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Omar A, Moon JH, Jung JH. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two hypotrichous ciliates (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea, including Hemiurosomoida koreana n. sp. Eur J Protistol 2024; 92:126045. [PMID: 38100885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The living morphology, infraciliature, and molecular phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Hemiurosomoida koreana n. sp., discovered in a sample collected from a mountain in the northeast of South Korea, were investigated. The new species possesses the characteristics of the genus Hemiurosomoida, i.e., a reduced number of frontal-ventral-transverse cirri, three dorsal kineties of which kineties 1 and 2 each bears a caudal cirrus, and a single dorsomarginal kinety. It is distinguishable from congeners and other similar species by at least one distinct qualitative or quantitative character including the body size, the presence and arrangement of cortical granules, the number of adoral membranelles, marginal cirri, and dorsal dikinetids, or by the arrangement of transverse cirri. Phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequences also support the assignment of the new species to the non-monophyletic genus Hemiurosomoida. In addition, the living morphology, infraciliature, and the 18S rRNA gene sequence of a Korean population of Nothoholosticha flava were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Omar
- Natural Science Research Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Moon
- Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jung
- Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
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Luo X, Huang J, Ma H, Liu Y, Lu X, Bourland WA. Hypotrichidium tisiae (Gelei, 1929) Gelei, 1954: a unique hypotrichid ciliate having a highly specialized developmental pattern during binary division. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:536-550. [PMID: 37078087 PMCID: PMC10077263 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In sharp contrast to their pelagic relatives, the oligotrichs, the overwhelming majority of hypotrich ciliates inhabit the benthos. Only a few species, including those of the genus Hypotrichidium Ilowaisky, 1921, have adapted to a planktonic lifestyle. The ontogenetic mode of the highly differentiated ciliate, Hypotrichidium tisiae (Gelei, 1929) Gelei, 1954, is unknown. In this study, the interphase morphology and the ontogenetic process of this species are investigated. Accordingly, the previously unidentified ciliary pattern of Hypotrichidium is redefined. The main morphogenetic features are as follows: (1) The parental adoral zone of membranelles is inherited completely by the proter and the oral primordium of the opisthe arises in a deep pouch. (2) Five frontoventral cirral anlagen (FVA) are formed: FVA I contributes to the single frontal cirrus, FVA II-IV generate three frontoventral cirral rows, FVA V migrates and forms postoral ventral cirri. (3) All marginal cirral row anlagen develop de novo: each of the two left anlagen forms a single cirral row, while the single right anlage fragments into anterior and posterior parts. (4) Two dorsal kinety anlagen occur de novo, with the right one fragmenting to form kineties 2 and 3. (5) Two long caudal cirral rows are formed at the ends of dorsal kineties 1 and 3. On the basis of the morphogenetic features and phylogenetic analyses, the assignment of Hypotrichidium to the family Spirofilidae Gelei, 1929 within Postoralida is supported. The establishment of separate families for the slender "tubicolous" spirofilids and the highly helical spirofilids is also validated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00148-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiaoteng Lu
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172 China
| | - William A. Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
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Wang Z, Chi Y, Li T, Song W, Wang Y, Wu T, Zhang G, Liu Y, Ma H, Song W, Al-Rasheid KAS, Warren A, Lu B. Biodiversity of freshwater ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) in the Lake Weishan Wetland, China: the state of the art. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:429-451. [PMID: 37078082 PMCID: PMC10077249 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates are core components of the structure of and function of aquatic microbial food webs. They play an essential role in the energy flow and material circulation within aquatic ecosystems. However, studies on the taxonomy and biodiversity of freshwater ciliates, especially those in wetlands in China are limited. To address this issue, a project to investigate the freshwater ciliates of the Lake Weishan Wetland, Shandong Province, commenced in 2019. Here, we summarize our findings to date on the diversity of ciliates. A total of 187 ciliate species have been found, 94 of which are identified to species-level, 87 to genus-level, and six to family-level. These species show a high morphological diversity and represent five classes, i.e., Heterotrichea, Litostomatea, Prostomatea, Oligohymenophorea, and Spirotrichea. The largest number of species documented are oligohymenophoreans. A comprehensive database of these ciliates, including morphological data, gene sequences, microscope slide specimens and a DNA bank, has been established. In the present study, we provide an annotated checklist of retrieved ciliates as well as information on the sequences of published species. Most of these species are recorded in China for the first time and more than 20% are tentatively identified as new to science. Additionally, an investigation of environmental DNA revealed that the ciliate species diversity in Lake Weishan Wetland is higher than previously supposed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00154-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Yong Chi
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wenya Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Gongaote Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | | | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Borong Lu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Yang H, Chen P, Chen L, Warren A, Ning Y. Morphology and morphogenesis of the hypotrich ciliate Parentocirrus hortualis , with notes on the phylogeny of Parentocirrus (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2022; 86:125936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Morphology, cell division, and phylogeny of Notohymena antarctica and Engelmanniella mobilis ( ) (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2022; 84:125879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang T, Shao C, Zhang T, Song W, Vd’ačný P, Al-Farraj SA, Wang Y. Multi-Gene Phylogeny of the Ciliate Genus Trachelostyla (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), With Integrative Description of Two Species, Trachelostyla multinucleata Spec. nov. and T. pediculiformis (Cohn, 1866). Front Microbiol 2022; 12:775570. [PMID: 35178037 PMCID: PMC8844511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hypotrich genera, including Trachelostyla, are taxonomically challenging and in a need of integrative revision. Using morphological data, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) secondary structures, we attempt to cast more light on species relationships within the genus Trachelostyla. The present multifaceted approach reveals that (1) a large-sized species with numerous macronuclear nodules, isolated from sandy littoral sediments in southern China, is new to science and is endowed here with a name, T. multinucleata spec. nov.; (2) two other Chinese populations previously identified as T. pediculiformis represent undescribed species; and (3) multigene phylogeny is more robust than single-gene trees, recovering the monophyly of the genus Trachelostyla with high bootstrap frequency. Additionally, ITS2 secondary structures and the presence of compensatory base changes in helices A and B indicate the presence of four distinct taxa within the molecularly studied members of the genus Trachelostyla. Molecular data are more suitable for delimitation of Trachelostyla species than morphological characters as interspecific pairwise genetic distances of small subunit (18S) rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and large subunit (28S) rDNA sequences do not overlap, whereas ranges of multiple morphometric features might transcend species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Vd’ačný
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Xu W, Ma J, Li Y, Bourland WA, Petroni G, Luo X, Song W. Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hypotrichs comprise a highly differentiated and diversified group of ciliates with an evolutionary history characterized by an exceptional number of convergences and reversions. A new hypotrich ciliate from a freshwater fishpond is investigated based on morphological, morphogenetic and molecular data. The phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new species is closely related to Simplicitergida despite the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs, a common feature of simplicitergids. The phylogenetic position of this atypical simplicitergid species is strongly supported by the conserved features of dorsal ciliature and nuclear apparatus, which are probably more informative than cirral patterns for higher-rank classification. The close phylogenetic relationships among those Simplicitergida with varied cirral patterns could be explained by evolutionary convergences and reversions. The new species is recognized mainly by three frontoventral rows, several short midventral rows, two long midventral rows and the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, together with detailed morphological and morphogenetic comparisons, a new family, Clampidae fam. nov., is proposed for the new genus and species, Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. In addition, an emended diagnosis of the morphologically similar family Epiclintidae is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiyang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Giulio Petroni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Italy
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Wu W, Dong J, Long Y, Warren A, Chen L, Qiu H. Redescription and phylogenetic position of the terrestrial ciliates Gastrostylides dorsicirratus and Heterourosomoida lanceolata (Hypotricha, Dorsomarginalia). Eur J Protistol 2021; 82:125859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ma J, Zhang T, Song W, Shao C. New Contributions to the Diversity of Hypotrichous Ciliates: Description of a New Genus and Two New Species (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712269. [PMID: 34421871 PMCID: PMC8375408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated protists (ciliates) are extremely diverse and play important ecological roles in almost all kinds of habitats. In this study, two new hypotrichs, Wilbertophrya sinica n. g. and n. sp. and Bakuella xianensis n. sp., from China are investigated. Wilbertophrya n. g. can be separated from related genera mainly by the combination of lacking a buccal cirrus, pretransverse cirri, and caudal cirri, while possessing frontoterminal cirri. Analyses based on morphological and molecular data confirm the validity of the species, W. sinica n. sp., which is characterized as follows: body 50-115 μm × 15-35 μm in vivo; midventral complex comprises four or five cirral pairs only and terminates above mid-body; three frontal, two frontoterminal cirri, and two to four transverse cirri; about 15 macronuclear nodules; colorless cortical granules sparsely distributed. Another new species, B. xianensis n. sp., was isolated from a freshwater wetland and is defined as follows: body 115-150 μm × 40-65 μm in vivo; about 70 macronuclear nodules; dark-brownish cortical granules in groups; midventral complex comprises 8-12 cirral pairs forming a row that terminates posteriorly in mid-body region and two or three short midventral rows that are continuous with the row of midventral pairs; three frontal, four to six frontoterminal, and three to five fine transverse cirri; three bipolar dorsal kineties. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data suggest that the new genus Wilbertophrya n. g. belongs to an isolated clade, which might represent an undescribed taxon at the family level, whereas B. xianensis n. sp. groups with several congeners and members of other related genera are within the core urostylids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Song W, Zhang T, Dong J, Luo X, Bourland WA, Wang Y. Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Urostylid Ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora) From Chinese Wetlands and Establishment of a New Genus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707954. [PMID: 34394057 PMCID: PMC8361796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotrich ciliates with evolutionary novelties are continually being discovered, challenging the current taxonomic system and attracting increased attention. In the present work, two new urostylid ciliates, Heterobakuella bergeri gen. nov., sp. nov. and Anteholosticha perezuzae sp. nov., isolated from Chinese wetland samples, were identified based on morphology and 18S rRNA gene sequences. Heterobakuella gen. nov. is defined by three frontal cirri, single buccal cirrus, one parabuccal cirrus, midventral complex composed of cirral pairs and one cirral row, one left and two right marginal cirral rows, transverse and pretransverse cirri present, caudal and frontoterminal cirri absent. Heterobakuella can be easily distinguished from the morphologically most similar genus, Apobakuella, mainly by the single buccal cirrus (vs. one buccal cirral row) and one parabuccal cirrus (vs. several parabuccal cirral rows originated from different anlagen). Phylogenetic analyses show that H. bergeri branches within the clade formed by Bergeriella ovata, Monocoronella carnea, Anteholosticha gracilis, and Neourostylopsis spp., rather than the clade represented by Apobakuella. The other species, A. perezuzae, is mainly characterized by a distinctly slender body shape with an average length:width ratio about 7, distinctively shaped biconcave and greenish cortical granules, as well as one or two pretransverse cirri. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the genus Anteholosticha is non-monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jingyi Dong
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - William A. Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Shao C, Gao Q, Warren A, Wang J. Morphology, Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Freshwater Ciliate, Quadristicha subtropica n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705826. [PMID: 34335539 PMCID: PMC8319829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and the regulation of cortical pattern associated with the cell size, division, and phylogenetic position of a new hypotrichous ciliate, Quadristicha subtropica n. sp. collected from a freshwater pond in southern China, were investigated. Quadristicha subtropica n. sp. is characterized as follows: size in vivo 60-115 μm × 25-45 μm; 19-21 adoral membranelles; buccal cirrus near anterior end of endoral and paroral; cirrus IV/3 at about level of buccal vertex; right marginal row begins ahead of buccal vertex; 11-16 right and 12-19 left marginal cirri; and dorsal cilia about 5 μm long. The basic morphogenetic process in Q. subtropica n. sp. is consistent with that of the type species, Quadristicha setigera. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data reveal that the systematic position of Q. subtropica n. sp. is rather unstable with low support values across the tree and the genus Quadristicha is not monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Luo X, Bourland WA, Song W, Huang J. New contributions to the taxonomy of urostylid ciliates (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of a new genus and new species. Eur J Protistol 2021; 80:125810. [PMID: 34303130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypotrichia, one of the most complex and highly differentiated groups in Ciliophora, has been the object of extensive studies, especially in recent years. Nevertheless, methodological difficulties and insufficient faunistic studies have limited our understanding of their biodiversity and phylogeny. In this study, one novel urostylid ciliate, Pseudoholosticha zhaoi nov. gen., nov. spec. and two populations of Anteholosticha monilata (Kahl, 1928) Berger, 2003, type species of the latter genus, are studied using an integrative approach (live observation, protargol impregnation, scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analysis) to provide further insights into the diversity, classification, and phylogeny of this group of ciliates. Pseudoholosticha nov. gen. can be separated from other morphologically similar genera mainly by the absence of buccal and caudal cirri. A key to 12 morphologically similar genera and illustrations of their cirral patterns are provided. The validation of the new genus and new species is supported by both morphological and phylogenetic analyses. The first 18S rRNA gene sequence of A. monilata, with detailed morphological data, provided a reliable clarification of A. monilata populations and corroborated the phylogenetic position of the type species of the polyphyletic genus Anteholosticha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Wang J, Lyu Z, Shao C. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of the new soil ciliate Sterkiella paratricirrata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae). J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1854360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity & Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhao Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity & Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Cell-division pattern and phylogenetic analyses of a new ciliate genus Parasincirra n. g. (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with a report of a new soil species, P. sinica n. sp. from northwest China. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:21. [PMID: 33568067 PMCID: PMC7877024 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliated protists, a huge assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes, are extremely diverse and play important ecological roles in most habitats where there is sufficient moisture for their survivals. Even though there is a growing recognition that these organisms are associated with many ecological or environmental processes, their biodiversity is poorly understood and many biotopes (e.g. soils in desert areas of Asia) remain largely unknown. Here we document an undescribed form found in sludge soil in a halt-desert inland of China. Investigations of its morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny indicate that it represents a new genus and new species, Parasincirra sinica n. g., n. sp. Results The new, monotypic genus Parasincirra n. g. is defined by having three frontal cirri, an amphisiellid median cirral row about the same length as the adoral zone, one short frontoventral cirral row, cirrus III/2 and transverse cirri present, buccal and caudal cirri absent, one right and one left marginal row and three dorsal kineties. The main morphogenetic features of the new taxon are: (1) frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen II to VI are formed in a primary mode; (2) the amphisiellid median cirral row is formed by anlagen V and VI, while the frontoventral row is generated from anlage IV; (3) cirral streaks IV to VI generate one transverse cirrus each; (4) frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage II generates one or two cirri, although the posterior one (when formed) will be absorbed in late stages, that is, no buccal cirrus is formed; (5) the posterior part of the parental adoral zone of membranelles is renewed; (6) dorsal morphogenesis follows a typical Gonostomum-pattern; and (7) the macronuclear nodules fuse to form a single mass. The investigation of its molecular phylogeny inferred from Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data, failed to reveal its exact systematic position, although species of related genera are generally assigned to the family Amphisiellidae Jankowski, 1979. Morphological and morphogenetic differences between the new taxon and Uroleptoides Wenzel, 1953, Parabistichella Jiang et al., 2013, and other amphisiellids clearly support the validity of Parasincirra as a new genus. The monophyly of the family Amphisiellidae is rejected by the AU test in this study. Conclusions The critical character of the family Amphisiellidae, i.e., the amphisiellid median cirral row, might result from convergent evolution in different taxa. Amphisiellidae are not monophyletic.
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Fan X, Yao S, Luo X, Dong T, Xu Y, Chen L, Bourland W, Zhao Y, Huang J. Some morphologically distinguishable hypotrich ciliates share identical 18S rRNA gene sequences – taxonomic insights from a case study on Oxytricha species (Protista, Ciliophora). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Modern taxonomic studies of ciliated protozoa require both morphological and molecular data. One dilemma is how to distinguish morphologically similar species with few nucleotide differences in the widely used marker, the 18S rRNA gene. In the present study, two Oxytricha species were morphologically documented using light and electron microscopy. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and a fragment of the rRNA gene covering the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA gene regions were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of all available Oxytricha granulifera-related populations were performed to reveal the internal relationships of this group. We described a new species, Oxytricha atypica sp. nov., distinguished from its congeners by having seven postoral ventral cirri resulting from the additional fragmentation of anlage V during ontogenesis. Although their 18S rRNA genes differ by only one nucleotide, divergence of the COI gene is as high as 11.8% between O. atypica and the closely related species, O. granulifera. All but one of the COI nucleotide substitutions were synonymous. We documented the highly conserved nature of the 18S rRNA gene in the morphospecies of Oxytricha. Based on these findings, we speculate that O. granulifera contains cryptic species or morphospecies needing further characterization, and new insights for the taxonomy of hypotrich ciliates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunli Yao
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyao Dong
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - William Bourland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Ma M, Xu Y, Yan Y, Li Y, Warren A, Song W. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of four karyorelictid species belonging to the genera Apotrachelocerca and Tracheloraphis (Protozoa: Ciliophora), with descriptions of two new species. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The taxonomy and phylogeny of four trachelocercid ciliates, Apotrachelocerca orientalis sp. nov., Tracheloraphis apoligostriata sp. nov., T. oligostriata and T. prenanti, isolated from marine habitats in Qingdao, China, were studied. The new species, A. orientalis sp. nov., can be distinguished from its most closely related congener, A. arenicola, by the absence of cortical granules and its conspicuously different SSU rDNA sequence. Tracheloraphis apoligostriata sp. nov. differs from the similar T. oligostriata by its body shape, distribution pattern of the cortical granules and SSU rDNA sequence. Based on available data, we suggest that T. prenanti can be defined by its colourless, globular cortical granules, which indicates that this species should be removed from the T. phoenicopterus-complex. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequence data indicates that: A. orientalis sp. nov. groups with A. arenicola with full support, together sister to all other trachelocercid species; and T. cf. phoenicopterus, T. prenanti, T. oligostriata and T. apoligostriata sp. nov. form a clearly outlined clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Ma
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yan
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Weibo Song
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Chen L, Liu Y, Long Y, Lyu J, Feng C, Ning Y, Yi Z. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new soil ciliates, Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec. and Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from Tibet. Eur J Protistol 2020; 77:125746. [PMID: 33276198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two novel hypotrichous ciliates, Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec. and Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec., isolated from soil in the Lhalu Wetland and Motuo Virgin Forest in Tibet, respectively, were investigated using live observation and protargol staining. Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec. strongly resembles the type species H. longa but can be distinguished by its body size in vivo (110-145 × 30-40 μm vs. 50-100 × 18-40 μm), number of adoral membranelles (25-38 vs. 15-22), and numbers of right (29-39 vs. 14-23) and left (26-35 vs. 13-23) marginal cirri, transverse cirri (3 vs. 4 or 5) and macronuclear nodules (4-8 vs. 2). Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec. is characterized by its vermiform body shape, colourless cortical granules distributed in irregular rows, two macronuclear nodules, three frontal cirri, one buccal cirrus, four frontoventral cirri ranged in a line, two transverse cirri, lacking postoral ventral and pretransverse ventral cirri, and marginal rows that are not posteriorly confluent. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA gene sequences suggest that Hemiurosomoida is not monophyletic. A close relationship is revealed between Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec., Parakahilella macrostoma, Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec., and the type species Hemiurosoma terricola. As expected, all these species are classified within the "non-oxytrichid Dorsomarginalia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongli Long
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunyan Feng
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yingzhi Ning
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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The total conjugation process of the free-living ciliate Paraurostyla weissei (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea): the unexpected response to unfavorable fluctuations in the environment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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