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Wanasathop A, Patel PB, Choi HA, Li SK. Permeability of Buccal Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1814. [PMID: 34834229 PMCID: PMC8624797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The buccal mucosa provides an alternative route of drug delivery that can be more beneficial compared to other administration routes. Although numerous studies and reviews have been published on buccal drug delivery, an extensive review of the permeability data is not available. Understanding the buccal mucosa barrier could provide insights into the approaches to effective drug delivery and optimization of dosage forms. This paper provides a review on the permeability of the buccal mucosa. The intrinsic permeability coefficients of porcine buccal mucosa were collected. Large variability was observed among the published permeability data. The permeability coefficients were then analyzed using a model involving parallel lipoidal and polar transport pathways. For the lipoidal pathway, a correlation was observed between the permeability coefficients and permeant octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow) and molecular weight (MW) in a subset of the permeability data under specific conditions. The permeability analysis suggested that the buccal permeation barrier was less lipophilic than octanol. For the polar pathway and macromolecules, a correlation was observed between the permeability coefficients and permeant MW. The hindered transport analysis suggested an effective pore radius of 1.5 to 3 nm for the buccal membrane barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MSB # 3005, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.W.); (P.B.P.); (H.A.C.)
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Ionescu AC, Vezzoli E, Conte V, Sartori P, Procacci P, Brambilla E. Activity of Experimental Mouthwashes and Gels Containing DNA-RNA and Bioactive Molecules against the Oxidative Stress of Oral Soft Tissues: The Importance of Formulations. A Bioreactor-Based Reconstituted Human Oral Epithelium Model. Molecules 2021; 26:2976. [PMID: 34067773 PMCID: PMC8155942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA-RNA compounds have shown promising protection against cell oxidative stress. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity, protective, or preventive effect of different experimental formulations on oral epithelia's oxidative stress in vitro. METHODS Reconstituted human oral epithelia (RHOE) were grown air-lifted in a continuous-flow bioreactor. Mouthwashes and gels containing DNA-RNA compounds and other bioactive molecules were tested on a model of oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Epithelia viability was evaluated using a biochemical MTT-based assay and confocal microscopy; structural and ultrastructural morphology was evaluated by light microscopy and TEM. RESULTS DNA-RNA showed non-cytotoxic activity and effectively protected against oxidative stress, but did not help in its prevention. Gel formulations did not express adequate activity compared to the mouthwashes. Excipients played a fundamental role in enhancing or even decreasing the bioactive molecules' effect. CONCLUSION A mouthwash formulation with hydrolyzed DNA-RNA effectively protected against oxidative stress without additional enhancement by other bioactive molecules. Active compounds, such as hyaluronic acid, β-Glucan, allantoin, bisabolol, ruscogenin, and essential oils, showed a protective effect against oxidative stress, which was not synergistic with the one of DNA-RNA. Incorporation of surfactant agents showed a reduced, yet significant, cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C. Ionescu
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo, 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (V.C.); (P.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Conte
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo, 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (V.C.); (P.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo, 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (V.C.); (P.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo, 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (V.C.); (P.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Eugenio Brambilla
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Garzón I, Serrato D, Roda O, Del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo M, González-Jaranay M, Moreu G, Nieto-Aguilar R, Alaminos M, Campos A. In vitro Cytokeratin Expression Profiling of Human Oral Mucosa Substitutes Developed by Tissue Engineering. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 32:711-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880903201002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work we performed a study of cytokeratin (CK) expression profiling on human artificial oral mucosa developed in vitro by tissue engineering at different stages of maturation (from immature to well-developed stages) at the protein and mRNA levels. Human artificial oral mucosa was generated in the laboratory using fibrin-agarose biomaterials. As controls, we used human native normal oral mucosa and embryonic oral tissues. Our results demonstrated that human embryonic oral tissues tended to express CK8 and CK19. In contrast, monolayered bioengineered oral mucosa did not show any CK expression by immunohistochemistry whereas bilayered and multilayered artificial oral mucosa showed several markers of stratified epithelia, but did not express CK10. These results suggest that the CK expression pattern is strongly dependent on the maturation state of the artificial tissues and that the CK expression profile of our model of artificial oral mucosa was partially similar to that of the non-keratinized human adult oral mucosa. However, the expression of CK8 by the artificial oral mucosa suggests that these samples correspond to an early stage of development while kept in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garzón
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada - Spain
| | - Deyanira Serrato
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada - Spain
| | - Olga Roda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada - Spain
| | | | - Maximino González-Jaranay
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, Granada - Spain
| | - Gerardo Moreu
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, Granada - Spain
| | - Renato Nieto-Aguilar
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada - Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada - Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada - Spain
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Reddy D, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Govender M, Indermun S, du Toit LC, Meyer LC, Pillay V. In vivo evaluation of an Ultra-fast Disintegrating Wafer matrix: A molecular simulation approach to the ora-mucoadhesivity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cubayachi C, Couto ROD, de Gaitani CM, Pedrazzi V, Freitas OD, Lopez RFV. Needle-free buccal anesthesia using iontophoresis and amino amide salts combined in a mucoadhesive formulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:1193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oh DH, Kim MJ, Jeon SO, Seo JE, Jeong SH, Kang JW, Choi YW, Lee S. Strategic approaches for enhancement of in vivo transbuccal peptide drug delivery in rabbits using iontophoresis and chemical enhancers. Pharm Res 2014; 32:929-40. [PMID: 25231009 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of iontophoresis and the combination effects with chemical enhancers on in vivo hypocalcemic effect of transbuccally delivered salmon calcitonin (sCT). METHODS N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), sodium deoxyglycocholate (SDGC), and ethanol were used as chemical enhancers; and 0.5 mA/cm(2) fixed electric current was employed as a physical enhancer. sCT hydrogel was applied to rabbit buccal mucosa, and blood samples were obtained via the central auricular artery. Blood calcium level was measured by calcium kit and the conformational changes of buccal mucosa were investigated with FT-IR spectroscopy. Hematoxylin/eosin staining was used for the histological evaluation of buccal mucosa. RESULTS Iontophoresis groups except iontophoresis-NAC group showed significant hypocalcemic effect compared to negative control, in particular iontophoresis-SDGC combination group showed fast onset of action as well as sustained hypocalcemic effect (p < 0.05). FT-IR result demonstrated the reduction of buccal barrier function, and the histological study showed a decrease in buccal thickness as well as minor damage to the dermal-epidermal junctions in the enhancing method groups; however, the damaged tissues virtually recovered within 24 h after the removal of electrodes. CONCLUSIONS Iontophoresis and combination with SDGC were found to be safe and potential strategies for transbuccal peptide delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Oh
- Department of Smart Foods and Drugs, Graduate School, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-Do, 621-749, Republic of Korea
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Controlled delivery of naltrexone by an intraoral device: In vivo study on human subjects. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Giannola LI, Sutera FM, De Caro V. Physical methods to promote drug delivery on mucosal tissues of the oral cavity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1449-62. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.809061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Moscicka-Studzinska A, Ciach T. Mathematical modelling of buccal iontophoretic drug delivery system. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Şenel S, Rathbone MJ, Cansız M, Pather I. Recent developments in buccal and sublingual delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:615-28. [PMID: 22512476 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.676040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been several advances in the delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa over the last 5 years, which have resulted in a number of new buccal delivery products appearing on the market. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the most recent developments in the area of buccal and sublingual drug delivery, with a focus on marketed drugs. Likely future directions are also considered and reported. EXPERT OPINION The future potential of buccal and sublingual delivery systems looks favorable. It is envisaged that in the future, buccal and sublingual delivery technologies will provide a platform for the successful delivery of vaccines and antigens. It is also foreseen that physical means of enhancing drug uptake (e.g., sonophoresis, iontophoresis and electroporation) will be commercialized for buccal delivery, thereby expanding the current drug candidate list for this area. The formulation of delivery systems for photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy is a potential emerging area, while buccal and sublingual delivery, in general, is attractive for the development of intellectual property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Satheesh Madhav NV, Semwal R, Semwal DK, Semwal RB. Recent trends in oral transmucosal drug delivery systems: an emphasis on the soft palatal route. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:629-47. [PMID: 22512535 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.679260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oral mucosa is an appropriate route for drug delivery systems, as it evades first-pass metabolism, enhances drug bioavailability and provides the means for rapid drug transport to the systematic circulation. This delivery system offers a more comfortable and convenient delivery route compared with the intravenous route. Although numerous drugs have been evaluated for oral mucosal delivery, few of them are available commercially. This is due to limitations such as the high costs associated with developing such drug delivery systems. AREAS COVERED The present review covers recent developments and applications of oral transmucosal drug delivery systems. More specifically, the review focuses on the suitability of the oral soft palatal site as a new route for drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The novelistic oral soft palatal platform is a promising mucoadhesive site for delivering active pharmaceuticals, both systemically and locally, and it can also serve as a smart route for the targeting of drugs to the brain.
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Wei R, Simon L, Hu L, Michniak-Kohn B. Effects of Iontophoresis and Chemical Enhancers on the Transport of Lidocaine and Nicotine Across the Oral Mucosa. Pharm Res 2011; 29:961-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Oh DH, Chun KH, Jeon SO, Kang JW, Lee S. Enhanced transbuccal salmon calcitonin (sCT) delivery: effect of chemical enhancers and electrical assistance on in vitro sCT buccal permeation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:357-63. [PMID: 21683790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the combined effect of absorption enhancers and electrical assistance on transbuccal salmon calcitonin (sCT) delivery, using fresh swine buccal tissue. We placed 200 IU (40 μg/mL) of each sCT formulation--containing various concentrations of ethanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and sodium deoxyglycocholate (SDGC)--onto the donor part of a Franz diffusion cell. Then, 0.5 mA/cm(2) of fixed anodal current was applied alone or combined with chemical enhancers. The amount of permeated sCT was analyzed using an ELISA kit, and biophysical changes of the buccal mucosa were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods were used to evaluate histological alteration of the buccal tissues. The flux (J(s)) of sCT increased with the addition of absorption enhancer groups, but it was significantly enhanced by the application of anodal iontophoresis (ITP). FT-IR study revealed that all groups caused an increase in lipid fluidity but only the groups containing SDGC showed statistically significant difference. Although the histological data of SDGC groups showed a possibility for tissue damage, the present enhancing methods appear to be safe. In conclusion, the combination of absorption enhancers and electrical assistance is a potential strategy for the enhancement of transbuccal sCT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Oh
- Department of Smart Foods and Drugs, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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Rai V, Tan HS, Michniak-Kohn B. Effect of surfactants and pH on naltrexone (NTX) permeation across buccal mucosa. Int J Pharm 2011; 411:92-7. [PMID: 21443939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this pre-formulation study was to systematically investigate the effects of two surfactants (Brij 58(®) and Tween 80(®)) and change in solution pH on in vitro permeation of naltrexone HCl (NTX-HCl) across tissue engineered human buccal mucosa. For the study, 10mg/ml solutions of Tween 80(®) (0.1 and 1%, w/v) and Brij 58(®) (1%, w/v) were prepared in standard artificial saliva buffer solution (pH 6.8). For studying pH effects, solution pH was adjusted to either 7.5 or 8.2. As controls, three concentrations of NTX-HCl (2.5, 10 and 25mg/ml) were prepared. Using NTX standard solution (10mg/ml; pH 6.8), the permeation was observed between in vitro human and ex vivo porcine mucosa. It was observed that Brij 58(®) increased the permeation rates of NTX significantly. The flux of 10mg/ml solution (pH 6.8) increased from 1.9 ± 0.6 (× 10(2)) to 13.9 ± 2.2 (× 10(2))μg/(cm(2)h) (approximately 6-fold) in presence of 1% Brij 58(®). Increasing pH of NTX-HCl solution was found to increase the drug flux from 1.9 ± 0.6 (× 10(2)) (pH 6.8) to 3.0 ± 0.6 (× 10(2)) (pH 7.4) and 8.0 ± 3.5 (× 10(2)) (pH 8.2)μg/(cm(2)h), respectively. Histological analyses exhibited no tissue damage due to exposure of buccal tissue to Brij 58(®). The mean permeability coefficients (K(p)) for 2.5, 10 and 25mg/ml solutions of NTX-HCl (pH 6.8) were 5.0 (× 10(-2)), 1.8 (× 10(-2)) and 3.2 (× 10(-2))cm/h, respectively, consistent with data from published literature sources. Increase of NTX flux observed with 1% Brij 58(®) solution may be due to the effects of ATP. Increase in flux and the shortening of lag time observed by increasing in solution pH confirmed earlier finding that distribution coefficient (logD) of NTX is significantly affected by small increments in pH value and therefore plays an important role in NTX permeation by allowing faster diffusion across tissue engineered human buccal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwas Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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Buccal iontophoresis: an opportunity for drug delivery and metabolite monitoring. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Campisi G, Giannola LI, Florena AM, De Caro V, Schumacher A, Göttsche T, Paderni C, Wolff A. Bioavailability in vivo of naltrexone following transbuccal administration by an electronically-controlled intraoral device: A trial on pigs. J Control Release 2010; 145:214-20. [PMID: 20438777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sohi H, Ahuja A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Critical evaluation of permeation enhancers for oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903117348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hassan N, Ahad A, Ali M, Ali J. Chemical permeation enhancers for transbuccal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 7:97-112. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903338758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Reddy D, Pillay V, Choonara YE, du Toit LC. Rapidly disintegrating oramucosal drug delivery technologies. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 14:588-601. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450902838700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Madhav NS, Shakya AK, Shakya P, Singh K. Orotransmucosal drug delivery systems: A review. J Control Release 2009; 140:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dixit RP, Puthli SP. Oral strip technology: Overview and future potential. J Control Release 2009; 139:94-107. [PMID: 19559740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Dixit
- Drug Delivery Division, Panacea Biotec Ltd., Samarpan complex, Chakala, Andheri (East), Mumbai-400 099, Maharashtra, India
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Cheng F, McLaughlin PJ, Banks WA, Zagon IS. Passive diffusion of naltrexone into human and animal cells and upregulation of cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R844-52. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00311.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Naltrexone (NTX) is a potent opioid antagonist that promotes cell proliferation by upregulating DNA synthesis through displacement of the tonically active inhibitory peptide, opioid growth factor (OGF) from its receptor (OGFr). To investigate how NTX enters cells, NTX was fluorescently labeled [1-( N)-fluoresceinyl NTX thiosemicarbazone; FNTX] to study its uptake by living cultured cells. When human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-1) was incubated with FNTX for as little as 1 min, cells displayed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of FNTX as determined by fluorescent deconvolution microscopy, with enrichment of fluorescent signal in the nucleus and nucleolus. The same temporal-spatial distribution of FNTX was detected in a human pancreatic cancer cell line (MIA PaCa-2), African green monkey kidney cell line (COS-7), and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). FNTX remained in cells for as long as 48 h. FNTX was internalized in SCC-1 cells when incubation occurred at 4°C, with the signal being comparable to that recorded at 37°C. A 100-fold excess of NTX or a variety of other opioid ligands did not alter the temporal-spatial distribution of FNTX. Neither fluorescein-labeled dextran nor fluorescein alone entered the cells. To study the effect of FNTX on DNA synthesis, cells incubated with FNTX at concentrations ranging from 10−5 to 10−8 M had a 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine index that was 39–82% greater than for vehicle-treated cells and was comparable to that of unlabeled NTX (37–70%). Taken together, these results suggested that NTX enters cells by passive diffusion in a nonsaturable manner.
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Moscicka-Studzinska A, Kijeńska E, Ciach T. Electroosmotic flow as a result of buccal iontophoresis – Buccal mucosa properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:595-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirtieth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2007 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd.,Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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De Caro V, Giandalia G, Siragusa MG, Paderni C, Campisi G, Giannola LI. Evaluation of galantamine transbuccal absorption by reconstituted human oral epithelium and porcine tissue as buccal mucosa models: Part I. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:869-73. [PMID: 18647652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Campisi G, Paderni C, Saccone R, Siragusa M, Lo Muzio L, Tripodo C, Giannola L, Florena A. Carbamazepine Transbuccal Delivery: The Histo-Morphological Features of Reconstituted Human Oral Epithelium and Buccal Porcine Mucosae in the Transmucosal Permeation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:903-910. [PMID: 19144275 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transbuccal drug delivery is an attractive way of administration since several well-known advantages are provided, especially with respect to peroral management. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant which is useful in controlling neuropathic pain, and it is currently administered by peroral route, although its absorption and bioavailability is limited due to various factors. The oral cavity could be an interesting site for transbuccal CBZ delivery due to two properties: slow administration of constant low drug doses and less dose-related side effects. However, in transbuccal absorption a major limitation could be the low permeability of the mucosa which results in low drug bioavailability; thus the aptitude of the drug to penetrate the buccal mucosa has to be assessed by using tissue models resembling human normal mucosa. In our experience, CBZ well permeates mucosal membranes. In order to assess the efficacy of CBZ transbuccal delivery and to verify the reliability of these tissues in permeability testing before and after the passage of CBZ, the histo-morphological features of reconstituted human oral (RHO) epithelium (E) and buccal porcine mucosae were investigated. Significant histological changes due to CBZ passage were observed both in RHO-E and porcine mucosa. The main findings detected in RHO samples were cellular swellings with a signet ring-like appearance, nuclear swelling, prominent nucleoli lined against the nuclear membrane and the presence of keratohyalin granules. The most striking finding regarding porcine buccal mucosa was a cytoplasmic vacuolization, mainly involving the basal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M.G. Siragusa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - L. Lo Muzio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - C. Tripodo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - L.I. Giannola
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - A.M. Florena
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Giannola LI, De Caro V, Giandalia G, Siragusa MG, Cordone L. Ocular Gelling Microspheres: In Vitro Precorneal Retention Time and Drug Permeation Through Reconstituted Corneal Epithelium. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24:186-96. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Libero I. Giannola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unità di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana De Caro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Giandalia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unità di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria G. Siragusa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cordone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unità di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche ed Astronomiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Scholz OA, Wolff A, Schumacher A, Giannola LI, Campisi G, Ciach T, Velten T. Drug delivery from the oral cavity: focus on a novel mechatronic delivery device. Drug Discov Today 2007; 13:247-53. [PMID: 18342801 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental drug delivery systems have been used for a long time, in particular for the local therapy of diseases affecting the oral cavity. Research today concentrates on the design of formulations to increase their retention time. Even today, however, prosthetic devices incorporating drug delivery are rarely used. Mainly, they are focused on prophylaxis and the release of antibacterial agents. However, as buccal delivery, because of its undeniable advantages, has become popular for systemic drug delivery, and prolonged well-controlled release has been identified as beneficial, especially for chronic diseases, a new class of delivery systems is evolving: highly miniaturized computerized delivery systems, integrated into a dental appliance. Dental delivery systems today are used in two ways: the main application is the local treatment of diseases affecting the oral cavity itself like periodontitis or fungal infections. The second is for systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver A Scholz
- Fraunhofer-Institut Biomedizinische Technik, St. Ingbert, Germany.
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Giannola LI, De Caro V, Giandalia G, Siragusa MG, Tripodo C, Florena AM, Campisi G. Release of naltrexone on buccal mucosa: Permeation studies, histological aspects and matrix system design. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 67:425-33. [PMID: 17451927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transbuccal drug delivery has got several well-known advantages especially with respect to peroral way. Since a major limitation in buccal drug delivery could be the low permeability of the epithelium, the aptitude of NLX to penetrate the mucosal barrier was assessed. Ex vivo permeation across porcine buccal mucosa 800 microm thick was investigated using Franz type diffusion cells and compared with in vitro data previously obtained by reconstituted human oral epithelium 100 microm thick. Both fluxes (Js) and permeability coefficients (K(p)) are in accordance, using either buffer solution simulating saliva or natural human saliva. Permeation was evaluated also in presence of chemical enhancers or iontophoresis. No significant differences in penetration rate were observed using chemical enhancers; in contrast, Js and K(p) were extensively affected by application of electric fields. Tablets, designed for Naltrexone hydrochloride (NLX) administration on buccal mucosa, were developed and prepared by direct compression of drug loaded (56%) poly-octylcyanocrylate (poly-OCA) matrices. NLX is slowly discharged from buccal tablets following Higuchian kinetic. Histologically, no signs of flogosis ascribable to NLX and/or poly-OCA were observed, while cytoarchitectural changes due to iontophoresis were detected. Buccal tablets containing NLX may represent a potential alternative dosage form in addiction management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libero Italo Giannola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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