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Kállai-Szabó N, Farkas D, Lengyel M, Basa B, Fleck C, Antal I. Microparticles and multi-unit systems for advanced drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106704. [PMID: 38228279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Microparticles have unique benefits in the formulation of multiparticulate and multi-unit type pharmaceutical dosage forms allowing improved drug safety and efficacy with favorable pharmacokinetics and patient centricity. On the other hand, the above advantages are served by high and well reproducible quality attributes of the medicinal product where even flexible design and controlled processability offer success as well as possible longer product life-cycle for the manufacturers. Moreover, the specific demands of patients can be taken into account, including simplified dosing regimens, flexible dosage, drug combinations, palatability, and ease of swallowing. In the more than 70 years since the first modified-release formulation appeared on the market, many new formulations have been marketed and many publications have appeared in the literature. More unique and newer pharmaceutical technologies and excipients have become available for producing tailor-made particles with micrometer dimensions and beyond. All these have contributed to the fact that the sub-units (e.g. minitablets, pellets, microspheres) that make up a multiparticulate system can vary widely in composition and properties. Some units have mucoadhesive properties and others can float to contribute to a suitable release profile that can be designed for the multiparticulate formula as a whole. Nowadays, there are some available formulations on the market, which are able to release the active substance even for several months (3 or 6 months depending on the type of treatment). In this review, the latest developments in technologies that have been used for a long time are presented, as well as innovative solutions such as the applicability of 3D printing to produce subunits of multiparticulate systems. Furthermore, the diversity of multiparticulate systems, different routes of administration are also presented, touching the ones which are capable of carrying the active substance as well as the relevant, commercially available multiparticle-based medical devices. The versatility in size from 1 µm and multiplicity of formulation technologies promise a solid foundation for the future applications of dosage form design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miléna Lengyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Basa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Fleck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Kaushal A, Arora S, Sharma N, Singh S. Development of Bilayer Tablet Containing Saxagliptin Immediate Release and Metformin Sustained Release Using Quality by Design Approach. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885516666210315100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Adequate glycemic control in diabetes patients requires oral combination therapy.
Saxagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor having fewer adverse effects, and metformin
is the first-line medicine for diabetes treatment. The aim of this research work is to develop a bilayer
tablet of saxagliptin and metformin in fixed-dose combination (FDC) using quality by design
(QbD) to acquire the immediate release of saxagliptin and sustained release of metformin from bilayer
tablet to ultimately achieve superior patient compliance.
Methods:
The development of the bilayer tablet was done in four stages using QbD. In the first
step, quality target product profile (QTPP) of bilayer tablet was defined, and critical quality attributes
(CQAs) were identified by risk estimation matrix and taguchi design; an immediate release
saxagliptin layer was optimized in the second step, optimization of sustained-release metformin layer
was carried out in the third step, and in the final step, bilayer tablet was prepared and characterized.
The effect of independent parameters, i.e., magnesium stearate level (X1), kneading time (X2)
and lubrication time (X3) on Carr’s Index (Y1), percentage relative standard deviation of content
uniformity (Y2) and drug release at 30 minutes (Y3), were estimated for optimization of immediate
release saxagliptin layer using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effect of independent parameters,
i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose level (X4), compritol level (X5) and magnesium stearate level
(X6) on Carr’s Index (Y4), drug release at 2 h (Y5), drug release at 5 h (Y6) and drug release at 10 h
(Y7) were estimated for optimization of sustained-release metformin layer using BBD.
Results:
The optimized composition of immediate release saxagliptin layer estimated using numerical
optimization by Design expert was 0.88% (X1), 15 minutes (X2) and 3.85 minutes (X3) with predicted
variables, i.e., 10.59% (Y1), 3.16% (Y2) and 85% (Y3). The optimized composition of sustained-
release saxagliptin layer predicted through numerical optimization was 30% (X4), 3.36%
(X5) and 0.9% (X6) having 10.89% (Y4), 43.44% (Y5), 60% (Y6) and 85.14% (Y7). In-vitro dissolution
study of bilayer tablet showed immediate release of Saxagliptin (approximately 85% in 30 minutes)
and sustained release of metformin illustrating 43.21±1.21, 60.86±2.96 and 86.26±1.38%
drug release at 2, 5 and 10 h, respectively. The release exponent for the Korsmeyer-Peppas model
for Saxagliptin and metformin was 0.237 (<0.45) and 1.536 (n>0.85), indicating Fickian and super
case II transport drug release behavior, respectively.
Conclusion:
By QbD approach, bilayer tablet containing saxagliptin and metformin was successfully
developed, and influence of various formulation parameters on CQAs of drug products was understood
with fewer experiments. This leads to the conclusion that cost can be reduced using QbD
in the development of FDC for improving patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kaushal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Mfoafo KA, Omidian M, Bertol CD, Omidi Y, Omidian H. Neonatal and pediatric oral drug delivery: Hopes and hurdles. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120296. [PMID: 33524524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal and pediatric populations have long been neglected concerning the development of oral dosage forms. For close to two decades, caregivers have had to adjust the doses of the off-label medicines and drugs for adults to suit the neonatal and pediatric needs. This is due to the lack of rules and regulations regarding neonates and pediatrics clinical trials while pharmaceutical industries see this as a non-lucrative approach. Despite such limitations, the administration of solid and liquid dosage forms to neonates and pediatrics necessitates the development of new technologies and even new strategies to meet the needs. Current approaches have not only focused on the development of suitable dosage forms but also the advancement of devices to enhance drug administration to pediatrics and neonates. Though current approaches have significantly added to the number of pediatric and neonatal oral dosage formulations on the market, there is still more room for improvement(s). While novel dosage forms including multiparticulates, orodispersible tablets/films, and chewable tablets have extensively been researched, some administration devices (e.g., nipple shield, pill swallowing cup, and solid dosage pen) have also been explored. Although a few of these products are in the market, the concerted efforts of regulation administrative bodies, pharmaceutical industry settings, and scientists in academia have been oriented to address all issues and advance the neonatal and pediatric-centric pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yadollah Omidi
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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4
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De Coninck E, Marchesini FH, Vanhoorne V, De Beer T, Vervaet C. Viscosity of API/fatty acid suspensions: Pitfalls during analysis. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119447. [PMID: 32454133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes how to obtain reliable data during rheological analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredient/fatty acid suspensions. These materials are specifically used for prilling, an innovative pharmaceutical technique for the production of a multiparticulate dosage form. Nevertheless, presented guidelines are applicable for a wide range of pharmaceutical suspensions. Reliable rheological results can only be obtained when being aware of artefacts, such as a non-continuous medium, sedimentation, apparent wall slip and protrusion flow. To comply with the continuum hypothesis at high phase volumes (≥25% w/w), the required gap-to-particle-size ratio may be larger than the generally accepted 10:1 ratio. Reproducible flow curves that are not disturbed by sedimentation during sample analysis can be obtained faster by varying the shear rate stepwise from high to low values. While apparent wall slip (at low shear rates) can be prevented via serrated instead of smooth plates, protrusion flow (at high shear rates) during measurements with serrated plates results in non-reliable data. Therefore, in general, high viscous suspensions with yield stress can be analysed with serrated plates, while low viscous suspensions without yield stress should be analysed with geometries having smooth surfaces. By following these guidelines, accurate rheological properties of pharmaceutical suspensions can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Coninck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - F H Marchesini
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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De Coninck E, Vanhoorne V, Boone M, Van Assche G, De Geest BG, De Beer T, Vervaet C. Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Screening of additives for drug release modification. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:119022. [PMID: 31926276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Current study screened additives which could modify the drug release from prills made of an active pharmaceutical ingredient/fatty acid (API/FA) suspension, without negatively influencing the processability and/or stability of the formulation. Therefore, 11 additives (i.e. emulsifiers, pore-formers and FA-based lubricants) were added in a 20% concentration to a paracetamol/behenic acid formulation. Two additives, Kolliphor® P338 and P407 provided complete drug release in less than 1 h, as their thermoreversible gel formation resulted in a disintegration of the prills. Lower Kolliphor® P338 or P407 concentrations (2.5-10%) resulted in a complete but slower drug release in 24 h as the prills no longer disintegrated and the release mechanism was dominated by pore-formation. Prills with a robust drug release profile (i.e. independent of pH and surfactant concentration of the dissolution medium) were obtained after the addition of ≥5% Kolliphor® P338 or P407 to the FA-based formulation. Based on a 6-month stability study, it was concluded that Kolliphor® P407 was a suitable additive to modify the drug release profile of API/FA suspension-based prills when formulations were stored below 25 °C at low relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Coninck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - M Boone
- Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - G Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - B G De Geest
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Séquier F, Faivre V, Lanne JY, Daste G, Renouard M, Lesieur S. Critical steps during the prilling process of molten lipids: Main stumbling blocks due to pharmaceutical excipient properties. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:119036. [PMID: 31953083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prilling by ultrasonic jet break-up is an efficient process to produce perfectly spherical microparticles homogeneous in size. However, the material properties could affect the manufacturability and the final product properties especially with lipid-based excipients which often exhibit complex structural properties. This work presents the characterisation of six lipid-based excipients differing by their melting point and polymorphic behaviour which were used to produce microspheres using a pilot-scale prilling equipment. The experimental results were compared to theoretical calculations, especially the droplet solidification time which is a key-parameter for this process. This work highlighted that monotropic polymorphism of excipients and supercooling effect have a significant impact on process parameters which should be considered with care during formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Séquier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, 1 Rue de la Vierge, 33 565 Carbon Blanc Cedex, France
| | - V Faivre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - J-Y Lanne
- Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, 1 Rue de la Vierge, 33 565 Carbon Blanc Cedex, France
| | - G Daste
- Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, 1 Rue de la Vierge, 33 565 Carbon Blanc Cedex, France
| | - M Renouard
- Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, 1 Rue de la Vierge, 33 565 Carbon Blanc Cedex, France
| | - S Lesieur
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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7
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De Coninck E, Vanhoorne V, Elmahdy A, Boone M, Van Assche G, Markl D, De Geest BG, De Beer T, Vervaet C. Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Processability and characterisation. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118756. [PMID: 31648017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current study evaluated the processability and characteristics of prills made of an active pharmaceutical ingredient/fatty acid (API/FA) suspension instead of previously studied API/FA solutions to enlarge the application field of prilling. Metformin hydrochloride (MET) and paracetamol (PAR) were used as model APIs while both the effect of drug load (10-40%) and FA chain length (C14-C22) were evaluated. API/FA suspensions were processable on lab-scale prilling equipment without thermal degradation, nozzle obstruction or sedimentation in function of processing time. The collected prills were spherical (AR ≥ 0.898) with a smooth surface (sphericity ≥ 0.914) and a particle size of ±2.3 mm and 2.4 mm for MET and PAR prills, respectively, independent of drug load and/or FA chain length. In vitro drug release evaluation revealed a faster drug release at higher drug load, higher API water solubility and shorter FA chain length. Solid state characterisation via XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed that API and FA crystallinity was maintained after thermal processing via prilling and during storage. Evaluation of the similarity factor indicated a stable drug release (f2 > 50) from MET and PAR prills after 6 months storage at 25 °C or 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Coninck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - A Elmahdy
- Materials Science and Technology - DyMaLab Research Group, Department of Electromechanical Systems and Materials, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - M Boone
- Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - G Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - B G De Geest
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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De Thaye E, Vervaeck A, Marostica E, Remon JP, Van Bocxlaer J, Vervaet C, Vermeulen A. Pharmacokinetic analysis of modified-release metoprolol formulations: An interspecies comparison. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 97:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Monteyne T, Adriaensens P, Brouckaert D, Remon JP, Vervaet C, De Beer T. Stearic acid and high molecular weight PEO as matrix for the highly water soluble metoprolol tartrate in continuous twin-screw melt granulation. Int J Pharm 2016; 512:158-167. [PMID: 27452420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Granules with release-sustaining properties were developed by twin screw hot melt granulation (HMG) using a combination of stearic acid (SA) and high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) as matrix for a highly water soluble model drug, metoprolol tartrate (MPT). Earlier studies demonstrated that mixing molten SA and PEO resulted in hydrogen bond formation between hydroxyl groups of fatty acid molecules and ether groups in PEO chains. These molecular interactions might be beneficial in order to elevate the sustained release effect of drugs from a SA/PEO matrix. This study aims to investigate the continuous twin screw melt granulation technique to study the impact of a SA/PEO matrix on the dissolution rate of a highly water soluble drug (MPT). Decreasing the SA/PEO ratio improved the release-sustaining properties of the matrix. The solid state of the granules was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) in order to understand the dissolution behavior. The results revealed a preferential interaction of the MPT molecules with stearic acid impeding the PEO to form hydrogen bonds with the stearic acid chains. However, this allowed the PEO chains to recrystallize inside the stearic acid matrix after granulation, hence, elevating the release-sustaining characteristics of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne Monteyne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Laboratory of Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Material Science, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan, Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Davinia Brouckaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Paul Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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New Perspectives for Fixed Dose Combinations of Poorly Water-Soluble Compounds: a Case Study with Ezetimibe and Lovastatin. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1259-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Teżyk M, Milanowski B, Ernst A, Lulek J. Recent progress in continuous and semi-continuous processing of solid oral dosage forms: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:1195-214. [PMID: 26592545 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Continuous processing is an innovative production concept well known and successfully used in other industries for many years. The modern pharmaceutical industry is facing the challenge of transition from a traditional manufacturing approach based on batch-wise production to a continuous manufacturing model. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to present technological progress in manufacturing based on continuous and semi-continuous processing of the solid oral dosage forms. METHODS Single unit processes possessing an alternative processing pathway to batch-wise technology or, with some modification, an altered approach that may run continuously, and are thus able to seamlessly switch to continuous manufacturing are briefly presented. Furthermore, the concept of semi-continuous processing is discussed. Subsequently, more sophisticated production systems created by coupling single unit processes and comprising all the steps of production, from powder to final dosage form, were reviewed. Finally, attempts of end-to-end production approach, meaning the linking of continuous synthesis of API from intermediates with the production of final dosage form, are described. RESULTS There are a growing number of scientific articles showing an increasing interest in changing the approach to the production of pharmaceuticals in recent years. Numerous scientific publications are a source of information on the progress of knowledge and achievements of continuous processing. These works often deal with issues of how to modify or replace the unit processes in order to enable seamlessly switching them into continuous processing. A growing number of research papers concentrate on integrated continuous manufacturing lines in which the production concept of "from powder to tablet" is realized. Four main domains are under investigation: influence of process parameters on intermediates or final dosage forms properties, implementation of process analytical tools, control-managing system responsible for keeping continuous materials flow through the whole manufacturing process and the development of new computational methods to assess or simulate these new manufacturing techniques. The attempt to connect the primary and secondary production steps proves that development of continuously operating lines is possible. CONCLUSION A mind-set change is needed to be able to face, and fully assess, the advantages and disadvantages of switching from batch to continuous mode production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Teżyk
- a Gedeon Richter Polska Sp. z o.o. , Grodzisk Mazowiecki , Poland ;,b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Milanowski
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Andrzej Ernst
- a Gedeon Richter Polska Sp. z o.o. , Grodzisk Mazowiecki , Poland
| | - Janina Lulek
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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Lopez FL, Ernest TB, Tuleu C, Gul MO. Formulation approaches to pediatric oral drug delivery: benefits and limitations of current platforms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1727-40. [PMID: 26165848 PMCID: PMC4673516 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1060218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Most conventional drug delivery systems are not acceptable for pediatric patients as they differ in their developmental status and dosing requirements from other subsets of the population. Technology platforms are required to aid the development of age-appropriate medicines to maximize patient acceptability while maintaining safety, efficacy, accessibility and affordability. Areas covered: The current approaches and novel developments in the field of age-appropriate drug delivery for pediatric patients are critically discussed including patient-centric formulations, administration devices and packaging systems. Expert opinion: Despite the incentives provided by recent regulatory modifications and the efforts of formulation scientists, there is still a need for implementation of pharmaceutical technologies that enable the manufacture of licensed age-appropriate formulations. Harmonization of endeavors from regulators, industry and academia by sharing learning associated with data obtained from pediatric investigation plans, product development pathways and scientific projects would be the way forward to speed up bench-to-market age appropriate formulation development. A collaborative approach will benefit not only pediatrics, but other patient populations such as geriatrics would also benefit from an accelerated patient-centric approach to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Lopez
- a 1 University College London, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Terry B Ernest
- b 2 GlaxoSmithKline, Product Development , New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- a 1 University College London, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu Gul
- a 1 University College London, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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