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D'Anna SE, Dossena F, Gnemmi I, Brun P, Spanevello A, Carriero V, Bertolini F, Maniscalco M, Ricciardolo FL, Balbi B, Di Stefano A. Bacterial load and related innate immune response in the bronchi of rapid decliners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2023:107297. [PMID: 37245650 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of COPD patients with rapid lung functional decline is of interest for prognostic and therapeutic reasons. We recently reported an impaired humoral immune response in rapid decliners. OBJECTIVE To determine the microbiota associated to markers of innate immune host response in COPD patients with rapid lung functional decline. METHODS In COPD patients monitored for at least 3 years (mean ± SD: 5.8 ± 3 years) for lung functional decline, the microbiota and related markers of immune response was measured in bronchial biopsies of patients with different lung functional decline (rate of FEV1% lung functional decline: no decline FEV1%, ≤20 ml/year n = 21, slow decline FEV1%, >20 ≤ 70 ml/year, n = 14 and rapid decline FEV1%, >70 ml/year, n = 15) using qPCR for microbiota and immunohistochemistry for cell-receptors and inflammatory markers. MAIN RESULTS Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae were increased in rapid decliners vs slow decliners, S. pneumoniae was also increased compared to non decliners. In all patients, S. pneumoniae (copies/ml) positively correlated with pack-years consumption, lung function decline, TLR4, NOD1, NOD2 scored in bronchial epithelium and NOD1/mm2 in lamina propria. CONCLUSION These data show an imbalance of microbiota components in rapid decliners which is associated to the expression of the related cell-receptors in all COPD patients. These findings may help in the prognostic stratification and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestro Ennio D'Anna
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Telese, BN, Italy.
| | - Francesca Dossena
- Divisione di Pneumologia and Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, NO, Italy
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Divisione di Pneumologia and Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, NO, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Spanevello
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, VA, Italy
| | - Vitina Carriero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Rare Lung Disease Unit and Severe Asthma Centre, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Rare Lung Disease Unit and Severe Asthma Centre, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Telese, BN, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Respiratory Disease, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Lm Ricciardolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Rare Lung Disease Unit and Severe Asthma Centre, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Bruno Balbi
- Divisione di Pneumologia and Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, NO, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia and Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, NO, Italy
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2
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Thanvi R, Nada S, Dissanayake R, Vartak A, Sebilleau CO, Alom NE, Prestwich EG, Wall KA, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Self-Adjuvanting Pseudomonal Vaccine Based on Major Outer Membrane Porin OprF Epitopes Formulated with Low-Toxicity QS-21-Containing Liposomes. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:893-910. [PMID: 37092892 PMCID: PMC10723056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a Gram-negative pathogen that the World Health Organization has ranked as a priority 1 (critical) threat. One potential prophylactic approach to preventing or reducing the incidence of PA would be development of a long sought-after vaccine. Both antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses have been noted as playing key roles in protection against infection. In these studies, we have designed a prototype vaccine consisting of several known linear B-cell epitopes derived from an outer membrane porin F (OprF). The resulting thiol-containing protein was conjugated to a version of the lipopeptide-based Toll-like receptor agonist Pam3CysSK4Mal (10) containing a maleimide moiety and formulated into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/cholesterol (Chol) liposomes. Mice immunized with the resulting vaccine generated antibodies that bound PA14 (serotype O10) in vitro and induced opsonization in the presence of rabbit complement and murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The liposome was optimized to contain 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DMPG), Chol, Pam3CysSK4-OprF (12) and the Quillaja saponaria-derived saponin adjuvant QS-21. The resulting vaccine formulation produced significantly higher antibody titers, increased the IgG2a antibody isotype, and increased the number of IgG-producing B-cells as well as splenic primed T-cells. In summary, the liposomal vaccine platform was found highly useful for the generation of a robust and balanced TH1/TH2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Thanvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Shadia Nada
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Ravindika Dissanayake
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Abhishek Vartak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Chloé Olayinka Sebilleau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Nur-E Alom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Erin G Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Katherine A Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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3
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Wen Y, Zhang RY, Wang J, Zhou SH, Peng XQ, Ding D, Zhang ZM, Wei HW, Guo J. Novel sialoglycan linkage for constructing adjuvant-protein conjugate as potent vaccine for COVID-19. J Control Release 2023; 355:238-247. [PMID: 36716860 PMCID: PMC9907060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-adjuvanting protein vaccines have been proved to be highly immunogenic with efficient codelivery of adjuvant and antigen. Current protein vaccines with built-in adjuvants are all modified at the peptide backbone of antigen protein, which could not achieve minor epitope interference and adjuvant multivalency at the same time. Herein, we developed a new conjugate strategy to construct effective adjuvant-protein vaccine with adjuvant cluster effect and minimal epitope interference. The toll-like receptor 7 agonist (TLR7a) is covalently conjugated on the terminal sialoglycans of SARS-CoV-2-S1 protein, leading to intracellular release of the small-molecule stimulators with greatly reduced risks of systemic toxicity. The resulting TLR7a-S1 conjugate elicited strong activation of immune cells in vitro, and potent antibody and cellular responses with a significantly enhanced Th1-bias in vivo. TLR7a-S1-induced antibody also effectively cross-neutralized all variants of concern. This sialoglycoconjugation approach to construct protein conjugate vaccines will have more applications to combat SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd, Nantong 226499, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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4
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Massena CJ, Lathrop SK, Davison CJ, Schoener R, Bazin HG, Evans JT, Burkhart DJ. A tractable covalent linker strategy for the production of immunogenic antigen-TLR7/8L bioconjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4698-4701. [PMID: 33977971 PMCID: PMC9118693 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00795e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ease of production and improved safety profiles of recombinant vaccines, the inherently low immunogenicity of unadjuvanted proteins remains an impediment to their widespread adoption. The covalent tethering of TLR agonists to antigenic proteins offers a unique approach to co-deliver both constituents to the same cell-enhancing vaccine efficacy while minimizing reactogenicity. However, the paucity of simple and effective linker chemistries continues to hamper progress. Here, we present a modular, PEG-based linker system compatible with even extremely lipophilic and challenging TLR7/8 agonists. To advance the field and address previous obstacles, we offer the most straightforward and antigen-preserving linker system to date. These antigen-adjuvant conjugates enhance antigen-specific immune responses in mice, demonstrating the power of our approach within the context of modern vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Massena
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - S K Lathrop
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - C J Davison
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - R Schoener
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - H G Bazin
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - J T Evans
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - D J Burkhart
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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5
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Chen Q, Sun T, Jiang C. Recent Advancements in Nanomedicine for 'Cold' Tumor Immunotherapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:92. [PMID: 34138315 PMCID: PMC8006526 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although current anticancer immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been reported with a high clinical success rate, numerous patients still bear 'cold' tumors with insufficient T cell infiltration and low immunogenicity, responding poorly to ICI therapy. Considering the advancements in precision medicine, in-depth mechanism studies on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) among cold tumors are required to improve the treatment for these patients. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising drug delivery system in anticancer immunotherapy, activates immune function, modulates the TIME, and has been applied in combination with other anticancer therapeutic strategies. This review initially summarizes the mechanisms underlying immunosuppressive TIME in cold tumors and addresses the recent advancements in nanotechnology for cold TIME reversal-based therapies, as well as a brief talk about the feasibility of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, and School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, and School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, and School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Wagner A, Weinberger B. Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Older Population: Immunological Challenges and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:717. [PMID: 32391017 PMCID: PMC7190794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the older population. Demographic changes will lead to increasing numbers of older persons over the next decades. Prevention of infections becomes increasingly important to ensure healthy aging for the individual, and to alleviate the socio-economic burden for societies. Undoubtedly, vaccines are the most efficient health care measure to prevent infections. Age-associated changes of the immune system are responsible for decreased immunogenicity and clinical efficacy of most currently used vaccines in older age. Efficacy of standard influenza vaccines is only 30-50% in the older population. Several approaches, such as higher antigen dose, use of MF59 as adjuvant and intradermal administration have been implemented in order to specifically target the aged immune system. The use of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been amended by a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine originally developed for young children several years ago to overcome at least some of the limitations of the T cell-independent polysaccharide antigens, but still is only approximately 50% protective against pneumonia. A live-attenuated vaccine against herpes zoster, which has been available for several years, demonstrated efficacy of 51% against herpes zoster and 67% against post-herpetic neuralgia. Protection was lower in the very old and decreased several years after vaccination. Recently, a recombinant vaccine containing the viral glycoprotein gE and the novel adjuvant AS01B has been licensed. Phase III studies demonstrated efficacy against herpes zoster of approx. 90% even in the oldest age groups after administration of two doses and many countries now recommend the preferential use of this vaccine. There are still many infectious diseases causing substantial morbidity in the older population, for which no vaccines are available so far. Extensive research is ongoing to develop vaccines against novel targets with several vaccine candidates already being clinically tested, which have the potential to substantially reduce health care costs and to save many lives. In addition to the development of novel and improved vaccines, which specifically target the aged immune system, it is also important to improve uptake of the existing vaccines in order to protect the vulnerable, older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Wagner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Evans JT, Bess LS, Mwakwari SC, Livesay MT, Li Y, Cybulski V, Johnson DA, Bazin HG. Synthetic Toll-like Receptors 7 and 8 Agonists: Structure-Activity Relationship in the Oxoadenine Series. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15665-15677. [PMID: 31572869 PMCID: PMC6761749 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) are broadly expressed on antigen-presenting cells, making TLR7/8 agonists likely candidates for the development of new vaccine adjuvants. We previously reported the synthesis of a new series of 8-oxoadenines substituted at the 9-position with a 4-piperidinylalkyl moiety and demonstrated that TLR7/8 selectivity and potency could be modulated by varying the length of the alkyl linker. In the present study, we broadened our initial structure-activity relationship study to further evaluate the effects of N-heterocycle ring size, chirality, and substitution on TLR7/8 potency, receptor selectivity, and cytokine (IFNα and TNFα) induction from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). TLR7/8 activity correlated primarily to linker length and to a lesser extent to ring size, while ring chirality had little effect on TLR7/8 potency or selectivity. Substitution of the heterocyclic ring with an aminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl group for subsequent conjugation to phospholipids or antigens was well tolerated with the retention of both TLR7/8 activity and cytokine induction from human PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay T. Evans
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Laura S. Bess
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Sandra C. Mwakwari
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Mark T. Livesay
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Yufeng Li
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Van Cybulski
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - David A. Johnson
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Hélène G. Bazin
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
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8
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Lynn GM, Chytil P, Francica JR, Lagová A, Kueberuwa G, Ishizuka AS, Zaidi N, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Blobel NJ, Baharom F, Leal J, Wang AQ, Gerner MY, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, Seymour LW, Seder RA, Laga R. Impact of Polymer-TLR-7/8 Agonist (Adjuvant) Morphology on the Potency and Mechanism of CD8 T Cell Induction. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:854-870. [PMID: 30608149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule Toll-like receptor-7 and -8 agonists (TLR-7/8a) can be used as vaccine adjuvants to induce CD8 T cell immunity but require formulations that prevent systemic toxicity and focus adjuvant activity in lymphoid tissues. Here, we covalently attached TLR-7/8a to polymers of varying composition, chain architecture and hydrodynamic behavior (∼300 nm submicrometer particles, ∼10 nm micelles and ∼4 nm flexible random coils) and evaluated how these parameters of polymer-TLR-7/8a conjugates impact adjuvant activity in vivo. Attachment of TLR-7/8a to any of the polymer compositions resulted in a nearly 10-fold reduction in systemic cytokines (toxicity). Moreover, both lymph node cytokine production and the magnitude of CD8 T cells induced against protein antigen increased with increasing polymer-TLR-7/8a hydrodynamic radius, with the submicrometer particle inducing the highest magnitude responses. Notably, CD8 T cell responses induced by polymer-TLR-7/8a were dependent on CCR2+ monocytes and IL-12, whereas responses by a small molecule TLR-7/8a that unexpectedly persisted in vaccine-site draining lymph nodes (T1/2 = 15 h) had less dependence on monocytes and IL-12 but required Type I IFNs. This study shows how modular properties of synthetic adjuvants can be chemically programmed to alter immunity in vivo through distinct immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Anna Lagová
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Gray Kueberuwa
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Ramiro A Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Joseph Leal
- Department of Immunology , University of Washington , South Lake Union E-411, 750 Republican Street , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Amy Q Wang
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , 9800 Medical Center Drive , Rockville , Maryland 20850 , United States
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology , University of Washington , South Lake Union E-411, 750 Republican Street , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
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9
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O'Hagan DT, Friedland LR, Hanon E, Didierlaurent AM. Towards an evidence based approach for the development of adjuvanted vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:93-102. [PMID: 28755542 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, several vaccines formulated with a new generation of adjuvants have been licensed or approved to target diseases such as influenza, hepatitis B, cervical cancer, and malaria. These new generation adjuvants appear to work by delivering a localized activation signal to the innate immune system, which in turn promotes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Advances in understanding of the innate immune system together with high-throughput discovery of synthetic immune potentiators are now expanding the portfolio of new generation adjuvants available for evaluation. Meanwhile, omics and systems biology are providing molecular benchmarks or signatures to assess vaccine safety and effectiveness. This accumulating knowledge and experience raises the prospect that the future selection of the right antigen/adjuvant combination can be more evidence based and can speed up the clinical development program for new adjuvanted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T O'Hagan
- GSK Vaccines, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, USA. derek.t.o'
| | | | - Emmanuel Hanon
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
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10
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Zhang G, Jia P, Cheng G, Jiao S, Ren L, Ji S, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. Enhanced immune response to inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine by conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 166:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Francica JR, Lynn GM, Laga R, Joyce MG, Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Chen M, Chaudhuri R, Zhang B, Sastry M, Druz A, Ko K, Choe M, Pechar M, Georgiev IS, Kueltzo LA, Seymour LW, Mascola JR, Kwong PD, Graham BS, Seder RA. Thermoresponsive Polymer Nanoparticles Co-deliver RSV F Trimers with a TLR-7/8 Adjuvant. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2372-2385. [PMID: 27583777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Structure-based vaccine design has been used to develop immunogens that display conserved neutralization sites on pathogens such as HIV-1, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza. Improving the immunogenicity of these designed immunogens with adjuvants will require formulations that do not alter protein antigenicity. Here, we show that nanoparticle-forming thermoresponsive polymers (TRP) allow for co-delivery of RSV fusion (F) protein trimers with Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists (TLR-7/8a) to enhance protective immunity. Although primary amine conjugation of TLR-7/8a to F trimers severely disrupted the recognition of critical neutralizing epitopes, F trimers site-selectively coupled to TRP nanoparticles retained appropriate antigenicity and elicited high titers of prefusion-specific, TH1 isotype anti-RSV F antibodies following vaccination. Moreover, coupling F trimers to TRP delivering TLR-7/8a resulted in ∼3-fold higher binding and neutralizing antibody titers than soluble F trimers admixed with TLR-7/8a and conferred protection from intranasal RSV challenge. Overall, these data show that TRP nanoparticles may provide a broadly applicable platform for eliciting neutralizing antibodies to structure-dependent epitopes on RSV, influenza, HIV-1, or other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rajoshi Chaudhuri
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kiyoon Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lisa A Kueltzo
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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12
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The adjuvant effect of TLR7 agonist conjugated to a meningococcal serogroup C glycoconjugate vaccine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Wu TYH. Strategies for designing synthetic immune agonists. Immunology 2016; 148:315-25. [PMID: 27213842 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the immune system is a validated strategy to combat infectious disease, cancer and allergy. Nevertheless, the development of immune adjuvants has been hampered by safety concerns. Agents that can stimulate the immune system often bear structural similarities with pathogen-associated molecular patterns found in bacteria or viruses and are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs results in the immediate release of inflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and recruitment of innate immune cells. The distribution and duration of these early inflammatory events are crucial in the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity in the forms of antibody and/or T cells capable of searching for and destroying the infectious pathogens or cancer cells. However, systemic activation of these PRRs is often poorly tolerated. Hence, different strategies have been employed to modify or deliver immune agonists in an attempt to control the early innate receptor activation through temporal or spatial restriction. These approaches include physicochemical manipulation, covalent conjugation, formulation and conditional activation/deactivation. This review will describe recent examples of discovery and optimization of synthetic immune agonists towards clinical application.
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14
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Marzabadi CH, Franck RW. Small-Molecule Carbohydrate-Based Immunostimulants. Chemistry 2016; 23:1728-1742. [PMID: 27385422 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss small-molecule, carbohydrate-based immunostimulants that target Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and cluster of differentiation 1D (CD1d) receptors. The design and use of these molecules in immunotherapy as well as results from their use in clinical trials are described. How these molecules work and their utilization as vaccine adjuvants are also discussed. Future applications and extensions for the use of these analogues as therapeutic agents will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H Marzabadi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave., South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Richard W Franck
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College/CUNY, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
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15
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Bruno C, Agnolon V, Berti F, Bufali S, O'Hagan DT, Baudner BC. The preparation and characterization of PLG nanoparticles with an entrapped synthetic TLR7 agonist and their preclinical evaluation as adjuvant for an adsorbed DTaP vaccine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 105:1-8. [PMID: 27224856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The design of safe and potent adjuvants able to enhance and modulate antigen-specific immunity is of great interest for vaccine research and development. In the present study, negatively charged poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles have been combined with a synthetic immunepotentiator molecule targeting the Toll-like receptor 7. The selection of appropriate preparation and freeze-drying conditions resulted in a PLG-based adjuvant with well-defined and stable physico-chemical properties. The adjuvanticity of such nanosystem has later been evaluated in the mouse model with a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, on the basis of the current need to improve the efficacy of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. DTaP antigens were adsorbed onto PLG nanoparticles surface, allowing the co-delivery of TLR7a and multiple antigens through a single formulation. The entrapment of TLR7a into PLG nanoparticles resulted in enhanced IgG and IgG2a antibody titers. Notably, the immune potentiator effect of TLR7a was less evident when it was used in not-entrapped form, indicating that co-localization of TLR7a and antigens is required to adequately stimulate immune responses. In conclusion, the rational selection of adjuvants and formulation here described resulted as a highly valuable approach to potentiate and better tailor DTaP vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bruno
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Valentina Agnolon
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Bufali
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Derek T O'Hagan
- GSK Vaccines, 350 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA. derek.t.o'
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16
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van der Burg SH, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van Hall T, Melief CJM. Vaccines for established cancer: overcoming the challenges posed by immune evasion. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:219-33. [PMID: 26965076 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines preferentially stimulate T cells against tumour-specific epitopes that are created by DNA mutations or oncogenic viruses. In the setting of premalignant disease, carcinoma in situ or minimal residual disease, therapeutic vaccination can be clinically successful as monotherapy; however, in established cancers, therapeutic vaccines will require co-treatments to overcome immune evasion and to become fully effective. In this Review, we discuss the progress that has been made in overcoming immune evasion controlled by tumour cell-intrinsic factors and the tumour microenvironment. We summarize how therapeutic benefit can be maximized in patients with established cancers by improving vaccine design and by using vaccines to increase the effects of standard chemotherapies, to establish and/or maintain tumour-specific T cells that are re-energized by checkpoint blockade and other therapies, and to sustain the antitumour response of adoptively transferred T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, J. H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Huang Q, Yu W, Hu T. Potent Antigen-Adjuvant Delivery System by Conjugation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-HspX Fusion Protein with Arabinogalactan-Poly(I:C) Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1165-74. [PMID: 27002920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based vaccine is promising to improve or replace Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine for its specificity, safety, and easy production. However, protein-based vaccine calls for potent adjuvants and improved delivery systems to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Poly(I:C) is one of the most potent pathogen-associated molecular patterns that signals primarily via TLR3. Arabinogalactan (AG) is a biocompatible polysaccharide that can increase splenocyte proliferation and stimulate macrophages. The AG-poly(I:C) conjugate (AG-P) showed an adjuvant potency through a synergistic interaction of AG and poly(I:C). Ag85B and HspX are two important virulent protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Ag85B-HspX fusion protein (AH) was prepared. An antigen-adjuvant delivery system (AH-AG-P) was developed by conjugation of AH with AG-P to ensure that both AH and AG-P reach the APCs simultaneously. AH-AG-P elicited high AH-specific IgG titers and stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. AH-AG-P provoked the secretion of Th1-type cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Pharmacokinetics revealed that conjugation with AG-P could prolong the serum exposure of AH to the immune system. Pharmacodynamics suggested that conjugation with AG-P led to a rapid and intense production of AH-specific IgG. Accordingly, conjugation with AG-P could promote a robust cellular and humoral immune response to AH. Thus, conjugation of AH with a potent adjuvant AG-P is an effective strategy to develop an efficacious protein-based vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weili Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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18
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Abstract
For many decades the only adjuvants accepted in human licensed vaccines have been particulate substances such as alum and emulsions. These compounds have been identified empirically, based on their ability to enhance immune responses to vaccination in animals, without understanding their mechanism of action. Thanks to the increased knowledge of the innate immune system, many new adjuvants, designed around known Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified. A TLR4 agonist is part of a licensed vaccine and TLR9 ligands are in late stage clinical testing. Adjuvants targeting alternative PRRs have been validated in preclinical models. In the future we have to expect more sophisticated adjuvant formulations, including multiple PPR ligands combined with novel antigen delivery systems. In addition to traditional adjuvants, other innovative strategies improving vaccine immunity are emerging. Among them combinations of vaccines with cytokines, inhibitors of metabolic pathways, modulators of baseline inflammation levels, monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint inhibitors and compounds depleting of regulatory cells. The introduction of novel technologies has the potential to support the development of vaccines with increased efficacy targeting infections as well as non-communicable diseases. However, the full potential of any novel vaccine strategy can be only captured if vaccination programs are implemented with sufficient coverage. New methods to fully capture the benefits of vaccination and appropriate communication strategies to increase vaccine acceptance by the public are two key elements that all stakeholders involved in the whole vaccine development cycle, including scientists, must consider very carefully.
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19
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Narasimhan B, Goodman JT, Vela Ramirez JE. Rational Design of Targeted Next-Generation Carriers for Drug and Vaccine Delivery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:25-49. [PMID: 26789697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082615-030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells play an important role in guiding how cells interact with the rest of the organism and in determining the direction of the downstream immune response. Recent advances have elucidated the structure and function of these receptors, providing new opportunities for developing targeted drugs and vaccines to treat infections, cancers, and neurological disorders. C-type lectin receptors, Toll-like receptors, and folate receptors have attracted interest for their ability to endocytose their ligands or initiate signaling pathways that influence the immune response. Several novel technologies are being developed to engage these receptors, including recombinant antibodies, adoptive immunotherapy, and chemically modified antigens and drug delivery vehicles. These active targeting technologies will help address current challenges facing drug and vaccine delivery and lead to new tools to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Jonathan T Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
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20
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Lynn GM, Laga R, Darrah PA, Ishizuka AS, Balaci AJ, Dulcey AE, Pechar M, Pola R, Gerner MY, Yamamoto A, Buechler CR, Quinn KM, Smelkinson MG, Vanek O, Cawood R, Hills T, Vasalatiy O, Kastenmuller K, Francica JR, Stutts L, Tom JK, Ryu KA, Esser-Kahn AP, Etrych T, Fisher KD, Seymour LW, Seder RA. In vivo characterization of the physicochemical properties of polymer-linked TLR agonists that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1201-10. [PMID: 26501954 PMCID: PMC5842712 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of vaccine adjuvants such as Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) can be improved through formulation and delivery approaches. Here, we attached small molecule TLR-7/8a to polymer scaffolds (polymer-TLR-7/8a) and evaluated how different physicochemical properties of the TLR-7/8a and polymer carrier influenced the location, magnitude and duration of innate immune activation in vivo. Particle formation by polymer-TLR-7/8a was the most important factor for restricting adjuvant distribution and prolonging activity in draining lymph nodes. The improved pharmacokinetic profile by particulate polymer-TLR-7/8a was also associated with reduced morbidity and enhanced vaccine immunogenicity for inducing antibodies and T cell immunity. We extended these findings to the development of a modular approach in which protein antigens are site-specifically linked to temperature-responsive polymer-TLR-7/8a adjuvants that self-assemble into immunogenic particles at physiologic temperatures in vivo. Our findings provide a chemical and structural basis for optimizing adjuvant design to elicit broad-based antibody and T cell responses with protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Lynn
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Laga
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia A. Darrah
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew S. Ishizuka
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Balaci
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Y. Gerner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayako Yamamoto
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery G. Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ondrej Vanek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan Cawood
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kathrin Kastenmuller
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kerry D. Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Gadd AJR, Greco F, Cobb AJA, Edwards AD. Targeted Activation of Toll-Like Receptors: Conjugation of a Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist to a Monoclonal Antibody Maintains Antigen Binding and Specificity. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1743-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. R. Gadd
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Greco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. A. Cobb
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D. Edwards
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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22
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Bouvier ES, Koza SM. Advances in size-exclusion separations of proteins and polymers by UHPLC. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Anderson RJ, Tang CW, Daniels NJ, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Johnston KA, Knight DA, Gasser O, Poyntz HC, Ferguson PM, Larsen DS, Ronchese F, Painter GF, Hermans IF. A self-adjuvanting vaccine induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes that suppress allergy. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:943-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Designing and building the next generation of improved vaccine adjuvants. J Control Release 2014; 190:563-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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