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Jeong YS, Jusko WJ. A Complete Extension of Classical Hepatic Clearance Models Using Fractional Distribution Parameter f d in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:95-117. [PMID: 37279835 PMCID: PMC10902797 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The classical organ clearance models have been proposed to relate the plasma clearance CLp to probable mechanism(s) of hepatic clearance. However, the classical models assume the intrinsic capability of drug elimination (CLu,int) that is physically segregated from the vascular blood but directly acts upon the unbound drug concentration in the blood (fubCavg), and do not handle the transit-time delay between the inlet/outlet concentrations in their closed-form clearance equations. Therefore, we propose unified model structures that can address the internal blood concentration patterns of clearance organs in a more mechanistic/physiological manner, based on the fractional distribution parameter fd operative in PBPK. The basic partial/ordinary differential equations for four classical models are revisited/modified to yield a more complete set of extended clearance models, i.e., the Rattle, Sieve, Tube, and Jar models, which are the counterparts of the dispersion, series-compartment, parallel-tube, and well-stirred models. We demonstrate the feasibility of applying the resulting extended models to isolated perfused rat liver data for 11 compounds and an example dataset for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the intrinsic to the systemic clearances. Based on their feasibilities to handle such real data, these models may serve as an improved basis for applying clearance models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Li X, Jusko WJ. Utility of Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing Fractional Distribution, Oral Absorption, and Series-Compartment Models of Hepatic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1403-1418. [PMID: 37460222 PMCID: PMC10506700 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models are physiologically relevant, require less information than full PBPK models, and offer flexibility in pharmacokinetics (PK). The well-stirred hepatic model (WSM) is commonly used in PBPK, whereas the more plausible dispersion model (DM) poses computational complexities. The series-compartment model (SCM) mimics the DM but is easier to operate. This work implements the SCM and mPBPK models for assessing fractional tissue distribution, oral absorption, and hepatic clearance using literature-reported blood and liver concentration-time data in rats for compounds mainly cleared by the liver. Further handled were various complexities, including nonlinear hepatic binding and metabolism, differing absorption kinetics, and sites of administration. The SCM containing one to five (n) liver subcompartments yields similar fittings and provides comparable estimates for hepatic extraction ratio (ER), prehepatic availability (Fg ), and first-order absorption rate constants (ka ). However, they produce decreased intrinsic clearances (CLint ) and liver-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kph ) with increasing n as expected. Model simulations demonstrated changes in intravenous and oral PK profiles with alterations in Kph and ka and with hepatic metabolic zonation. The permeability (PAMPA P) of the various compounds well explained the fitted fractional distribution (fd ) parameters. The SCM and mPBPK models offer advantages in distinguishing systemic, extrahepatic, and hepatic clearances. The SCM allows for incorporation of liver zonation and is useful in assessing changes in internal concentration gradients potentially masked by similar blood PK profiles. Improved assessment of intraorgan drug concentrations may offer insights into active moieties driving metabolism, biliary excretion, pharmacodynamics, and hepatic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the series-compartment model are useful in assessing oral absorption and hepatic clearance. They add flexibility in accounting for various drug- or system-specific complexities, including fractional distribution, nonlinear binding and saturable hepatic metabolism, and hepatic zonation. These models can offer improved insights into the intraorgan concentrations that reflect physiologically active moieties often driving disposition, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Predict Pharmacokinetics of Enavogliflozin, a Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitor, in Humans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030942. [PMID: 36986803 PMCID: PMC10058973 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Enavogliflozin is a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved for clinical use in South Korea. As SGLT2 inhibitors are a treatment option for patients with diabetes, enavogliflozin is expected to be prescribed in various populations. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling can rationally predict the concentration–time profiles under altered physiological conditions. In previous studies, one of the metabolites (M1) appeared to have a metabolic ratio between 0.20 and 0.25. In this study, PBPK models for enavogliflozin and M1 were developed using published clinical trial data. The PBPK model for enavogliflozin incorporated a non-linear urinary excretion in a mechanistically arranged kidney model and a non-linear formation of M1 in the liver. The PBPK model was evaluated, and the simulated pharmacokinetic characteristics were in a two-fold range from those of the observations. The pharmacokinetic parameters of enavogliflozin were predicted using the PBPK model under pathophysiological conditions. PBPK models for enavogliflozin and M1 were developed and validated, and they seemed useful for logical prediction.
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Jeong YS, Jusko WJ. Theoretical Examination Seeking Tangible Physical Meanings of Slopes and Intercepts of Plasma Concentration-Time Relationships in Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models. AAPS J 2023; 25:19. [PMID: 36702940 PMCID: PMC10902795 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models, physiological (e.g., cardiac output) and anatomical (e.g., blood/tissue volumes) variables are utilized in the domain of differential equations (DEs) for mechanistic understanding of the plasma concentration-time relationships [Formula: see text]. Although fundamental biopharmaceutical variables in terms of distribution (e.g., [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and elimination kinetics (e.g., [Formula: see text]) in mPBPK provide greater insights in comparison to classical compartment models, an absence of kinetic elucidation of slopes and intercepts in light of such DE model parameters hinders more intuitive appreciation of [Formula: see text]. Therefore, this study seeks the tangible physical meanings of slopes and intercepts of the plasma concentration-time relationships in one- and two-tissue mPBPK models (i.e., m2CM and m3CM), with respect to time parameters that are readily understandable in PK analyses, i.e., the mean residence ([Formula: see text]) and transit ([Formula: see text]) times. Utilizing the explicit equations (EEs) for the slopes, intercepts, and areas of each exponential phase in the m2CM and m3CM, we theoretically and numerically examined the limiting/boundary conditions of such kinetic properties, based on the ratio of the longest tissue [Formula: see text] to the [Formula: see text] in the body (i.e., [Formula: see text]) that is useful for dissecting complex PBPK systems. The kinetic contribution of the area of each exponential phase to the total drug exposure was assessed to identify the elimination phase between the terminal and non-terminal phases of the [Formula: see text] in the m2CM and m3CM. This assessment provides improved understanding of the complexities inherent in all PBPK profiles and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Jeong YS, Jusko WJ. Determinants of Biological Half-Lives and Terminal Slopes in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Systems: Assessment of Limiting Conditions. AAPS J 2022; 24:96. [PMID: 36042121 PMCID: PMC9589903 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses, the biological half-life T1/2 is usually determined in the terminal phase after drug administration, which is readily calculated from the relationship T1/2 = ln2/λz where λz is the terminal-phase slope obtainable from non-compartmental analysis (NCA). Since kinetic understanding of λz has been limited to the theory of a one-compartment model, this study seeks kinetic determinants of λz in more complex plasma concentration-time profiles. We utilized physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) systems that are consistent with the assumptions of NCA (e.g., linear PK and elimination occurring from plasma) to interrelate λz and disposition kinetic parameters of PBPK models. In a mammillary form of PBPK models, the two boundary conditions of λz are the inverses of the mean residence time in the body (1/MRTB = CL/VSS) and the mean transit time through the kinetically largest tissue (1/MTTmax = QTfdRb/VTKp). Importantly, the limiting conditions of λz between 1/MRTB and 1/MTTmax are dependent on a simple product MRTBλz (Pdet) and a simple ratio MTTmax/MRTB (Kdet), leading to introduction of the unitless product-ratio plot for determination of the limiting condition of λz in linear PK. We found that the MRTBλz value of 0.5 serves as a practical threshold determining whether λz is more closely associated with 1/MRTB or 1/MTTmax. The current theory was applied for assessment of the terminal slope λz for observed PK data of various compounds in man and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Jeong YS, Kim MS, Chung SJ. Determination of the Number of Tissue Groups of Kinetically Distinct Transit Time in Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models I: Theoretical Consideration of Bottom-Up Approach of Lumping Tissues in Whole-Body PBPK. AAPS J 2022; 24:90. [PMID: 36002760 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models, consisting of system-specific (e.g., tissue volume and blood flow) and drug-related (e.g., tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient) parameters, are practically useful for pharmacokinetic analyses. However, biopharmaceutical principles were not clear on how peripheral tissues, adopted in whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) models, could be kinetically consolidated into one or two tissue groups in the mPBPK models. In this theoretical examination, we studied the relationship between the progressive tissue lumping in the direction from the longest mean transit time (MTTmax) to the shorter one(s) and the slopes of the terminal (λter)/distributional phases, assuming tissues with comparable MTTs are kinetically combined. The appropriateness of lumping was ascertained by evaluating the impact of difference in tissue MTTs during the lumping on the analytical solution of WB-PBPK models. We found that the ratio of MTTmax to the mean residence time in the body, viz., Kdet, is related to the change in λter by the progressive lumping and can serve as an index for the robustness of λter. Calculations with two extreme cases revealed that, for caffeine at Kdet < 0.03, the change in λter was minimal even when all peripheral tissues were collectively lumped, whereas for artesunic acid at Kdet > 50, the tissue of MTTmax could not be kinetically combined even with the tissue having the second-longest MTT without significantly affecting λter. Therefore, we proposed Kdet as an index for the robustness of λter during tissue lumping and for the number of tissue groups with distinct transit times in WB-PBPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong YS, Kim MS, Chung SJ. Determination of the Number of Tissue Groups of Kinetically Distinct Transit Time in Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models II: Practical Application of Tissue Lumping Theories for Pharmacokinetics of Various Compounds. AAPS J 2022; 24:91. [PMID: 36002779 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In our companion paper, we described the theoretical basis for tissue lumping in whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) models and found that Kdet, a coefficient for determining the number of tissue groups of distinct transit time in WB-PBPK models, was related to the fractional change in the terminal slope (FCT) when tissues were progressively lumped from the longest transit time to shorter ones. This study was conducted to identify the practical threshold of Kdet by applying the lumping theory to plasma/blood concentration-time relationships of 113 model compounds collected from the literature. We found that drugs having Kdet < 0.3 were associated with FCT < 0.1 even when all peripheral tissues were lumped, resulting in comparable plasma concentration-time profiles between one-tissue minimal PBPK (mPBPK) and WB-PBPK models. For drugs with Kdet ≥ 1, WB-PBPK profiles appeared similar with two-tissue mPBPK models by applying the rule of FCT < 0.1 for lumping slowly equilibrating tissues. The two-tissue mPBPK model also appeared appropriate in terms of concentration-time profiles for drugs with 0.3 ≤ Kdet < 1, although, some compounds (15.9% of the total cases), but not all, in this range showed a slight (maximum of 18.9% of the total AUC) deviation from WB-PBPK models, indicating that the two-tissue model, with caution, could still be used for those cases. Comparison of kinetic parameters between traditional (model-fitting) and current (theoretical calculation) mPBPK analyses revealed their significant correlations. Collectively, these observations suggest that the number of tissue groups could be determined based on the Kdet/FCT criteria, and plasma concentration-time profiles from WB-PBPK could be calculated using equations significantly less complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Korzekwa K, Radice C, Nagar S. A Permeability- and Perfusion-based PBPK model for Improved Prediction of Concentration-time Profiles. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2035-2052. [PMID: 35588513 PMCID: PMC9372417 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve predictions of concentration‐time (C‐t) profiles of drugs, a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling framework (termed ‘PermQ’) has been developed. This model includes permeability into and out of capillaries, cell membranes, and intracellular lipids. New modeling components include (i) lumping of tissues into compartments based on both blood flow and capillary permeability, and (ii) parameterizing clearances in and out of membranes with apparent permeability and membrane partitioning values. Novel observations include the need for a shallow distribution compartment particularly for bases. C‐t profiles were modeled for 24 drugs (7 acidic, 5 neutral, and 12 basic) using the same experimental inputs for three different models: Rodgers and Rowland (RR), a perfusion‐limited membrane‐based model (Kp,mem), and PermQ. Kp,mem and PermQ can be directly compared since both models have identical tissue partition coefficient parameters. For the 24 molecules used for model development, errors in Vss and t1/2 were reduced by 37% and 43%, respectively, with the PermQ model. Errors in C‐t profiles were reduced (increased EOC) by 43%. The improvement was generally greater for bases than for acids and neutrals. Predictions were improved for all 3 models with the use of parameters optimized for the PermQ model. For five drugs in a test set, similar results were observed. These results suggest that prediction of C‐t profiles can be improved by including capillary and cellular permeability components for all tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Casey Radice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kweon S, Jeong YS, Chung SW, Lee H, Lee HK, Park SJ, Choi JU, Park J, Chung SJ, Byun Y. Metronomic dose-finding approach in oral chemotherapy by experimentally-driven integrative mathematical modeling. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Consideration of Fractional Distribution Parameter f d in the Chen and Gross Method for Tissue-to-Plasma Partition Coefficients: Comparison of Several Methods. Pharm Res 2022; 39:463-479. [PMID: 35288804 PMCID: PMC9014445 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) describes the extent of tissue distribution in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Constant-rate infusion studies are common for experimental determination of the steady-state Kp,ss, while the tissue-plasma concentration ratio (CT/Cp) in the terminal phase after intravenous doses is often utilized. The Chen and Gross (C&G) method converts a terminal slope CT/Cp to Kp,ss based on assumptions of perfusion-limited distribution in tissue-plasma equilibration. However, considering blood flow (QT) and apparent tissue permeability (fupPSin) in the rate of tissue distribution, this report extends the C&G method by utilizing a fractional distribution parameter (fd). METHODS Relevant PBPK equations for non-eliminating and eliminating organs along with lung and liver were derived for the conversion of CT/Cp values to Kp,ss. The relationships were demonstrated in rats with measured CT/Cp and Kp,ss values and the model-dependent fd for 8 compounds with a range of permeability coefficients. Several methods of assessing Kp were compared. RESULTS Utilizing fd in an extended C&G method, our estimations of Kp,ss from CT/Cp were improved, particularly for lower permeability compounds. However, four in silico methods for estimating Kp performed poorly across tissues in comparison with measured Kp values. Mathematical relationships between Kp and Kp,ss that are generally applicable for eliminating organs with tissue permeability limitations necessitates inclusion of an extraction ratio (ER) and fd. CONCLUSION Since many different types/sources of Kp are present in the literature and used in PBPK models, these perspectives and equations should provide better insights in measuring and interpreting Kp values in PBPK.
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Jusko WJ, Li X. Assessment of the Kochak-Benet Equation for Hepatic Clearance for the Parallel-Tube Model: Relevance of Classic Clearance Concepts in PK and PBPK. AAPS J 2021; 24:5. [PMID: 34853928 PMCID: PMC9639621 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report reviews concepts related to operation of the classic parallel-tube model (PTM) for hepatic disposition and examines two recent proposals of a newly derived equation to describe hepatic clearance (CLH). It is demonstrated that the proposed equation is identical to a re-arrangement of an earlier relationship from Pang and Rowland and provides a means of calculation of intrinsic clearance (CLint,PTM) rather than CLH as posed. We further demonstrate how classic hepatic clearance models with an assumed CLint, while subject to numerous limitations, remain highly useful and necessary in both traditional pharmacokinetics (PK) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 404 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. ()
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 404 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Balla A, Jeong YS, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Chung SJ, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on the Pharmacokinetics of Procainamide and Its Metabolite N-Acetylprocainamide, Organic Cation Transporter Substrates, in Rats with PBPK Modeling Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081133. [PMID: 34452094 PMCID: PMC8402143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, possible changes in the expression of rat organic cationic transporters (rOCTs) and rat multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (rMATEs) following treatment with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) were investigated. Rats received intraperitoneal administrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 for four consecutive days, and the tissues of interest were collected. The mRNA expression of rOCT1 in the kidneys was significantly increased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats compared with the control rats, while the mRNA expressions of rOCT2 and rMATE1 in the kidneys, rOCT1 and N-acetyltransferase-II (NAT-II) in the liver, and rOCT3 in the heart were significantly decreased. Changes in the protein expression of hepatic rOCT1 and renal rOCT2 and rMATE1 were confirmed by western blot analysis. We further evaluated the pharmacokinetics of procainamide (PA) hydrochloride and its major metabolite N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA) in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. When PA hydrochloride was administered intravenously at a dose 10 mg/kg to 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats, a significant decrease in renal and/or non-renal clearance of PA and NAPA was observed. A physiological model for the pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA in rats was useful for linking changes in the transcriptional and translational expressions of rOCTs and rMATE1 transporters to the altered pharmacokinetics of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Balla
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-S.J.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yun-Jong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-S.J.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1424 (Y.-J.C.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1424 (Y.-J.C.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
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Jeong YS, Jusko WJ. Meta-Assessment of Metformin Absorption and Disposition Pharmacokinetics in Nine Species. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:545. [PMID: 34200427 PMCID: PMC8226464 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to systematically assess literature datasets and quantitatively analyze metformin PK in plasma and some tissues of nine species. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and profiles of metformin in nine species were collected from the literature. Based on a simple allometric scaling, the systemic clearances (CL) of metformin in these species highly correlate with body weight (BW) (R2 = 0.85) and are comparable to renal plasma flow in most species except for rabbit and cat. Reported volumes of distribution (VSS) varied appreciably (0.32 to 10.1 L/kg) among species. Using the physiological and anatomical variables for each species, a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model consisting of blood and two tissue compartments (Tissues 1 and 2) was used for modeling metformin PK in the nine species. Permeability-limited distribution (low fd1 and fd2) and a single tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) value for Tissues 1 and 2 were applied in the joint mPBPK fitting. Nonlinear regression analysis for common tissue distribution parameters along with species-specific CL values reasonably captured the plasma PK profiles of metformin across most species, except for rat and horse with later time deviations. In separate fittings of the mPBPK model to each species, Tissue 2 was considered as slowly-equilibrating compartment consisting of muscle and skin based on in silico calculations of the mean transit times through tissues. The well-fitted mPBPK model parameters for absorption and disposition PK of metformin for each species were compared with in vitro/in vivo results found in the literature with regard to the physiological details and physicochemical properties of metformin. Bioavailability and absorption rates decreased with the increased BW among the species. Tissues such as muscle dominate metformin distribution with low permeability and partitioning while actual tissue concentrations found in rats and mice show likely transporter-mediated uptake in liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tissues. Metformin has diverse pharmacologic actions, and this assessment revealed allometric relationships in its absorption and renal clearance but considerable variability in actual and modeled tissue distribution probably caused by transporter differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
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Zhou K, Mi K, Ma W, Xu X, Huo M, Algharib SA, Pan Y, Xie S, Huang L. Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to promote the development of veterinary drugs with high efficacy and safety. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:663-678. [PMID: 34009661 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have become important tools for the development of novel human drugs. Food-producing animals and pets comprise an important part of human life, and the development of veterinary drugs (VDs) has greatly impacted human health. Owing to increased affordability of and demand for drug development, VD manufacturing companies should have more PBPK models required to reduce drug production costs. So far, little attention has been paid on applying PBPK models for the development of VDs. This review begins with the development processes of VDs; then summarizes case studies of PBPK models in human or VD development; and analyzes the application, potential, and advantages of PBPK in VD development, including candidate screening, formulation optimization, food effects, target-species safety, and dosing optimization. Then, the challenges of applying the PBPK model to VD development are discussed. Finally, future opportunities of PBPK models in designing dosing regimens for intracellular pathogenic infections and for efficient oral absorption of VDs are further forecasted. This review will be relevant to readers who are interested in using a PBPK model to develop new VDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Meixia Huo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Liu X, Jusko WJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of Lysosomotropic Chloroquine in Rat and Human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:261-272. [PMID: 33277347 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A semimechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for chloroquine (CQ), a highly lysosomotropic weak base, was applied to digitized rat and human concentration versus time data. The PBPK model in rat featured plasma and red blood cell (RBC) concentrations, extensive and apparent nonlinear tissue distribution, fitted hepatic and renal intrinsic clearances, and a plasma half-life of about 1 day. Tissue-to-plasma CQ ratios at 50 hours after dosing were highest in lung, kidney, liver, and spleen (182-318) and lower in heart, muscle, brain, eye, and skin (11-66). The RBC-to-plasma ratio of 11.6 was assumed to reflect cell lipid partitioning. A lysosome-based extended model was used to calculate subcellular CQ concentrations based on tissue mass balances, fitted plasma, interstitial and free cytosol concentrations, and literature-based pH and pKa values. The CQ tissue component concentrations ranked as follows: lysosome > > acidic phospholipid > plasma = interstitial = cytosol ≥ neutral lipids. The extensive lysosome sequestration appeared to change over time and was attributed to lowering pH values caused by proton pump influx of hydrogen ions. The human-to-rat volume of distribution (Vss) ratio of 7 used to scale rat tissue partitioning to human along with estimation of hepatic clearance allowed excellent fitting of oral-dose PK (150-600 mg) of CQ with a 50-day half-life in humans. The prolonged PK of chloroquine was well characterized for rat and human with this PBPK model. The calculated intratissue concentrations and lysosomal effects have therapeutic relevance for CQ and other cationic drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Sequestration in lysosomes is a major factor controlling the pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of chloroquine and other cationic drugs. This report provides comprehensive physiologic modeling of chloroquine distribution in tissues and overall disposition in rat and human that reveals expected complexities and inferences related to its subcellular association with various tissue components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Drug-Drug Interactions of Procainamide and N-Acetylprocainamide with Cimetidine, an Inhibitor of rOCT2 and rMATE1, in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030108. [PMID: 30845766 PMCID: PMC6470842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous observations demonstrated that cimetidine decreased the clearance of procainamide (PA) and/or N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA; the primary metabolite of PA) resulting in the increased systemic exposure and the decrease of urinary excretion. Despite an abundance of in vitro and in vivo data regarding pharmacokinetic interactions between PA/NAPA and cimetidine, however, a mechanistic approach to elucidate these interactions has not been reported yet. The primary objective of this study was to construct a physiological model that describes pharmacokinetic interactions between PA/NAPA and cimetidine, an inhibitor of rat organic cation transporter 2 (rOCT2) and rat multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (rMATE1), by performing extensive in vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetic studies for PA and NAPA performed in the absence or presence of cimetidine in rats. When a single intravenous injection of PA HCl (10 mg/kg) was administered to rats, co-administration of cimetidine (100 mg/kg) significantly increased systemic exposure and decreased the systemic (CL) and renal (CLR) clearance of PA, and reduced its tissue distribution. Similarly, cimetidine significantly decreased the CLR of NAPA formed by the metabolism of PA and increased the AUC of NAPA. Considering that these drugs could share similar renal secretory pathways (e.g., via rOCT2 and rMATE1), a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating semi-mechanistic kidney compartments was devised to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Using our proposed PBPK model, DDIs between PA/NAPA and cimetidine were successfully predicted for the plasma concentrations and urinary excretion profiles of PA and NAPA observed in rats. Moreover, sensitivity analyses of the pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA showed the inhibitory effects of cimetidine via rMATE1 were probably important for the renal elimination of PA and NAPA in rats. The proposed PBPK model may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of interactions between PA/NAPA and cimetidine in vivo.
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Song YK, Park JE, Oh Y, Hyung S, Jeong YS, Kim MS, Lee W, Chung SJ. Suppression of Canine ATP Binding Cassette ABCB1 in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Type II Cells Unmasks Human ABCG2-Mediated Efflux of Olaparib. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:79-87. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Identification of the primary determining factor(s) governing the oral absorption of edaravone in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:312-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hyung S, Pyeon W, Park JE, Song YK, Chung SJ. The conditional stimulation of rat organic cation transporter 2, but not its human ortholog, by mesoridazine: the possibility of the involvement of the high-affinity binding site of the transporter in the stimulation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1513-1523. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To study the functional consequences of the human and rat forms of OCT2 in the presence of phenothiazines.
Methods
MDCK cells expressing human or rat OCT2 were established, and MPP+ transport was determined by uptake assays. Concentration dependency was studied for the stimulatory/inhibitory effects of phenothiazines on MPP+ transport.
Key findings
Among the 11 phenothiazines examined, the majority were found to have comparable effects on transporter function between the orthologous forms, while three phenothiazines, particularly mesoridazine, had complex impacts on transporter function. For rOCT2, mesoridazine stimulated transport at 0.1 and 1 μmMPP+ with the mesoridazine concentration–uptake curve becoming bell-shaped. This conditional effect became less pronounced at 30 μmMPP+, resulting in an inhibition curve with a typical profile. For hOCT2, mesoridazine behaved as a typical inhibitor of transporter function at all MPP+ concentrations, although the kinetics of inhibition were still affected by the substrate concentration.
Conclusions
The conditional stimulation by mesoridazine in rOCT2, and the lack thereof in hOCT2, may be a manifestation of the interaction of phenothiazine with substrate binding at the high-affinity site of the OCT2. As OCT2 was previously indicated in some drug–drug interactions, the conditional stimulation of OCT2 and its potential species-differences may be of practical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Hyung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonji Pyeon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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