1
|
Mistry J, Notman R. Mechanisms of the Drug Penetration Enhancer Propylene Glycol Interacting with Skin Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3885-3897. [PMID: 38622775 PMCID: PMC11056976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Very few drugs have the necessary physicochemical properties to cross the skin's main permeability barrier, the stratum corneum (SC), in sufficient amounts. Propylene glycol (PG) is a chemical penetration enhancer that could be included in topical formulations in order to overcome the barrier properties of the skin and facilitate the transport of drugs across it. Experiments have demonstrated that PG increases the mobility and disorder of SC lipids and may extract cholesterol from the SC, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of drug permeation enhancement by PG. In this work, we have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the molecular-level effects of PG on the structure and properties of model SC lipid bilayers. The model bilayers were simulated in the presence of PG concentrations over the range of 0-100% w/w PG, using both an all-atom and a united atom force field. PG was found to localize in the hydrophilic headgroup regions at the bilayer interface, to occupy the lipid-water hydrogen-bonding sites, and to slightly increase lipid tail disorder in a concentration-dependent manner. We showed with MD simulation that PG enhances the permeation of small molecules such as water by interacting with the bilayer interface; the results of our study may be used to guide the design of formulations for transdermal drug delivery with enhanced skin permeation, as well as topical formulations and cosmetic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Rebecca Notman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Volkova T, Simonova O, Perlovich G. Cyclodextrin's Effect on Permeability and Partition of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1022. [PMID: 37513934 PMCID: PMC10386514 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin-based delivery systems have been intensively used to improve the bioavailability of drugs through the modification of their pharmaceutically relevant properties, such as solubility, distribution and membrane permeation. The present work aimed to disclose the influence of HP-β-CD and SBE-β-CD on the distribution and permeability of nortriptyline hydrochloride (NTT•HCl), a tricyclic antidepressant drug. To this end, the distribution coefficients in the 1-octanol/buffer and n-hexane/buffer model systems and the coefficients of permeability through the cellulose membrane and lipophilic PermeaPad barrier were determined at several cyclodextrin concentrations. The results demonstrated a dramatic decrease in both the distribution and the permeability coefficients as the cyclodextrin concentration rose, with the decrease being more pronounced in SBE-β-CD due to the charge-charge attraction and electrostatic interactions between NTT and SBE-β-CD. It is these interactions that were shown to be responsible for the greater value of the constant of NTT's association with SBE-β-CD than that with HP-β-CD. The findings of this study revealed similar trends in the 1-octanol/buffer 6.8 pH distribution and permeability through the PermeaPad barrier in the presence of CDs. These results were attributed to the determinative role of the distribution coefficient (serving as a descriptor) in permeation through the PermeaPad barrier modeling the lipophilic nature of biological barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Volkova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.S.); (G.P.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guillot AJ, Martínez-Navarrete M, Garrigues TM, Melero A. Skin drug delivery using lipid vesicles: A starting guideline for their development. J Control Release 2023; 355:624-654. [PMID: 36775245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles can provide a cost-effective enhancement of skin drug absorption when vesicle production process is optimised. It is an important challenge to design the ideal vesicle, since their properties and features are related, as changes in one affect the others. Here, we review the main components, preparation and characterization methods commonly used, and the key properties that lead to highly efficient vesicles for transdermal drug delivery purposes. We stand by size, deformability degree and drug loading, as the most important vesicle features that determine the further transdermal drug absorption. The interest in this technology is increasing, as demonstrated by the exponential growth of publications on the topic. Although long-term preservation and scalability issues have limited the commercialization of lipid vesicle products, freeze-drying and modern escalation methods overcome these difficulties, thus predicting a higher use of these technologies in the market and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Guillot
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Miquel Martínez-Navarrete
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Teresa M Garrigues
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Ana Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma P, Tailang M. Primaquine-loaded transdermal patch for treating malaria: design, development, and characterization. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The goal of the current study was to create, improve, and test a transdermal patch loaded with primaquine for the treatment of malaria. Several ingredients were used to create the transdermal patch. For the choosing of polymers, placebo patches were created. The optimization of polymer ratios for patch development and testing their impact on tensile strength, in vitro drug release, in vitro drug permeation, and ex vivo drug permeation employed response surface methods. The F5 formulation was chosen as the optimal formulation based on these answers to the data. The stability of the F5 formulation was examined. According to the findings of trials on acute skin irritation, no place where transdermal patches were given showed any signs of clinical abnormalities or a change in body weight. No erythema or edema of the skin was seen in the rabbit’s skin.
Results
It was observed that tensile strength of the transdermal films formulated with Eudragit RL100 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Pmix) was found between 0.32 ± 0.017 and 0.59 ± 0.013 kg/cm2, which were 0.32 ± 0.017 (F1), 0.36 ± 0.012 (F2), 0.35 ± 0.015 (F3) for Pmix ratio 1:1, 0.42 ± 0.011 (F4), 0.49 ± 0.010 (F5), 0.55 ± 0.016 (F6) for Pmix ratio 1:2 and 0.56 ± 0.014 (F7), 0.57 ± 0.010 (F8), 0.59 ± 0.013 (F9) for Pmix ratio 1:3. Data fitting to the Peppas, Hixon–Crowell, Higuchi, and Zero-order models was used to examine the optimized transdermal patch (F5) release kinetic mechanism. Data comparison was done using the correlation coefficient (R2). Zero-order had an observed correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9988, which was greater than that for other models. Therefore, it was clear that the medication was released from the formulation after the Zero-order release.
Conclusion
The ideal thickness, percent elongation, and tensile strength of the primaquine therapeutic transdermal patches were prepared for transdermal delivery. The therapeutic transdermal patch was prepared by using Eudragit RL100: HPMC K15M (1:2) into the patch because this combination was responsible for the significant delivery of the drug into the bloodstream. The therapeutic transdermal patch has a notable penetration rate. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a permeation enhancer, which helped to obtain a high penetration rate. The statistical analysis was used to support the improved formulation. The therapeutic transdermal patch is a potential vehicle for the administration of primaquine, according to stability studies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pironi AM, Melero A, Eloy JO, Guillot AJ, Pini Santos K, Chorilli M. Solid dipersions included in poloxamer hydrogels have favorable rheological properties for topical application and enhance the in vivo antiinflammatory effect of ursolic acid. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Exploration of Microneedle-assisted Skin Delivery of Cyanocobalamin formulated in Ultraflexible Lipid Vesicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:184-198. [PMID: 35787430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency is a widespread condition because of its different aetiologies, like malabsorption syndrome or lifestyles as strict veganism that is increasing its incidence and prevalence in developed countries. It has important haematological consequences that require pharmacological treatment. Current therapy consists of oral or parenteral supplements of cyanocobalamin; however, the oral route is discarded for malabsorption syndrome patients and the parenteral route is not well accepted generally. Topical treatments have been suggested as an alternative, but the molecular weight and hydrophilicity of cyanocobalamin limits its diffusion through the skin. Lipid vesicles can allow the transdermal absorption of molecules >500 Da. The aim of this work was to use different ultraflexible lipid vesicles (transfersomes and ethosomes) to enhance cyanocobalamin transdermal delivery. Vesicles were characterized and lyophilised for long-term stability. The ability to deliver cyanocobalamin through the skin was assessed in vitro using full-thickness porcine skin in Franz diffusion cells. As expected, the best transdermal fluxes were provided by ultraflexible vesicles, in comparison to a drug solution. Moreover, the pre-treatment of the skin with a solid microneedle array boosts the amount of drug that could potentially reach the systemic circulation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Alkilani AZ, Nasereddin J, Hamed R, Nimrawi S, Hussein G, Abo-Zour H, Donnelly RF. Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061152. [PMID: 35745725 PMCID: PMC9231212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal drug delivery system has a bioavailability comparable to parenteral dosage forms but is as convenient and easy to use for the patient as oral solid dosage forms. In recent years, there has been increased interest in transdermal drug delivery (TDD) as a non-invasive delivery approach that is generally regarded as being easy to administer to more vulnerable age groups, such as paediatric and geriatric patients, while avoiding certain bioavailability concerns that arise from oral drug delivery due to poor absorbability and metabolism concerns. However, despite its many merits, TDD remains restricted to a select few drugs. The physiology of the skin poses a barrier against the feasible delivery of many drugs, limiting its applicability to only those drugs that possess physicochemical properties allowing them to be successfully delivered transdermally. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the transdermal permeability of drugs. Both chemical (e.g., thermal and mechanical) and passive (vesicle, nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, solid dispersion, and nanocrystal) techniques have been investigated to enhance the permeability of drug substances across the skin. Furthermore, hybrid approaches combining chemical penetration enhancement technologies with physical technologies are being intensively researched to improve the skin permeation of drug substances. This review aims to summarize recent trends in TDD approaches and discuss the merits and drawbacks of the various chemical, physical, and hybrid approaches currently being investigated for improving drug permeability across the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
| | - Sukaina Nimrawi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Ghaid Hussein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Hadeel Abo-Zour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marković OS, Patel NG, Serajuddin ATM, Avdeef A, Verbić TŽ. Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Solubility-pH Profiles in a Saline Phosphate Buffer: Drug-Phosphate Complexes and Multiple pH max Domains with a Gibbs Phase Rule "Soft" Constraints. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:710-719. [PMID: 35050628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solubility of a model basic drug, nortriptyline (Nor), was investigated as a function of pH in phosphate and/or a chloride-containing aqueous suspension using experimental practices recommended in the previously published "white paper" (Avdeef et al., 2016). The pH-Ramp Shake-Flask (pH-RSF) method, introduced in our earlier work (Marković et al., 2019), was applied. An improved and more detailed experimental design of the Nor solubility measurement allowed us to exploit the full capacity of the pH-RSF method. Complex equilibria in the aqueous phase (cationic and anionic complex formation between Nor and the phosphate) and solid-phase transformations (Nor free base, 1:1 Nor hydrochloride salt, 1:1 and 1:2 Nor phosphate salts) were characterized by a detailed analysis of the solubility measurements using the computer program pDISOL-X. The solid phases were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses. The results of the present investigation illustrate the influence of competing counterions, such as buffering agents, complexing agents, salt coformers, tonicity adjusters, and so forth, on the aqueous solubility of drugs and interconversion of salts. Careful attention given to these factors can be helpful in the formulation of drug products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera S Marković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Nirali G Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439, United States
| | - Abu T M Serajuddin
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439, United States
| | - Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue #102, New York, New York 10128, United States
| | - Tatjana Ž Verbić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guillot AJ, Jornet-Mollá E, Landsberg N, Milián-Guimerá C, Montesinos MC, Garrigues TM, Melero A. Cyanocobalamin Ultraflexible Lipid Vesicles: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Drug-Skin Depth Profiles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030418. [PMID: 33804652 PMCID: PMC8003749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorders, which importantly affect the quality of life of patients who suffer them. Among other causes, nitric oxide has been reported as part of the triggering factors in the pathogenesis of both conditions. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) has shown efficacy as a nitric oxide scavenger and some clinical trials have given positive outcomes in its use for treating skin pathologies. Passive skin diffusion is possible only for drugs with low molecular weights and intermediate lipophilicity. Unfortunately, the molecular weight and hydrophilicity of vitamin B12 do not predict its effective diffusion through the skin. The aim of this work was to design new lipid vesicles to encapsulate the vitamin B12 to enhance its skin penetration. Nine prototypes of vesicles were generated and characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, surface charge, drug encapsulation, flexibility, and stability with positive results. Additionally, their ability to release the drug content in a controlled manner was demonstrated. Finally, we found that these lipid vesicle formulations facilitated the penetration of cyanocobalamin to the deeper layers of the skin. The present work shows a promising system to effectively administer vitamin B12 topically, which could be of interest in the treatment of skin diseases such as AD and psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Guillot
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (E.J.-M.); (N.L.); (C.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - Enrique Jornet-Mollá
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (E.J.-M.); (N.L.); (C.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - Natalia Landsberg
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (E.J.-M.); (N.L.); (C.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - Carmen Milián-Guimerá
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (E.J.-M.); (N.L.); (C.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - M. Carmen Montesinos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Center of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Polytechnic University of Valencia and University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.M.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Teresa M. Garrigues
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (E.J.-M.); (N.L.); (C.M.-G.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.M.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Ana Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (E.J.-M.); (N.L.); (C.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:758-791. [PMID: 33474709 PMCID: PMC7817074 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in global market. The use of these systems can overcome associated drawbacks of other delivery routes, such as oral and parenteral. The authors will review current trends, and future applications of transdermal technologies, with specific focus on providing a comprehensive understanding of transdermal drug delivery systems and enhancement strategies. This article will initially discuss each transdermal enhancement method used in the development of first-generation transdermal products. These methods include drug/vehicle interactions, vesicles and particles, stratum corneum modification, energy-driven methods and stratum corneum bypassing techniques. Through suitable design and implementation of active stratum corneum bypassing methods, notably microneedle technology, transdermal delivery systems have been shown to deliver both low and high molecular weight drugs. Microneedle technology platforms have proven themselves to be more versatile than other transdermal systems with opportunities for intradermal delivery of drugs/biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug monitoring. These have shown that microneedles have been a prospective strategy for improving transdermal delivery systems.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ciprofloxacin self-dissolvable Soluplus based polymeric films: a novel proposal to improve the management of eye infections. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:608-625. [PMID: 33528829 PMCID: PMC7852484 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infections of the eye are among the leading causes of vision impairment and vision loss worldwide. The ability of a drug to access the anterior parts of the eye is negligible after systemic administration. Effective drug delivery to the eye is a major challenge due to the presence of protective mechanisms and physiological barriers that result in low ocular availability after topical application. The main purpose of this work was the improvement of the corneal and conjunctival permeation of the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin, a wide spectrum antibiotic used for the most common eye infection, using a self-dissolving polymeric film. Films were prepared by the solvent casting technique, using polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer (Soluplus), polyvynyl alcohol, and propylene glycol. Films were homogeneous in drug content and thickness, as demonstrated by adapting the Swiss Roll technique followed by microscopy observation. These films proved in vitro to control the release of the Ciprofloxacin. Ex vivo permeability studies using Franz diffusion cells and porcine cornea and sclera showed an effective permeability of the drug without inducing irritation of the tissues. Films swelled in contact with artificial tears forming an in situ gel over 20 min, which will improve drug contact and reduce the need of multiple dosing. The antibiotic activity was also tested in vitro in five types of bacterial cultures, assuring the pharmacological efficacy of the films. The developed films are a promising drug delivery system to topically treat or prevent ocular infections.
Collapse
|
12
|
Souza de Araujo GR, de Oliveira Porfírio L, Santos Silva LA, Gomes Santana D, Ferreira Barbosa P, Pereira Dos Santos C, Narain N, Vitorino Sarmento VH, de Souza Nunes R, Ting E, Moreira Lira AA. In situ microemulsion-gel obtained from bioadhesive hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for transdermal administration of zidovudine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 188:110739. [PMID: 31901623 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to develop in situ microemulsion-gel (ME-Gel) obtained from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films for transdermal administration of Zidovudine (AZT). Firstly, HPMC films containing propylene glycol (PG) and eucalyptus oil (EO) were obtained and characterized. Later, a pseudo-ternary phase diagram composed of water, EO, tween 80 and PG was obtained and one microemulsion (ME) with a similar proportion of the film components was obtained. ME was transformed in ME-Gel by the incorporation of HPMC. Finally, HPMC films were hydrated with Tween 80 solution to yield in situ ME-Gel and its effect on AZT skin permeation was compared with HPMC film hydrated with water (F5hyd). The results showed that the ME and ME-Gel presented a droplet size of 16.79 and 122.13 μm, respectively, polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.39 and pH between 5.10 and 5.40. The incorporation of HPMC resulted in viscosity about 2 times higher than the use of ME. The presence of AZT did not alter the formulation properties. The in situ ME-Gel promoted a two-fold increase in the permeated amount of AZT compared to F5hyd. The results suggest that it was possible to obtain an ME-Gel in situ from HPMC films and that its effect on transdermal permeation of AZT was significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paula Ferreira Barbosa
- Laboratory of Flavor and Chromatographic Analysis, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Narendra Narain
- Laboratory of Flavor and Chromatographic Analysis, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Ting
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Shahid N, Siddique MI, Razzaq Z, Katas H, Waqas MK, Rahman KU. Fabrication and characterization of matrix type transdermal patches loaded with tizanidine hydrochloride: potential sustained release delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:2061-2070. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1509081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Shahid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Siddique
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zunera Razzaq
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haliza Katas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Khurram Waqas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif-Ur- Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Release and permeation profiles of spray-dried chitosan microparticles containing caffeic acid. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:410-415. [PMID: 29556132 PMCID: PMC5856945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA), a phenolic compound found in plants with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, induces collagen production and prevents premature aging of the skin. The objective of this study was to develop two types of chitosan microparticles (MP) containing CA and to relate the morphology with the release and permeation profiles. One type of MP was prepared from a hydroalcoholic solution (MPI) and the other from an aqueous solution (MPII). Their morphology and size was evaluated by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The release profile of CA was evaluated using the cellulose membrane from the two MPs in Franz diffusion cells and the permeation profile was evaluated using human abdominal skin samples; the epidermal membranes were prepared by the heat-separation technique. MPII was spherical with a smooth surface, suitable for the controlled release of substances, whereas MPI was porous with non-internalized residual material. This result was consistent with their release and permeation profiles because MPII exhibited a slower and more controlled release than MPI. Thus, the method of preparation of MP and their composition influence the release profile of CA. Therefore, the production conditions must be closely controlled.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rajkumar S, Kevadiya BD, Bajaj HC. Montmorillonite/Poly (L-Lactide) microcomposite spheres as reservoirs of antidepressant drugs and their controlled release property. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
17
|
Optimization of Biopolymer Based Transdermal Films of Metoclopramide as an Alternative Delivery Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6051350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
18
|
Franz-Montan M, Baroni D, Brunetto G, Sobral VRV, da Silva CMG, Venâncio P, Zago PW, Cereda CMS, Volpato MC, de Araújo DR, de Paula E, Groppo FC. Liposomal lidocaine gel for topical use at the oral mucosa: characterization, in vitro assays and in vivo anesthetic efficacy in humans. J Liposome Res 2014; 25:11-9. [PMID: 24807821 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.911315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize liposomal-lidocaine formulations for topical use on oral mucosa and to compare their in vitro permeation and in vivo anesthetic efficacy with commercially available lidocaine formulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Large unilamellar liposomes (400 nm) containing lidocaine were prepared using phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and α-tocoferol (4:3:0.07, w:w:w) and were characterized in terms of membrane/water partition coefficient, encapsulation efficiency, size, polydispersity, zeta potential, and in vitro release. In vitro permeation across pig palatal mucosa and in vivo topical anesthetic efficacy on the palatal mucosa in healthy volunteers (double-blinded cross-over, placebo controlled study) were performed. The following formulations were tested: liposome-encapsulated 5% lidocaine (Liposome-Lido5); liposome-encapsulated 2.5% lidocaine (Liposome-Lido2.5); 5% lidocaine ointment (Xylocaina®), and eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine 2.5% (EMLA®). RESULTS The Liposome-Lido5 and EMLA showed the best in vitro permeation parameters (flux and permeability coefficient) in comparison with Xylocaina and placebo groups, as well as the best in vivo topical anesthetic efficacy. CONCLUSION We successfully developed and characterized a liposome encapsulated 5% lidocaine gel. It could be considered an option to other topical anesthetic agents for oral mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Franz-Montan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Piracicaba, São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Castán H, Ruiz M, Clares B, Morales M. Design, development and characterization of buccal bioadhesive films of Doxepin for treatment of odontalgia. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:869-76. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.896958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
20
|
Hussain Shah SN, Hussain T, Ullah Khan I, Asghar S, Shahzad Y. Formulation study of topically applied lotion: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2013; 3:11-9. [PMID: 23678465 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article presents the development and evaluation of a new topical formulation of diclofenac diethylamine (DDA) as a locally applied analgesic lotion. METHODS To this end, the lotion formulations were formulated with equal volume of varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%; v/v) of permeation enhancers, namely propylene glycol (PG) and turpentine oil (TO). These lotions were subjected to physical studies (pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, and accelerated stability), in vitro permeation, in vivo animal studies and sensatory perception testing. In vitro permeation of DDA from lotion formulations was evaluated across polydimethylsiloxane membrane and rabbit skin using Franz cells. RESULTS It was found that PG and TO content influenced the permeation of DDA across model membranes with the lotion containing 4% v/v PG and TO content showed maximum permeation enhancement of DDA. The flux values for L4 were 1.20±0.02 μg.cm(-2).min(-1) and 0.67 ± 0.02 μg.cm(-2).min(-1) for polydimethylsiloxane and rabbit skin, respectively. Flux values were significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of the control. The flux enhancement ratio of DDA from L4 was 31.6-fold and 4.8-fold for polydimethylsiloxane and rabbit skin, respectively. In the in vivo animal testing, lotion with 4% v/v enhancer content showed maximum anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect without inducing any irritation. Sensatory perception tests involving healthy volunteers rated the formulations between 3 and 4 (values ranging between -4 to +4, indicating a range of very bad to excellent, respectively). CONCLUSION It was concluded that the DDA lotion containing 4% v/v PG and TO exhibit the best performance overall and that this specific formulation should be the basis for further clinical investigations.
Collapse
|
21
|
Development and in-vitro evaluation of an optimized carvedilol transdermal therapeutic system using experimental design approach. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
22
|
Approaches for breaking the barriers of drug permeation through transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2012; 164:26-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
23
|
Seif S, Hansen S. Measuring the stratum corneum reservoir: desorption kinetics from keratin. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3718-28. [PMID: 22733612 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High keratin binding and slow desorption kinetics are assumed to be responsible for the formation of the stratum corneum (SC) reservoir. We measured equilibrium binding coefficients (K(b)) and desorption rate constants (k(off)) with bovine hoof/horn keratin and six solutes with similar molecular weight (180-288 Da) and varying lipophilicities [expressed as octanol-water distribution coefficient, i.e., a partition coefficient corrected for pH (log K(pH))-0.13 to 3.8]. Two ionizable solutes within this set were tested at different pH values as degree of ionization and lipophilicity were expected to influence equilibrium binding and desorption kinetics. The unbound fraction at equilibrium varied between 18% and 93%. All solutes exhibited linear binding isotherms within the investigated concentration range. Equilibrium binding and the rate of desorption are both functions of solute lipophilicity [log K(b) = 1.23 + 0.32 log K(pH); log k(off) = 1/(25.75 + 8.35 K(pH) (0.34))]. Our results prove that slow desorption from keratin may be a major contributor to the SC reservoir. Also, they prove that reservoir formation is relevant for lipophilic solutes independent of drug class, thus allowing new options for topical pharmacotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salem Seif
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Borovinskaya M, Robert B, Plakogiannis FM. Evaluation ofin vitropercutaneous absorption of olanzapine and fluoxetine HCl: enhancement properties of olanzapine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:227-34. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.597765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Hansen S, Selzer D, Schaefer UF, Kasting GB. An Extended Database of Keratin Binding. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:1712-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
26
|
Escobar-Chávez JJ, Merino V, Díez-Sales O, Nácher-Alonso A, Ganem-Quintanar A, Herráez M, Merino-Sanjuán M. Transdermal nortriptyline hydrocloride patch formulated within a chitosan matrix intended to be used for smoking cessation. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 16:162-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450903584902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
27
|
Melero A, Lehr CM, Schäfer UF, Garrigues TM. Wistar rat skin as surrogate for human skin in nortriptyline hydrochloride patch studies. Int J Pharm 2010; 384:137-9. [PMID: 19781607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Six different matrices were prepared containing nortriptyline hydrochloride (NTH) with hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose as polymer. A mixture of transdermal enhancers was included as part of the vehicle. Diffusion studies were carried out through Wistar rat full thickness skin using Franz cells. They were compared with previously determined human heat separated epidermis in order to test if this animal can be used as model for in vivo assays. A linear correlation was obtained between NTH diffusion coefficients through both skin types (r2=0.996).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, University of Valencia, Av. VA Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Melero A, Garrigues TM, Alós M, Kostka KH, Lehr CM, Schaefer UF. Nortriptyline for smoking cessation: release and human skin diffusion from patches. Int J Pharm 2009; 378:101-7. [PMID: 19501148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a simple and inexpensive transdermal formulation containing Nortriptyline Hydrochloride (NTH) for smoking cessation support therapy. Hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose was chosen as polymer and a mixture of transdermal enhancers (selected from previous research) was incorporated. The formulations were characterised in terms of appearance, thickness, uniformity of NTH content, release and skin permeation. Release studies demonstrated controlled release for four formulations. Diffusion studies were performed through human heat separated epidermis (HHSE) using Franz Diffusion Cells (FDC). Patches provided different fluxes varying from 20.39+/-7.09 microg/(cm(2) h) to 256.19+/-94.62 microg/(cm(2) h). The penetration profiles of NTH within the stratum corneum (SC) and deeper skin layers (DSL) were established after three administration periods (3 h, 6 h, and 24 h). Skin changes induced by the application of the patches were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The highest flux obtained would provide the recommended doses for smoke cessation support therapy (25-75 mg per day) with a 2 cm x 2 cm patch or a 3.5 cm x 3.5 cm patch, respectively, without skin damage evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Potential use of tight junction modulators to reversibly open membranous barriers and improve drug delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:892-910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|