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Groёl S, Menzen T, Winter G. Calorimetric Investigation of the Relaxation Phenomena in Amorphous Lyophilized Solids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1735. [PMID: 34684028 PMCID: PMC8538343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the thermal history and relaxation of solid amorphous drug product matrices by calorimetry is a well-known approach, particularly in the context of correlating the matrix parameters with the long-term stability of freeze-dried protein drug products. Such calorimetric investigations are even more relevant today, as the application of new process techniques in freeze-drying (which strongly influence the thermal history of the products) has recently gained more interest. To revive the application of calorimetric methods, the widely scattered knowledge on this matter is condensed into a review and completed with new experimental data. The calorimetric methods are applied to recent techniques in lyophilization, such as controlled nucleation and aggressive/collapse drying. Phenomena such as pre-Tg events in differential scanning calorimetry and aging shoulders in isothermal microcalorimetry are critically reviewed and supplemented with data of freeze-dried products that have not been characterized with these methods before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Groёl
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, 82152 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Fiedler D, Hartl S, Gerlza T, Trojacher C, Kungl A, Khinast J, Roblegg E. Comparing freeze drying and spray drying of interleukins using model protein CXCL8 and its variants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:152-165. [PMID: 34474111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spray-dried products, such as synthetic peptides and hormones, have already been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Agency and the European Medicines Agency, while spray-dried antibodies or interleukins, are not yet available on the market. Concerning the latter group, knowledge on whether and how spray-drying (SD) can be performed without adversely affecting their biological activity is lacking. Accordingly, this study aimed at establishing a SD process (Büchi B-90 spray dryer) using three Interleukin-8 based proteins (7-74 kDa) that were dispersed in phosphate buffered saline to maintain their stability. A Box-Behnken Design of Experiments was conducted to identify the appropriate process parameters taking into account the thermal stability of interleukin-8. In parallel, a FD process was developed. Both powders were stored for up to 12 weeks. Powder characterization included residual moisture evaluation and the mean particle size of the SD powder was investigated with Laser Diffraction Analysis. The hydrodynamic volume was measured via size exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The secondary structure of the model proteins in the solid state was assessed with Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy for detecting the protein folding patterns and reconstituted with Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Finally, the binding affinity was studied with Surface Plasmon Resonance and Isothermal Fluorescence Titration, the protein stability with Chaotropic Unfolding, and the activity studies were carried out with the chemotaxis assay. The results showed that SD and FD powders with a residual moisture of less than 5 wt% were obtained. The interleukins showed no unfolding upon processing, neither in solid state nor reconstituted. Oligomerization was observed for FD, but not for SD interleukins. However, the unfolding, binding affinity and activity of all interleukins examined did not decrease in neither SD nor FD powders, even after 12 weeks of storage. Thus, it can be concluded that SD of interleukin formulations at outlet temperatures close to ambient temperature is a promising process for transferring them into a stable powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fiedler
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Hartl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Trojacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/III, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Zheng Y, Pokorski JK. Hot melt extrusion: An emerging manufacturing method for slow and sustained protein delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1712. [PMID: 33691347 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the biopharmaceutical industry, an increasing number of new therapeutic protein products (TPPs) have been approved by the FDA and many others are under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. A major limitation of biopharmaceuticals is their limited half-life when administered systemically. A one-time, implantable, sustained protein delivery device would be advantageous in order to improve the quality of life of patients. Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a mature technology that has been extensively used for a broad spectrum of applications in the polymer and pharmaceutical industry and has achieved success as evidenced by a variety of FDA-approved commercial products. These commercial products are mostly for sustained delivery of small molecule therapeutics, leaving a significant gap for HME formulation of therapeutic proteins. With the increasing need of sustained TPP delivery, HME shows promise as a downstream processing method due to its high efficiency and economic value. Several challenges remain for the application of HME in protein delivery. Progress of HME for protein delivery, challenges encountered, and potential solutions will be detailed in this review article. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Evaluation of Predictors of Protein Relative Stability Obtained by Solid-State Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Monitored by FTIR. Pharm Res 2020; 37:168. [PMID: 32794130 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange over a range of temperatures suggests a protein structural/mobility transition in the solid state below the system glass transition temperature (Tg). The purpose of this study was to determine whether solid-state protein stability correlates with the difference between storage temperature and apparent Td where an abrupt change in mobility occurs, or alternatively, the extent of H/D exchange at a single temperature correlates directly to protein stability in lyophilized solids. METHODS Solid-state H/D exchange was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy to study the extent of exchange and the apparent transition temperature in both pure recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) and rHSA formulated with sucrose or trehalose. H/D exchange of freeze-dried formulations at 11% RH and temperatures from 30 to 80°C was monitored. Protein stability against aggregation at 40°C/11% RH for 6 months was assessed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). RESULTS Both sucrose and trehalose showed equivalent protection of protein secondary structure by FTIR. The rHSA:sucrose formulation showed superior long-term stability at 40°C by SEC over the trehalose formulation, but the apparent Td determined from H/D exchange was much higher in the trehalose formulation. Instead, the extent of H/D exchange (X∞) was lower in the sucrose formulation at the temperature of the stability studies (40°C) than found for the trehalose formulation, which was consistent with better stability in the sucrose formulation. CONCLUSIONS While apparent Td did not correlate with protein stability for rHSA, the extent of H/D exchange, X∞, did.
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Shmool TA, Batens M, Massant J, Van den Mooter G, Zeitler JA. Tracking solid state dynamics in spray-dried protein powders at infrared and terahertz frequencies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:244-251. [PMID: 31546022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talia A Shmool
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Batens
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Massant
- Biological Formulation Development, UCB Pharma, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Observation of high-temperature macromolecular confinement in lyophilised protein formulations using terahertz spectroscopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100022. [PMID: 31517287 PMCID: PMC6733290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural dynamics in lyophilised protein formulations can be probed with terahertz spectroscopy and two glass transition processes, Tg,α and Tg,β, are observed. Vibrational confinement upon thermal activation is observed resulting in no detectable changes in secondary structure but strongly reduced the molecular mobility at temperatures above Tg,α. The confinement was found to be strongly dependent on the formulation. We hypothesise that confinement is linked to conformational states with potential effects on physical and chemical stability of the biomolecule during storage.
Characterising the structural dynamics of proteins and the effects of excipients are critical for optimising the design of formulations. In this work we investigated four lyophilised formulations containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and three formulations containing a monoclonal antibody (mAb, here mAb1), and explored the role of the excipients polysorbate 80, sucrose, trehalose, and arginine on stabilising proteins. By performing temperature variable terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) experiments it is possible to study the vibrational dynamics of these formulations. The THz-TDS measurements reveal two distinct glass transition processes in all tested formulations. The lower temperature transition, Tg,β, is associated with the onset of local motion due to the secondary relaxation whilst the higher temperature transition, Tg,α, marks the onset of the α-relaxation. For some of the formulations, containing globular BSA as well as mAb1, the absorption at terahertz frequencies does not increase further at temperatures above Tg,α. Such behaviour is in contrast to our previous observations for small organic molecules as well as linear polymers where absorption is always observed to steadily increase with temperature due to the stronger absorption of terahertz radiation by more mobile dipoles. The absence of such further increase in absorption with higher temperatures therefore suggests a localised confinement of the protein/excipient matrix at high temperatures that hinders any further increase in mobility. We found that subtle changes in excipient composition had an effect on the transition temperatures Tg,α and Tg,β as well as the vibrational confinement in the solid state. Further work is required to establish the potential significance of the vibrational confinement in the solid state on formulation stability and chemical degradation as well as what role the excipients play in achieving such confinement.
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Karl M, Larsen PE, Rangacharya VP, Hwu ET, Rantanen J, Boisen A, Rades T. Ultrasensitive Microstring Resonators for Solid State Thermomechanical Analysis of Small and Large Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17522-17531. [PMID: 30468581 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Thermal analysis plays an important role in both industrial and fundamental research and is widely used to study thermal characteristics of a variety of materials. However, despite considerable effort using different techniques, research struggles to resolve the physicochemical nature of many thermal transitions such as amorphous relaxations or structural changes in proteins. To overcome the limitations in sensitivity of conventional techniques and to gain new insight into the thermal and mechanical properties of small- and large-molecule samples, we have developed an instrumental analysis technique using resonating low-stress silicon nitride microstrings. With a simple sample deposition method and postprocess data analysis, we are able to perform rapid thermal analysis of direct instrumental triplicate samples with only pico- to nanograms of material. Utilizing this method, we present the first measurement of amorphous alpha and beta relaxation, as well as liquid crystalline transitions and decomposition of small-molecule samples deposited onto a microstring resonator. Furthermore, sensitive measurements of the glass transition of polymers and yet unresolved thermal responses of proteins below their apparent denaturation temperature, which seem to include the true solid state glass transition of pure protein, are reported. Where applicable, thermal events detected with the setup were in good agreement with conventional techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The sensitive detection of even subtle thermal transitions highlights further possibilities and applications of resonating microstrings in instrumental physicochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Karl
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Peter E Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Varadarajan P Rangacharya
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - En Te Hwu
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark.,Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Fondens Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN) , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
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Differentiation of Honey from Melipona Species Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Protein Internal Dynamics Associated With Pre-System Glass Transition Temperature Endothermic Events: Investigation of Insulin and Human Growth Hormone by Solid State Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3290-3295. [PMID: 27640753 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilized proteins are generally stored below their glass transition temperature (Tg) to maintain long-term stability. Some proteins in the (pure) solid state showed a distinct endotherm at a temperature well below the glass transition, designated as a pre-Tg endotherm. The pre-Tg endothermic event has been linked with a transition in protein internal mobility. The aim of this study was to investigate the internal dynamics of 2 proteins, insulin and human growth hormone (hGH), both of which exhibit the pre-Tg endothermic event with onsets at 50°C-60°C. Solid state hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of both proteins was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy over a temperature range from 30°C to 80°C. A distinct sigmoidal transition in the extent of H/D exchange had a midpoint of 56.1 ± 1.2°C for insulin and 61.7 ± 0.9°C for hGH, suggesting a transition to greater mobility in the protein molecules at these temperatures. The data support the hypothesis that the pre-Tg event is related to a transition in internal protein mobility associated with the protein dynamical temperature. Exceeding the protein dynamical temperature is expected to activate protein internal motion and therefore may have stability consequences.
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Lyophilized protein powders: A review of analytical tools for root cause analysis of lot-to-lot variability. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Encapsulating betalains from Opuntia ficus-indica fruits by ionic gelation: Pigment chemical stability during storage of beads. Food Chem 2016; 202:373-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xu Q, Guo J, Niu C, Hou Z, Zhang H, Lian J, Guo Y. Preparation characteristics and accelerating denitrification effectiveness of polyamide 6 modified by AQS. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1063453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Stabilization of proteins in solid form. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 93:14-24. [PMID: 25982818 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of aggregated or otherwise degraded protein delivered from depots or other biopharmaceutical products is an increasing concern, and the ability to deliver stable, active protein is of central importance. We review characterization approaches for solid protein dosage forms with respect to metrics that are intended to be predictive of protein stability against aggregation and other degradation processes. Each of these approaches is ultimately motivated by hypothetical connections between protein stability and the material property being measured. We critically evaluate correlations between these properties and stability outcomes, and use these evaluations to revise the currently standing hypotheses. Based on this we provide simple physical principles that are necessary (and possibly sufficient) for generating solid delivery vehicles with stable protein loads. Essentially, proteins should be strongly coupled (typically through H-bonds) to the bulk regions of a phase-homogeneous matrix with suppressed β relaxation. We also provide a framework for reliable characterization of solid protein forms with respect to stability.
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Tonnis WF, Mensink MA, de Jager A, van der Voort Maarschalk K, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Size and molecular flexibility of sugars determine the storage stability of freeze-dried proteins. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:684-94. [PMID: 25581526 DOI: 10.1021/mp500423z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based biopharmaceuticals are generally produced as aqueous solutions and stored refrigerated to obtain sufficient shelf life. Alternatively, proteins may be freeze-dried in the presence of sugars to allow storage stability at ambient conditions for prolonged periods. However, to act as a stabilizer, these sugars should remain in the glassy state during storage. This requires a sufficiently high glass transition temperature (Tg). Furthermore, the sugars should be able to replace the hydrogen bonds between the protein and water during drying. Frequently used disaccharides are characterized by a relatively low Tg, rendering them sensitive to plasticizing effects of residual water, which strongly reduces the Tg values of the formulation. Larger sugars generally have higher Tgs, but it is assumed that these sugars are limited in their ability to interact with the protein due to steric hindrance. In this paper, the size and molecular flexibility of sugars was related to their ability to stabilize proteins. Four diverse proteins varying in size from 6 kDa to 540 kDa were freeze-dried in the presence of different sugars varying in size and molecular flexibility. Subsequently, the different samples were subjected to an accelerated stability test. Using protein specific assays and intrinsic fluorescence, stability of the proteins was monitored. It was found that the smallest sugar (disaccharide trehalose) best preserved the proteins, but also that the Tg of the formulations was only just high enough to maintain sufficient vitrification. When trehalose-based formulations are exposed to high relative humidities, water uptake by the product reduces the Tgs too much. In that respect, sugars with higher Tgs are desired. Addition of polysaccharide dextran 70 kDa to trehalose greatly increased the Tg of the formulation. Moreover, this combination also improved the stability of the proteins compared to dextran only formulations. The molecularly flexible oligosaccharide inulin 4 kDa provided better stabilization than the similarly sized but molecularly rigid oligosaccharide dextran 6 kDa. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that size and molecular flexibility of sugars affect their ability to stabilize proteins. As long as they maintain vitrified, smaller and molecularly more flexible sugars are less affected by steric hindrance and thus better capable at stabilizing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Tonnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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