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Getachew M, Tesfaye H, Yihunie W, Ayenew T, Alemu S, Dagnew EM, Biyazin Y, Abebe D, Degefu N, Abebaw A. Sustained release local anesthetics for pain management: relevance and formulation approaches. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1383461. [PMID: 38645568 PMCID: PMC11026556 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1383461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This review attempted to ascertain the rationale for the formulation of sustained-release local anesthetics and summarize the various formulation approaches designed to date to achieve sustained and localized local analgesic effects. The incidence of pain, which is the concern of patients as well as health care professionals, is increasing due to accidents, surgical procedures, and other diseases. Local anesthetics can be used for the management of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. They also allow regional analgesia, in situations where the cause and source of the pain are limited to a particular site or region, without the need for loss of consciousness or systemic administration of other analgesics thereby decreasing the risk of potential toxicities. Though they have an interesting antipain efficacy, the short duration of action of local anesthetics makes the need for their multiple injections or opioid adjuvants mandatory. To overcome this problem, different formulations are being designed that help achieve prolonged analgesia with a single dose of administration. Combination with adjuvants, liposomal formulations, lipid-based nanoparticles, thermo-responsive nanogels, microspheres, microcapsules, complexation with multivalent counterions and HP-β-CD, lipid-based nanoparticles, and bio-adhesive films, and polymeric matrices are among the approaches. Further safety studies are required to ensure the safe and effective utilization of sustained-release local anesthetics. Moreover, the release kinetics of the various formulations should be adequately established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melese Getachew
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Hana Tesfaye
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfahun Ayenew
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Alemu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yalemgeta Biyazin
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Dehnnet Abebe
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Natanim Degefu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Bernatoniene J, Sciupokas A, Kopustinskiene DM, Petrikonis K. Novel Drug Targets and Emerging Pharmacotherapies in Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1799. [PMID: 37513986 PMCID: PMC10384314 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition characterized by abnormal signaling within the nervous system, resulting in persistent and often intense sensations of pain. It can arise from various causes, including traumatic nerve injury, neuropathy, and certain diseases. We present an overview of current and emerging pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain, focusing on novel drug targets and potential therapeutic agents. Current pharmacotherapies, including tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentinoids, and serotonin norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors, are discussed, as are emerging treatments, such as ambroxol, cannabidiol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Additionally, the article highlights the need for further research in this field to identify new targets and develop more effective and targeted therapies for neuropathic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurga Bernatoniene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Sciupokas
- Pain Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Hospital Kauno Klinikos, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Marija Kopustinskiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kestutis Petrikonis
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Dong B, Hadinoto K. Assessing the impact of counterion types on the sustained release characteristics of high-payload drug-ion complex: A case study on tetracycline hydrochloride. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105787. [PMID: 33684485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complexation of ionized hydrophilic drugs with counterions (e.g. polyelectrolytes, ionic amphiphiles, multivalent salt ions) represents a well-established formulation approach to produce sustained release of highly soluble drugs while maintaining a high drug payload. This renders the drug-ion complex an attractive alternative to the conventional polymer matrix systems. The effects of the counterion's type on the sustained release characteristics of drug-ion complexes, however, have not been investigated before under the same dissolution environment. Using antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TC•HCl) as the model hydrophilic drug, we investigated the effects of three types of counterions, sodium dextran sulfate (DXT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and K2HPO4, on (1) the sustained release characteristics, (2) long-term storage stability, (3) preparation efficiency (i.e. yield, payload), and (4) antibiotic activity of the resultant (TC•HCl)-ion complexes. The results showed that the three complexes exhibited comparable TC•HCl payloads at approximately 80% (w/w) and yield between 40 and 60% (w/w). They also exhibited good storage stability after 18 months and uncompromised antibiotic activity compared to the native drug. In the intestinal fluid, all three complexes could produce sustained drug release profiles, albeit at different rates ((TC•HCl)-DXT > (TC•HCl)-SDS > (TC•HCl)-HPO4), whereas in the gastric fluid, only the (TC•HCl)-DXT complex could produce a sustained release profile suitable for oral delivery. The different sustained release profiles among the complexes were attributed to their different solid forms (amorphous versus crystalline), hydrophobicity, solubility, and drug release mechanisms. The present work highlighted the importance of selecting the most suitable counterion to achieve the desired sustained drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Dong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Kunn Hadinoto
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459.
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ALQuadeib BT, Eltahir EK, Alagili MF. The Oral Administration of Lidocaine HCl Biodegradable Microspheres: Formulation and Optimization. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:857-869. [PMID: 32103942 PMCID: PMC7008179 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s236273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lidocaine (LID) is a local anesthetic that is administered either by injection and/or a topical/transdermal route. However, there is a current need to develop efficacious methods for the oral delivery of LID with optimized bioavailability. Methods We developed oral LID biodegradable microspheres that were loaded with alginate-chitosan with different mass ratios, and characterized these microspheres in vitro. We also developed, and utilized, a simple and sensitive HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for assaying LID microspheres. Results The mean particle size (MPS) of the LID microspheres ranged from 340.7 to 528.3 nm. As the concentration of alginate was reduced, there was a significant reduction in MPS. However, there was no significant change in drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), or drug yield, when the alginate concentration was either increased or decreased. DSC measurements demonstrated the successful loading of LID to the new formulations. After a slow initial release, less than 10% of the LID was released in vitro within 4 h at pH 1.2. In order to evaluate nephrotoxicity, we carried out MTT assays of LID in two types of cell line (LLC-PK1 and MDCK). LID significantly suppressed the cell toxicity of both cell lines at the concentrations tested (100, 200, and 400ng/µL). Conclusion Experiments involving the oral delivery of LID formulations showed a significant reduction in particle size and an improvement in dissolution rate. The formulations of LID developed exhibit significantly less toxicity than LID alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra T ALQuadeib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eram Kd Eltahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi F Alagili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao Z, Lian Y, Zhu Y, Ye H, Liu M, Li J. Depot lidocaine-loaded microemulsion for prolonged local anesthesia: Different efficacy model studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lidocaine tripotassium phosphate complex laden microemulsion for prolonged local anaesthesia: In vitro and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 185:110632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Recent advances in polymer-based drug delivery systems for local anesthetics. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:55-67. [PMID: 31152941 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Local anesthetics, which cause temporary loss of pain by inhibiting the transmission of nerve impulses, have been widely used in clinical practice. However, neurotoxicity and short half-lives have significantly limited their clinical applications. To overcome those barriers, numerous drug delivery systems (DDS) have been designed to encapsulate local anesthetic agents, so that large doses can be released slowly and provide analgesia over a prolonged period. So far, multiple classes of local anesthetic carriers have been investigated, with some of them already on the market. Among those, polymer-based delivery platforms are the most extensively explored, especially in the form of polymeric nanoparticle carriers. This review gives a specific focus on the most commonly used natural and synthetic polymers for local anesthetics delivery, owing to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and versatility. State-of-the-art studies concerning such polymer delivery systems have been discussed in depth. We also highlight the impact of those delivery platforms as well as some key challenges that need to be overcome for their broader clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Currently, local anesthetics have been widely used in clinically practices to prevent transmission of nerve impulses. However, the applications of anesthetics are greatly limited due to their neurotoxicity and short half-lives. Moreover, it is difficult to maintain frequent administrations which can cause poor compliance and serious consequences. Numerous drug delivery systems have been developed to solve those issues. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in polymer-based drug delivery systems for local anesthetics. The advantages as well as shortcomings for different types of polymer-based drug delivery systems are summarized in this paper. In the end, we also give prospects for future development of polymer drug delivery systems for anesthetics.
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Zhang Y, Yin Q, Gong D, Kang Y, Yang J, Liu J, Zhang W. The Preclinical Pharmacological Study of a Novel Long-Acting Local Anesthetic, a Fixed-Dose Combination of QX-OH/Levobupivacaine, in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:895. [PMID: 31474859 PMCID: PMC6704344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that 35 mM QX-OH/10 mM Levobupivacaine (LL-1), a fixed-dose combination, produced a long-acting effect in rat local anesthesia models. All preclinical pharmacodynamic results indicated that LL-1 had potential for postsurgical pain treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of LL-1. Then, the possible mechanism of the extended duration by the combination was examined. Methods and Results: All experiments were examined and approved by the Committee of Animal Care of the West China Hospital Sichuan University (Ethical approval number, 2015014A). The compound action potentials were recorded to verify the pharmacodynamic result in ex vivo. In frog sciatic nerve, LL-1 produced an effective inhibition with rapid onset time. The concentration-time profiles of LL-1 were determined in plasma and local tissues after sciatic nerve block. The maximum concentration of QX-OH and levobupivacaine were 727.22 ± 43.38 µg/g and 256.02 ± 28.52 µg/g in muscle, 634.26 ± 36.04 µg/g and 429.63 ± 48.64 µg/g in sciatic nerve, and 711.71 ± 25.14 ng/ml and 114.40 ± 10.19 ng/ml in plasma, respectively. The absorption of QX-OH into circulation was very rapid at 0.71 ± 0.06 h, which was faster than that of levobupivacaine (4.11 ± 0.39 h, p = 0.003). The half-time of QX-OH in plasma and local tissues had no significant difference (p = 0.329), with the values of 2.64 h, 3.20 h, and 3.79 h in plasma, muscle, and sciatic nerve, respectively. The elimination profile of levobupivacaine differed from that of QX-OH, which was slower eliminated from plasma (4.89 ± 1.77 h, p = 0.036) than from muscle (1.38 ± 0.60 h) or sciatic nerve (1.28 ± 0.74 h). When levobupivacaine was used alone, the Tmax in plasma was 1.07 ± 0.16 h. Interestingly, the Tmax of levobupivacaine in the plasma was increased by four times in combination with QX-OH (4.11 ± 0.39 h). Levobupivacaine promotes cellular QX-OH uptake. Conclusion: The preclinical pharmacokinetic study of LL-1 in the rat plasma, muscle, and sciatic nerve was accomplished. Then, the possible mechanism of the prolonged duration was that QX-OH delayed the absorption of levobupivacaine from the injection site into circulation, and levobupivacaine accelerated QX-OH to accumulate into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuJun Zhang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - QinQin Yin
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - DeYing Gong
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - WenSheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Laboratory of Transformation Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abou-Okeil A, Rehan M, El-Sawy S, El-bisi M, Ahmed-Farid O, Abdel-Mohdy F. Lidocaine/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex as drug delivery system. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tobe M, Suto T, Saito S. The history and progress of local anesthesia: multiple approaches to elongate the action. J Anesth 2018; 32:632-636. [PMID: 29855722 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-018-2514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analgesia and temporary inhibition of motor activity without interfering with central nervous function have been the essential merits of local anesthesia. Local anesthetics originated from cocaine have played a major role in local analgesia. However, the relatively short duration of action of local anesthetics has been a concern in intra- and post-operative analgesia. From the early age of modern local anesthesia, physicians and medical scientists had been struggling to control the active duration of local anesthetics. Such approach includes: development of long-acting local anesthetics, with physical tourniquet techniques, co-administration of other medicines such as vaso-constrictive agents or analgesics, development of mechanical devices to continuously or intermittently administer local anesthetics, and utilization of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. In this review, the historical sequence of studies that have been performed in an effort to elongate the action of local anesthetics is presented, referring to epoch-making medical and scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tobe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Takashi Suto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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