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Narancic T, Cerrone F, Beagan N, O’Connor KE. Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E920. [PMID: 32326661 PMCID: PMC7240402 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of oil-based plastics and the continued growth of production and utilisation can be attributed to their cost, durability, strength to weight ratio, and eight contributions to the ease of everyday life. However, their mainly single use, durability and recalcitrant nature have led to a substantial increase of plastics as a fraction of municipal solid waste. The need to substitute single use products that are not easy to collect has inspired a lot of research towards finding sustainable replacements for oil-based plastics. In addition, specific physicochemical, biological, and degradation properties of biodegradable polymers have made them attractive materials for biomedical applications. This review summarises the advances in drug delivery systems, specifically design of nanoparticles based on the biodegradable polymers. We also discuss the research performed in the area of biophotonics and challenges and opportunities brought by the design and application of biodegradable polymers in tissue engineering. We then discuss state-of-the-art research in the design and application of biodegradable polymers in packaging and emphasise the advances in smart packaging development. Finally, we provide an overview of the biodegradation of these polymers and composites in managed and unmanaged environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Narancic
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
- BiOrbic - Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico Cerrone
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
- BiOrbic - Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Beagan
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Kevin E. O’Connor
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
- BiOrbic - Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
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Joshi CR, Raghavan V, Vijayaraghavalu S, Gao Y, Saraswathy M, Labhasetwar V, Ghorpade A. Reaching for the Stars in the Brain: Polymer-Mediated Gene Delivery to Human Astrocytes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:645-657. [PMID: 30081235 PMCID: PMC6082920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the "star-shaped" glial cells, are appealing gene-delivery targets to treat neurological diseases due to their diverse roles in brain homeostasis and disease. Cationic polymers have successfully delivered genes to mammalian cells and hence present a viable, non-immunogenic alternative to widely used viral vectors. In this study, we investigated the gene delivery potential of a series of arginine- and polyethylene glycol-modified, siloxane-based polyethylenimine analogs in primary cultured human neural cells (neurons and astrocytes) and in mice. Plasmid DNAs encoding luciferase reporter were used to measure gene expression. We hypothesized that polyplexes with arginine would help in cellular transport of the DNA, including across the blood-brain barrier; polyethylene glycol will stabilize polyethylenimine and reduce its toxicity while maintaining its DNA-condensing ability. Polyplexes were non-toxic to human neural cells and red blood cells. Cellular uptake of polyplexes and sustained gene expression were seen in human astrocytes as well as in mouse brains post-intravenous-injections. The polyplexes also delivered and expressed genes driven by astrocyte-restricted glial fibrillary acidic protein promoters, which are weaker than viral promoters. To our knowledge, the presented work validates a biocompatible and effective polymer-facilitated gene-delivery system for both human brain cells and mice for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya R Joshi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sivakumar Vijayaraghavalu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manju Saraswathy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Melamed JR, Kreuzberger NL, Goyal R, Day ES. Spherical Nucleic Acid Architecture Can Improve the Efficacy of Polycation-Mediated siRNA Delivery. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:207-219. [PMID: 30195760 PMCID: PMC6023847 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical translation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanocarriers is hindered by limited knowledge regarding the parameters that regulate interactions between nanocarriers and biological systems. To address this, we investigated the influence of polycation-based nanocarrier architecture on intracellular siRNA delivery. We compared the cellular interactions of two polycation-based siRNA carriers that have similar size and surface charge but different siRNA orientation: (1) polyethylenimine-coated spherical nucleic acids (PEI-SNAs), in which polyethylenimine is wrapped around a spherical nucleic acid core containing radially oriented siRNA and (2) randomly assembled polyethylenimine-siRNA polyplexes that lack controlled architecture. We found that PEI-SNAs undergo enhanced and more rapid cellular uptake than polyplexes, suggesting a prominent role for architecture in cellular uptake. Confocal microscopy studies demonstrated that while PEI-SNAs and polyplexes exhibit similar intracellular stability, PEI-SNAs undergo decreased accumulation within lysosomes, identifying another advantage conferred by their architecture. Indeed, these advantageous cellular interactions enhanced the gene silencing potency of PEI-SNAs by 10-fold relative to polyplexes. Finally, cytocompatibility studies showed that PEI-SNAs exhibit decreased toxicity per PEI content relative to polyplexes, allowing the use of more polycation. Our studies provide critical insight into design considerations for engineering siRNA carriers and warrant future investigation of how nanocarrier architecture influences cellular-, organ-, and organism-level interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian R Melamed
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Ritu Goyal
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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Wang Y, Sun S, Zhang Z, Shi D. Nanomaterials for Cancer Precision Medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705660. [PMID: 29504159 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Medical science has recently advanced to the point where diagnosis and therapeutics can be carried out with high precision, even at the molecular level. A new field of "precision medicine" has consequently emerged with specific clinical implications and challenges that can be well-addressed by newly developed nanomaterials. Here, a nanoscience approach to precision medicine is provided, with a focus on cancer therapy, based on a new concept of "molecularly-defined cancers." "Next-generation sequencing" is introduced to identify the oncogene that is responsible for a class of cancers. This new approach is fundamentally different from all conventional cancer therapies that rely on diagnosis of the anatomic origins where the tumors are found. To treat cancers at molecular level, a recently developed "microRNA replacement therapy" is applied, utilizing nanocarriers, in order to regulate the driver oncogene, which is the core of cancer precision therapeutics. Furthermore, the outcome of the nanomediated oncogenic regulation has to be accurately assessed by the genetically characterized, patient-derived xenograft models. Cancer therapy in this fashion is a quintessential example of precision medicine, presenting many challenges to the materials communities with new issues in structural design, surface functionalization, gene/drug storage and delivery, cell targeting, and medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Wang
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shuyang Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs) have proven to be highly efficient and versatile agents for nucleic acid delivery in vitro and in vivo. Despite the low biodegradability of these polymers, they have been used in several clinical trials and the results suggest that the nucleic acid/PEI complexes have a good safety profile. The high transfection efficiency of PEIs probably relies on the fact that these polymers possess a stock of amines that can undergo protonation during the acidification of endosomes. This buffering capacity likely enhances endosomal escape of the polyplexes through the "proton sponge" effect. PEIs have also attracted great interest because the presence of many amino groups allow for easy chemical modifications or conjugation of targeting moieties and hydrophilic polymers. In the present chapter, we summarize and discuss the mechanism of PEI-mediated transfection, as well as the recent developments in PEI-mediated DNA, antisense oligonucleotide, and siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neuberg
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Enhanced efficiency of P-element mediated transgenesis in Drosophila: Microinjection of DNA complexed with nanomaterial. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3408. [PMID: 24296454 PMCID: PMC3847702 DOI: 10.1038/srep03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of genetic transformation technology to generate stable transgenics depends upon the successful delivery of plasmid DNA in embryonic cells. The available gene vectors facilitate efficient plasmid DNA delivery to the cellular milieu but are exposed to nuclease degradation. Recent in vitro studies suggest encapsulation of plasmid DNA with nanomaterial(s) for better protection against nucleases. Therefore, in this study, we tested if complexing of free plasmid DNA with linear polyethylenimine (LPEI, 25 kDa) based nanoparticle (LPN) enhances the efficiency of transformation (transgenesis) by using Drosophila based germ-line transformation technology. Here, we show that the LPN-DNA complex not only enhances the efficiency of this transgenic technology at a DNA concentration of 0.04 μg/μl but also reduces the DNA quantity required to generate transgenics by ten folds. This approach has potential applications for other types of transgenesis and nucleic acid injection methods in Drosophila as well as other popular genetic model systems.
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Cao D, Qin L, Huang H, Feng M, Pan S, Chen J. Transfection activity and the mechanism of pDNA-complexes based on the hybrid of low-generation PAMAM and branched PEI-1.8k. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:3175-86. [PMID: 24126459 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers have been regarded as promising non-viral gene carriers because of their advantages over viral gene vectors, such as low cost, a high level of safety and easy manipulation. However, their poor transfection efficiency in the presence of serum and high toxicity are still limiting issues for clinical applications. In addition, the lack of adequate understanding of the gene delivery mechanism hinders their development to some extent. In this study, new polycations (PAPEs) consisting of a low generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) core and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI-1.8k) outer layers were synthesized and their transfection activity and mechanism were studied. PAPEs were characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. PAPEs were able to self-assemble with pDNA and form spherical nanoparticles with sizes of 70-204 nm and zeta potentials of 13-33 mV. Importantly, the PAPE-pDNA complexes displayed lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection activity than PEI 25k in various cell lines, specifically in the presence of serum. The transfection mechanism was evaluated by endocytosis inhibition with specific inhibitors, time-dependent transfection, and intracellular trafficking inspection by CLSM. The high levels of transgene expression mediated by PAPEs were attributed to caveolae-mediated cellular uptake, the reduced entry into lysosomes and the entry into the nucleus through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanwen Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, and Cardiovascular Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Pan S, Cao D, Huang H, Yi W, Qin L, Feng M. A Serum-Resistant Low-Generation Polyamidoamine with PEI 423 Outer Layer for Gene Delivery Vector. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:422-36. [PMID: 23381904 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new derivative of polyamidoamine and polyethylenimine, G2.5-PEI 423 or G1.5-PEI 423, is prepared by an amidation reaction of PAMAM G2.5 or PAMAM G1.5 using PEI 423. The polycations show a great ability to combine with pDNA to form complexes, which protect the pDNA from nuclease degradation. The polymers display stronger buffer capacity and lower cytotoxicity. The complexes have particle sizes of 120-180 nm and zeta potentials of 20-40 mV. The G2.5-PEI 423 complexes display much higher transfection efficiencies than PAMAM G5 and Lipo-2k, and the G1.5-PEI 423 complexes display higher transfection efficiencies than PAMAM G4 and PEI-25k. The complexes possess better serum-resistant capacity. The G2.5-PEI 423 has a great potential to be used as a serum-resistant gene vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China.
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Pan S, Cao D, Fang R, Yi W, Huang H, Tian S, Feng M. Cellular uptake and transfection activity of DNA complexes based on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-glutamine) copolymer with PAMAM G2. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5114-5127. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Patnaik S, Gupta KC. Novel polyethylenimine-derived nanoparticles for in vivo gene delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 10:215-28. [PMID: 23252504 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.744964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Branched and linear polyethylenimines (PEIs) are cationic polymers that have been used to deliver nucleic acids both in vitro and in vivo. Owing to the high cationic charge, the branched polymers exhibit high transfection efficiency, and particularly PEI of molecular weight 25 kDa is considered as a gold standard in gene delivery. These polymers have been extensively studied and modified with different ligands so as to achieve the targeted delivery. AREAS COVERED The application of PEI in vivo promises to take the polymer-based vector to the next level wherein it can undergo clinical trials and subsequently could be used for delivery of therapeutics in humans. This review focuses on the various recent developments that have been made in the field of PEI-based delivery vectors for delivery of therapeutics in vivo. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy of PEI-based delivery vectors in vivo is significantly high and animal studies demonstrate that such systems have a potential in humans. However, we feel that though PEI is a promising vector, further studies involving PEI in animal models are needed so as to get a detailed toxicity profile of these vectors. Also, it is imperative that the vector reaches the specific organ causing little or no undesirable effects to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Patnaik
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Tripathi SK, Yadav S, Gupta KC, Kumar P. Synthesis and evaluation of N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-PEIs as efficient vectors for nucleic acids. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1426-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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