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Acapo S, Osinski T, Rulleau T, Dupeyron A, Nizard J. Assessment of body perception disturbances in complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review using the COSMIN guideline. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:2060-2073. [PMID: 36065635 PMCID: PMC9826130 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review to identify which tools are being used to assess body perception disturbances in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and to provide an evidence-based recommendation in the selection of an assessment tool, based on measurement properties. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT Five electronic databases (EMBASE, Pubmed, PsycInfo, Science Direct and Web of Science) were searched for English or French written articles, with no time restrictions. All original articles using a body perception assessment tool with adult patients with CRPS were selected, regardless of their design (controlled trials, single case, qualitative study). Two investigators screened abstracts, selected full articles and extracted data independently. RESULTS Thirty-eight full-text papers were obtained and three main methods to evaluate body perception disturbances were identified: The Bath Body Perception Disturbance Scale, the Neglect-like Symptoms questionnaire adapted from Galer and the patient's body perception description. No full psychometric assessments were found. The Limb Laterality Recognition Task was also used in conjunction with another method. CONCLUSIONS Three main assessment methods for CRPS body perception disturbances are currently used. Full psychometric evaluation has not been completed for any of the assessment methods. As a consequence, we could not fully apply the COSMIN guideline. To date, there is no agreement concerning the use of a specific questionnaire or scale. The results indicate a need for further research such as psychometric properties of these questionnaires. SIGNIFICANCE This systematic review identified body perception disturbances assessment methods and their the psychometric properties in order to provide help and guidance to researchers and clinicians to investigate those clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sessi Acapo
- EA 4391 Excitabilité Nerveuse et TherapeutiqueUniversité Paris EstCréteilFrance
| | - Thomas Osinski
- UR 20201 ERPHANUniversité Versailles Saint QuentinGarchesFrance
- IFMKFondation EFOM Boris DoltoParisFrance
| | | | - Arnaud Dupeyron
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, CHU NîmesUniversity of MontpellierNîmesFrance
- EuroMov Digital Health in MotionUniversity of Montpellier, IMT Mines AlesMontpellierFrance
| | - Julien Nizard
- EA 4391 Excitabilité Nerveuse et TherapeutiqueUniversité Paris EstCréteilFrance
- UIC 22 Multidisciplinary Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care DepartmentNantes University HospitalNantesFrance
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Vittersø AD, Halicka M, Buckingham G, Proulx MJ, Bultitude JH. The sensorimotor theory of pathological pain revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104735. [PMID: 35705110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Harris (1999) proposed that pain can arise in the absence of tissue damage because changes in the cortical representation of the painful body part lead to incongruences between motor intention and sensory feedback. This idea, subsequently termed the sensorimotor theory of pain, has formed the basis for novel treatments for pathological pain. Here we review the evidence that people with pathological pain have changes to processes contributing to sensorimotor function: motor function, sensory feedback, cognitive representations of the body and its surrounding space, multisensory processing, and sensorimotor integration. Changes to sensorimotor processing are most evident in the form of motor deficits, sensory changes, and body representations distortions, and for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), fibromyalgia, and low back pain. Many sensorimotor changes are related to cortical processing, pain, and other clinical characteristics. However, there is very limited evidence that changes in sensorimotor processing actually lead to pain. We therefore propose that the theory is more appropriate for understanding why pain persists rather than how it arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel D Vittersø
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Monika Halicka
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Buckingham
- Department of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Centre for Real and Virtual Environments Augmentation Labs, Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Janet H Bultitude
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
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Visually evoked pain and its extinction using virtual reality in a patient with CRPS type II. Pain 2022; 163:1874-1878. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bellan V, Braithwaite FA, Wilkinson EM, Stanton TR, Moseley GL. Where is my arm? Investigating the link between complex regional pain syndrome and poor localisation of the affected limb. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11882. [PMID: 34484984 PMCID: PMC8381877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anecdotally, people living with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) often report difficulties in localising their own affected limb when it is out of view. Experimental attempts to investigate this report have used explicit tasks and yielded varied results. Methods Here we used a limb localisation task that interrogates implicit mechanisms because we first induce a compelling illusion called the Disappearing Hand Trick (DHT). In the DHT, participants judge their hands to be close together when, in fact, they are far apart. Sixteen volunteers with unilateral upper limb CRPS (mean age 39 ± 12 years, four males), 15 volunteers with non-CRPS persistent hand pain (‘pain controls’; mean age 58 ± 13 years, two males) and 29 pain-free volunteers (‘pain-free controls’; mean age 36 ± 19 years, 10 males) performed a hand-localisation task after each of three conditions: the DHT illusion and two control conditions in which no illusion was performed. The conditions were repeated twice (one for each hand). We hypothesised that (1) participants with CRPS would perform worse at hand self-localisation than both the control samples; (2) participants with non-CRPS persistent hand pain would perform worse than pain-free controls; (3) participants in both persistent pain groups would perform worse with their affected hand than with their unaffected hand. Results Our first two hypotheses were not supported. Our third hypothesis was supported —when visually and proprioceptively encoded positions of the hands were incongruent (i.e. after the DHT), relocalisation performance was worse with the affected hand than it was with the unaffected hand. The similar results in hand localisation in the control and pain groups might suggest that, when implicit processes are required, people with CRPS’ ability to localise their limb is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bellan
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub (CSN-RH), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Erica M Wilkinson
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hagenberg A, Lambert DG, Jussab S, Maltby J, Robinson TG. Inter-lateral Referral of Sensation in Health and Disease Using a Mirror Illusion-A Scoping Review. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 37:849-864. [PMID: 34152397 PMCID: PMC9113492 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perception of touch is expected at the location where it is applied. However, there are indications that being touched may be perceived on the contralateral side when seen as a reflection in a mirror at midline. Such inter-lateral referral of sensation (RS) lacks evidence, as mirror therapy research usually focusses on movement-based techniques. This study aimed to map out existing research across disciplines regarding the effect of RS in health and disease, and to understand whether there is rehabilitation potential in RS. METHOD A scoping review was conducted to map out concepts and keywords across disciplines interested in this topic, using keywords in several languages, and a wide range of databases and additional sources. RESULTS The review revealed mostly cross-sectional experiments and included over 486 participants: healthy, or with stroke, complex regional pain syndrome, amputation, nerve graft surgery or radial fracture. Procedures varied regarding stimulation tool, time and location, with two stimulating replacements, one the face and one a variety of areas. Response rates ranged from 0 to 100%.In general, RS was regarded as a phenomenon or even as a predictor of maladaptive neuroplasticity. There was little research into using RS stimulation as a modulatory tool to improve sensory perception. CONCLUSIONS RS challenges the understanding of touch perception and elicits a range of questions regarding neuro-processing. A modulatory approach using RS has not been described, requires investigation and, if promising, development as an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Hagenberg
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Health and Social Sciences, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences Idstein, Munich, Germany.,Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dave G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Shifa Jussab
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - John Maltby
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Wang AP, Butler AA, Valentine JD, Rae CD, McAuley JH, Gandevia SC, Moseley GL. A Novel Finger Illusion Reveals Reduced Weighting of Bimanual Hand Cortical Representations in People With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
In this review, we examine how tactile misperceptions provide evidence regarding body representations. First, we propose that tactile detection and localization are serial processes, in contrast to parallel processing hypotheses based on patients with numbsense. Second, we discuss how information in primary somatosensory maps projects to body size and shape representations to localize touch on the skin surface, and how responses after use-dependent plasticity reflect changes in this mapping. Third, we review situations in which our body representations are inconsistent with our actual body shape, specifically discussing phantom limb phenomena and anesthetization. We discuss problems with the traditional remapping hypothesis in amputees, factors that modulate perceived body size and shape, and how changes in perceived body form influence tactile localization. Finally, we review studies in which brain-damaged individuals perceive touch on the opposite side of the body, and demonstrate how interhemispheric mechanisms can give rise to these anomalous percepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Medina
- a Department of Psychology , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - H Branch Coslett
- b Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Harvie DS, Broecker M, Smith RT, Meulders A, Madden VJ, Moseley GL. Bogus visual feedback alters onset of movement-evoked pain in people with neck pain. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:385-92. [PMID: 25691362 DOI: 10.1177/0956797614563339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a protective perceptual response shaped by contextual, psychological, and sensory inputs that suggest danger to the body. Sensory cues suggesting that a body part is moving toward a painful position may credibly signal the threat and thereby modulate pain. In this experiment, we used virtual reality to investigate whether manipulating visual proprioceptive cues could alter movement-evoked pain in 24 people with neck pain. We hypothesized that pain would occur at a lesser degree of head rotation when visual feedback overstated true rotation and at a greater degree of rotation when visual feedback understated true rotation. Our hypothesis was clearly supported: When vision overstated the amount of rotation, pain occurred at 7% less rotation than under conditions of accurate visual feedback, and when vision understated rotation, pain occurred at 6% greater rotation than under conditions of accurate visual feedback. We concluded that visual-proprioceptive information modulated the threshold for movement-evoked pain, which suggests that stimuli that become associated with pain can themselves trigger pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Harvie
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia
| | - Markus Broecker
- School of Information Technology and Mathematical Science, University of South Australia
| | - Ross T Smith
- School of Information Technology and Mathematical Science, University of South Australia
| | - Ann Meulders
- Research Group on Health Psychology, University of Leuven
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9
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Contingency Learning Deficits and Generalization in Chronic Unilateral Hand Pain Patients. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:1046-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Moseley GL, Herbert RD, Parsons T, Lucas S, Van Hilten JJ, Marinus J. Intense pain soon after wrist fracture strongly predicts who will develop complex regional pain syndrome: prospective cohort study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 15:16-23. [PMID: 24268113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a distressing and difficult-to-treat complication of wrist fracture. Estimates of the incidence of CRPS after wrist fracture vary greatly. It is not currently possible to identify who will go on to develop CRPS after wrist fracture. In this prospective cohort study, a nearly consecutive sample of 1,549 patients presenting with wrist fracture to 1 of 3 hospital-based fracture clinics and managed nonsurgically was assessed within 1 week of fracture and followed up 4 months later. Established criteria were used to diagnose CRPS. The incidence of CRPS in the 4 months after wrist fracture was 3.8% (95% confidence interval = 2.9-4.8%). A prediction model based on 4 clinical assessments (pain, reaction time, dysynchiria, and swelling) discriminated well between patients who would and would not subsequently develop CRPS (c index .99). A simple assessment of pain intensity (0-10 numerical rating scale) provided nearly the same level of discrimination (c index .98). One in 26 patients develops CRPS within 4 months of nonsurgically managed wrist fracture. A pain score of ≥5 in the first week after fracture should be considered a "red flag" for CRPS. PERSPECTIVE This study shows that excessive baseline pain in the week after wrist fracture greatly elevates the risk of developing CRPS. Clinicians can consider a rating of greater than 5/10 to the question "What is your average pain over the last 2 days?" to be a "red flag" for CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lorimer Moseley
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert D Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Parsons
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Lucas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacobus J Van Hilten
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef, Leiden, The Netherlands; Trauma RElated Neuronal Dysfunction Consortium (TREND), The Netherlands
| | - Johan Marinus
- Trauma RElated Neuronal Dysfunction Consortium (TREND), The Netherlands
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Referred sensations elicited by video-mediated mirroring of hands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50942. [PMID: 23272080 PMCID: PMC3525577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans readily perceive ownership of a limb even when it is artificially induced as in the case of using a mirror reflection. However, mirror reflections are very constrained perceptions which do not allow transformations and varied contexts as often occurs in real life. The extent to which perceived limb ownership occurs with video-mediated manipulations is not known, particularly given the perception would no longer be a precise copy (reflection) of a person’s own limb. The present study directly compared referred sensations of the limbs with the use of a mirror reflection to those obtained with a new video-mediated setup to assess perceived ownership. Manipulations that could not be performed with a standard mirror reflection, such as reversal of the spatial positions of the limbs, were also investigated to examine how far the perceived ownership effects could be pushed. Across a series of experiments, data on the quality, intensity and location of referred sensations were collected and analyzed together with measures of hand ownership and participants’ experience of the two setups. Results reveal that participants felt referred sensations in both the optical and the video-mediated setup, and that video-mediated manipulations of hand-position reversals produced equal to stronger effects of ownership compared with the mirror reflection. These findings open up new possibilities for scientific experimentation and therapy that are discussed in the paper.
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Bodily illusions in health and disease: Physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical ‘body matrix’. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Referred sensations induced by a mirror box in healthy subjects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 75:54-60. [PMID: 20505951 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-010-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one healthy subjects were instructed to observe the mirror image of the tactile stimulation of their own hand (control condition) or an assistant's hand (experimental condition) while being queried about the referred sensation (RS) in their own masked hand behind the mirror. The rated intensity of the RS under the experimental condition was significantly stronger than that under the control condition. In a second experiment, the experimental condition was replaced with the tactile stimulation of a prosthetic (rubber) hand, and was compared with the tactile stimulation of the subject's own hand (control condition). In both of the experiments, the rated intensity of RS was significantly stronger under the experimental condition than under the control condition. The qualitative characteristics of the induced RS on the mirror image hand--including the location, sense of ownership, and various subjective feelings--were also found to vary among subjects. In conclusion, an RS could be induced in healthy subjects on the mirror image of the hand by tactile stimulations, although this effect differed substantially among individuals.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21:684-93. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e328312c01b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Is mirror therapy all it is cracked up to be? Current evidence and future directions. Pain 2008; 138:7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Blake DR. Mirror visual feedback for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Curr Pain Headache Rep 2008; 12:103-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-008-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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