from the Mariana Trench Area (Pacific Ocean). Protist 2023; 174:125958. [PMID: 37119544 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2023.125958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a new naked amoeba species, Mayorella marianaensis sp. n., order Dermamoebida, isolated from the bottom of the Pacific Ocean (>3,000 m depth) in the vicinity of the Mariana Trench, based on morphological and molecular data. The newly discovered species was identified based on morphological and molecular data. This is the first time that a Mayorella species was discovered in the deep sea (>1,000 m). Mayorella marianaensis is an irregularly rectangular naked amoeba (30-120 × 11-60 µm), with a narrow frontal hyaline area. Four to 15 conical sub-pseudopodia, and three kinds of floating forms are identified. Trophozoites have a thick cell coat consisting of two distinct layers. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogeny showed that M. marianaensis is classified into Dermamoebida, and is a sister clade to other Mayorella species whose sequences are available. BLAST analysis revealed that M. marianaensis is most similar to Coronamoeba villafranca and Mayorella sp. JJP-2003, with sequence identities of 92.43% and 88.30%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fujian, China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fujian, China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian, China.
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Blindheim S, Andersen L, Trösse C, Karlsbakk E, Nylund A. Growth characteristics and morphology of Paramoeba perurans from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in Norway. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:112. [PMID: 36959596 PMCID: PMC10037839 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paramoeba perurans is the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and many other farmed marine fish species worldwide. The first cases of AGD in Norway were reported in 2006, and it has subsequently become established as a significant gill disease that affects the country's salmonid aquaculture industry. Despite several decades of research on AGD, there is still a lack of knowledge of the biology of P. perurans and its interactions with its hosts and the environment. METHODS The growth and morphology of 10 clonal isolates of P. perurans were studied. The isolates were from farmed Atlantic salmon and ballan wrasse that had been obtained from different sites along the Norwegian coast between 2013 and 2015. The morphology and population growth patterns of these clonal amoeba isolates were examined in vitro using light microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under a range of temperatures (4, 12, 15 and 21 °C) and salinities (20, 25, 30 and 34 ‰). RESULTS We found distinct morphological differences between both locomotive and floating forms of the amoeba isolates. The locomotive amoebae of the clonal isolates varied in size (area) from 453 µm2 to 802 µm2. There were differences in the growth patterns of the clonal amoeba isolates under similar conditions, and in their responses to variations in temperature and salinity. While most of the isolates grew well at salinities of 25-34 ‰, a significant reduction in growth was seen at 20 ‰. Most of the amoeba isolates grew well at 12 °C and 15 °C. At 4 °C, amoebae grew slower and, in contrast to the other temperatures, no extended pseudopodia could be seen in their floating form. The isolates seemed to reach a plateau phase faster at 21 °C, with a higher number of smaller, rounded amoebae. CONCLUSIONS The differences observed here between clonal isolates of P. perurans should be further examined in experimental in vivo challenge studies, as they may be of relevance to the virulence and proliferation potential of this amoeba on gills. Potential differences in virulence within P. perurans could have implications for management strategies for AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Blindheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- The Industrial and Aquatic Laboratory, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linda Andersen
- The Industrial and Aquatic Laboratory, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Christiane Trösse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Kerr R, Hooper C, White P, Edwards M, Ross S, Hazelgrove R, Daumich C, Green MJ, Ivory D, Evans C, Bass D. Amoebic crab disease (ACD) in edible crab Cancer pagurus from the English Channel, UK. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 150:1-16. [PMID: 35796507 DOI: 10.3354/dao03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genera Paramoeba and Neoparamoeba (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida, Paramoebidae) include well-known opportunistic pathogens associated with fish (N. peruans; amoebic gill disease), lobsters, molluscs and sea urchins, but only rarely with crabs (grey crab disease of blue crabs). Following reports of elevated post-capture mortality in edible crabs Cancer pagurus captured from a site within the English Channel fishery in the UK, a novel disease (amoebic crab disease, ACD) was detected in significant proportions of the catch. We present histopathological, transmission electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic data, showing that this disease is defined by colonization of haemolymph, connective tissues and fixed phagocytes by amoeboid cells, leading to tissue destruction and presumably death in severely diseased hosts. The pathology was strongly associated with a novel amoeba with a phylogenetic position on 18S rRNA gene trees robustly sister to Janickina pigmentifera (which groups within the current circumscription of Paramoeba/Neoparamoeba), herein described as Janickina feisti n. sp. We provide evidence that J. feisti is associated with ACD in 50% of C. pagurus sampled from the mortality event. A diversity of other paramoebid sequence types, clustering with known radiations of N. pemaquidensis and N. aestuarina and a novel N. aestuarina sequence type, was detected by PCR in most of the crabs investigated, but their detection was much less strongly associated with clinical signs of disease. The discovery of ACD in edible crabs from the UK is discussed relative to published historical health surveys for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bateman
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
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Volkova E, Kudryavtsev A. A morphological and molecular reinvestigation of Janickina pigmentifera (Grassi, 1881) Chatton 1953 - an amoebozoan parasite of arrow-worms (Chaetognatha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34846292 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebozoan parasites of arrow-worms (Chaetognatha) were isolated from their hosts living in plankton of the Bay of Villefranche (Mediterranean Sea). Based on the light microscopic characters, the amoebae were identified as Janickina pigmentifera (Grassi, 1881) by their limax locomotive form and due to the presence of the intracellular symbiont, Perkinsela amoebae, surrounded by a layer of pigment granules. Sequences of the 18S rRNA gene of both J. pigmentifera and its symbiont were obtained for the first time. The molecular phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA gene placed J. pigmentifera within the genus Neoparamoeba, a taxon also characterized by the presence of a symbiont, known as Perkinsela amoebae-like organism (PLO). The 18S rRNA gene sequence of P. amoebae from J. pigmentifera grouped with the sequences of 18S rRNA genes of PLOs from Neoparamoeba branchiphila and Neoparamoeba invadens. The first photo documentation of the light microscopic features of J. pigmentifera, such as locomotive form, the morphology of the nucleus and P. amoebae have been provided. The new results support the affinity of J. pigmentifera with the family Paramoebidae suggested previously based on the presence of PLO. In contrast to Janickina, typical members of Paramoebidae (Neoparamoeba and Paramoeba) have a flattened, dactylopodial locomotive form. This discrepancy in morphology can be explained by the obligate parasitic lifestyle of Janickina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Volkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya nab, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya nab, St Petersburg, Russia
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English CJ, Lima PC. Defining the aetiology of amoebic diseases of aquatic animals: trends, hurdles and best practices. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:125-143. [PMID: 33269724 DOI: 10.3354/dao03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disease caused by parasitic amoebae impacts a range of aquatic organisms including finfish, crustaceans, echinoderms and molluscs. Despite the significant economic impact caused in both aquaculture and fisheries, the aetiology of most aquatic amoebic diseases is uncertain, which then affects diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The main factors hampering research effort in this area are the confusion around amoeba taxonomy and the difficulty proving that a particular species causes specific lesions. These issues stem from morphological and genetic similarities between cryptic species and technical challenges such as establishing and maintaining pure amoeba cultures, scarcity of Amoebozoa sequence data, and the inability to trigger pathogenesis under experimental conditions. This review provides a critical analysis of how amoebae are commonly identified and defined as aetiological agents of disease in aquatic animals and highlights gaps in the available knowledge regarding determining pathogenic Amoebozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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Thecamoeba foliovenanda n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Discosea, Thecamoebida) – One more case of sibling species among amoebae of the genus Thecamoeba. Eur J Protistol 2020; 76:125716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gooday AJ, Schoenle A, Dolan JR, Arndt H. Protist diversity and function in the dark ocean - Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology with special emphasis on foraminiferans and naked protists. Eur J Protistol 2020; 75:125721. [PMID: 32575029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The dark ocean and the underlying deep seafloor together represent the largest environment on this planet, comprising about 80% of the oceanic volume and covering more than two-thirds of the Earth's surface, as well as hosting a major part of the total biosphere. Emerging evidence suggests that these vast pelagic and benthic habitats play a major role in ocean biogeochemistry and represent an "untapped reservoir" of high genetic and metabolic microbial diversity. Due to its huge volume, the water column of the dark ocean is the largest reservoir of organic carbon in the biosphere and likely plays a major role in the global carbon budget. The dark ocean and the seafloor beneath it are also home to a largely enigmatic food web comprising little-known and sometimes spectacular organisms, mainly prokaryotes and protists. This review considers the globally important role of pelagic and benthic protists across all protistan size classes in the deep-sea realm, with a focus on their taxonomy, diversity, and physiological properties, including their role in deep microbial food webs. We argue that, given the important contribution that protists must make to deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem processes, they should not be overlooked in biological studies of the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gooday
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK; Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alexandra Schoenle
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - John R Dolan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7093, Laboratoroire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Hansen H, Botwright NA, Cook MT, Douglas A, Downes J, Gallagher MD, Ruane NM, Matejusova I. Genetic diversity among geographically distant isolates of Neoparamoeba perurans. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:81-87. [PMID: 31854326 DOI: 10.3354/dao03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the use of 2 common genetic markers, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to infer the relationship between geographically distant isolates of the protozoan gill parasite Neoparamoeba perurans, the agent responsible for amoebic gill disease in farmed Atlantic salmon worldwide. Present data confirmed that the ITS marker is suitable for Neoparamoeba species discrimination; however, it is not recommended as a population marker due to the presence of multiple copies of ITS within both N. perurans clonal and polycultures. On the other hand, in the partial COI gene analysed here, a low variability was observed, with 8 haplotypes recovered from N. perurans samples collected from Europe (Ireland, Norway, Scotland) and Tasmania (Australia). In Europe, the COI haplotypes which have more recently been detected in aquaculture are different to the haplotypes associated with the original gill disease emergence in Ireland in 1997 and Norway in 2006. The presence of unique COI haplotypes in different continents suggests the presence of multiple distinct reservoirs of the pathogen in both Europe and Tasmania. Isolates from additional geographical locations are required to fully understand the origins and routes for the spread of N. perurans worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon Hansen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Paramoeba aparasomata n. sp., a symbiont-free species, and its relative Paramoeba karteshi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida). Eur J Protistol 2019; 71:125630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ning Y, Chen L, Sheng Y, Zhang H, Al-Farraj SA, Huang J. Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a soil ciliate, Gonostomum kuehnelti Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), from northwestern China. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Ning
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yalan Sheng
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Collins C, Hall M, Fordyce MJ, White P. Survival and Growth in vitro of Paramoeba perurans Populations Cultured Under Different Salinities and Temperatures. Protist 2019; 170:153-167. [PMID: 31071676 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth rates of Paramoeba perurans cultures under different temperature and salinity conditions were investigated in vitro over a 15day period. Optimal population growth, under the experimental conditions, was observed at 15°C and a salinity of 35‰, with amoebae populations doubling every 14h. Positive P. perurans populations growth was observed at 15°C between salinities of above 20‰ and 50‰, and at 8°C, 11°C and 18°C at salinities between 25‰ and 50‰, 50‰ being the maximum salinity tested. Amoebae numbers were sustained at 4°C. Therefore, lower temperature and salinity thresholds for P. perurans population growth lie between 4 to 8°C, and salinities of 20 to 25‰, respectively. Upper limits were not determined in this study. The populations remained relatively stable at 4°C and 2°C at permissive salinities with respect to numbers of viable amoebae over the 15day exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Collins
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Malcolm Hall
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Fordyce
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia White
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
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English CJ, Tyml T, Botwright NA, Barnes AC, Wynne JW, Lima PC, Cook MT. A diversity of amoebae colonise the gills of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with amoebic gill disease (AGD). Eur J Protistol 2018; 67:27-45. [PMID: 30447480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neoparamoeba perurans is the aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in salmonids, however multiple other amoeba species colonise the gills and their role in AGD is unknown. Taxonomic assessments of these accompanying amoebae on AGD-affected salmon have previously been based on gross morphology alone. The aim of the present study was to document the diversity of amoebae colonising the gills of AGD-affected farmed Atlantic salmon using a combination of morphological and sequence-based taxonomic methods. Amoebae were characterised morphologically via light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and by phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. In addition to N. perurans, 11 other amoebozoans were isolated from the gills, and were classified within the genera Neoparamoeba, Paramoeba, Vexillifera, Pseudoparamoeba, Vannella and Nolandella. In some cases, such as Paramoeba eilhardi, this is the first time this species has been isolated from the gills of teleost fish. Furthermore, sequencing of both the 18S rRNA and COI gene revealed significant genetic variation within genera. We highlight that there is a far greater diversity of amoebae colonising AGD-affected gills than previously established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Bribie Island Research Centre, 144 North Street, Woorim, Queensland 4507, Australia.
| | - Tomáš Tyml
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natasha A Botwright
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Bribie Island Research Centre, 144 North Street, Woorim, Queensland 4507, Australia
| | - Mathew T Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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Kudryavtsev A, Pawlowski J, Smirnov A. More amoebae from the deep-sea: Two new marine species of Vexillifera (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida) with notes on taxonomy of the genus. Eur J Protistol 2018; 66:9-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nowak BF, Archibald JM. Opportunistic but Lethal: The Mystery of Paramoebae. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:404-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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