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Kállai-Szabó N, Farkas D, Lengyel M, Basa B, Fleck C, Antal I. Microparticles and multi-unit systems for advanced drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106704. [PMID: 38228279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Microparticles have unique benefits in the formulation of multiparticulate and multi-unit type pharmaceutical dosage forms allowing improved drug safety and efficacy with favorable pharmacokinetics and patient centricity. On the other hand, the above advantages are served by high and well reproducible quality attributes of the medicinal product where even flexible design and controlled processability offer success as well as possible longer product life-cycle for the manufacturers. Moreover, the specific demands of patients can be taken into account, including simplified dosing regimens, flexible dosage, drug combinations, palatability, and ease of swallowing. In the more than 70 years since the first modified-release formulation appeared on the market, many new formulations have been marketed and many publications have appeared in the literature. More unique and newer pharmaceutical technologies and excipients have become available for producing tailor-made particles with micrometer dimensions and beyond. All these have contributed to the fact that the sub-units (e.g. minitablets, pellets, microspheres) that make up a multiparticulate system can vary widely in composition and properties. Some units have mucoadhesive properties and others can float to contribute to a suitable release profile that can be designed for the multiparticulate formula as a whole. Nowadays, there are some available formulations on the market, which are able to release the active substance even for several months (3 or 6 months depending on the type of treatment). In this review, the latest developments in technologies that have been used for a long time are presented, as well as innovative solutions such as the applicability of 3D printing to produce subunits of multiparticulate systems. Furthermore, the diversity of multiparticulate systems, different routes of administration are also presented, touching the ones which are capable of carrying the active substance as well as the relevant, commercially available multiparticle-based medical devices. The versatility in size from 1 µm and multiplicity of formulation technologies promise a solid foundation for the future applications of dosage form design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miléna Lengyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Basa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Fleck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Pan M, Shao H, Fan Y, Yang J, Liu J, Deng Z, Liu Z, Chen Z, Zhang J, Yi K, Su Y, Wang D, Deng X, Deng F. Superhydrophobic Surface-Assisted Preparation of Microspheres and Supraparticles and Their Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:68. [PMID: 38175452 PMCID: PMC10766899 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surface (SHS) has been well developed, as SHS renders the property of minimizing the water/solid contact interface. Water droplets deposited onto SHS with contact angles exceeding 150°, allow them to retain spherical shapes, and the low adhesion of SHS facilitates easy droplet collection when tilting the substrate. These characteristics make SHS suitable for a wide range of applications. One particularly promising application is the fabrication of microsphere and supraparticle materials. SHS offers a distinct advantage as a universal platform capable of providing customized services for a variety of microspheres and supraparticles. In this review, an overview of the strategies for fabricating microspheres and supraparticles with the aid of SHS, including cross-linking process, polymer melting, and droplet template evaporation methods, is first presented. Then, the applications of microspheres and supraparticles formed onto SHS are discussed in detail, for example, fabricating photonic devices with controllable structures and tunable structural colors, acting as catalysts with emerging or synergetic properties, being integrated into the biomedical field to construct the devices with different medicinal purposes, being utilized for inducing protein crystallization and detecting trace amounts of analytes. Finally, the perspective on future developments involved with this research field is given, along with some obstacles and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Pan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Shao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqian Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenda Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhidi Chen
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Glass Co. Ltd, Zibo, 256100, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangfeng Yi
- Pharmaceutical Glass Co. Ltd, Zibo, 256100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucai Su
- Pharmaceutical Glass Co. Ltd, Zibo, 256100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Deng
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Nephropathy, School of Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Jinniu Hospital, Chengdu Jinniu District People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Bornstein S, Uziel A, Lewitus DY. Controlling Microparticle Morphology in Melt-Jet Printing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients through Surface Phenomena. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2026. [PMID: 37631240 PMCID: PMC10459835 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving homogeneity and reproducibility in the size, shape, and morphology of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles is crucial for their successful manufacturing and performance. Herein, we describe a new method for API particle engineering using melt-jet printing technology as an alternative to the current solvent-based particle engineering methods. Paracetamol, a widely used API, was melted and jetted as droplets onto various surfaces to solidify and form microparticles. The influence of different surfaces (glass, aluminum, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylene) on particle shape was investigated, revealing a correlation between substrate properties (heat conduction, surface energy, and roughness) and particle sphericity. Higher thermal conductivity, surface roughness, and decreased surface energy contributed to larger contact angles and increased sphericity, reaching a near-perfect micro-spherical shape on an aluminum substrate. The integrity and polymorphic form of the printed particles were confirmed through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed minimal degradation products. The applicability of the printing process to other APIs was demonstrated by printing carbamazepine and indomethacin on aluminum surfaces, resulting in spherical microparticles. This study emphasizes the potential of melt-jet printing as a promising approach for the precise engineering of pharmaceutical particles, enabling effective control over their physiochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Y. Lewitus
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art, Ramat Gan 5252626, Israel; (S.B.); (A.U.)
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4
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Gorkem Buyukgoz G, Kossor CG, Ji S, Guvendiren M, Davé RN. Dose Titration of Solid Dosage Forms via FDM 3D-Printed Mini-Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2305. [PMID: 36365124 PMCID: PMC9695869 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The robustness of 3D-printed mini-tablets as a platform to administer milligram dosages, intended for age-specific therapy, without the need of tablet splitting while maintaining similar release profiles, was investigated. Griseofulvin, as a model poorly water-soluble drug, and hydroxypropyl cellulose along with Kollicoat Protect as polymers were used to prepare filaments at 1-20% drug concentrations via hot-melt extrusion (HME). Higher drug concentrations served for testing the feasibility of a reduced number of mini-tablets to be administered. A reliable dose titration in the range 0.19-3.91 mg at a high accuracy (R2 of 0.999) was achieved through composite unit (multi-unit) mini-tablets. All mini-tablets produced had excellent content uniformity and their label claim values were within the acceptable range, proving that HME processing followed by 3D printing promotes content uniformity even for mini-tablets containing low drug doses (0.19 mg). Remarkably, the proposed approach allowed achieving similar drug release profiles via composite unit mini-tablets as well as single mini-tablets at high drug concentrations. In contrast, split tablets demonstrated different release behaviors, attributed to their size and shape differences. Overall, the distinct advantages of mini-tablets to provide dose flexibility while maintaining similar release profiles was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guluzar Gorkem Buyukgoz
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates (NJCEP), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Christopher G. Kossor
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates (NJCEP), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Shen Ji
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Rajesh N. Davé
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates (NJCEP), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Ragelle H, Rahimian S, Guzzi EA, Westenskow PD, Tibbitt MW, Schwach G, Langer R. Additive manufacturing in drug delivery: Innovative drug product design and opportunities for industrial application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113990. [PMID: 34600963 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is enabling new directions in product design. The adoption of AM in various industrial sectors has led to major transformations. Similarly, AM presents new opportunities in the field of drug delivery, opening new avenues for improved patient care. In this review, we discuss AM as an innovative tool for drug product design. We provide a brief overview of the different AM processes and their respective impact on the design of drug delivery systems. We highlight several enabling features of AM, including unconventional release, customization, and miniaturization, and discuss several applications of AM for the fabrication of drug products. This includes products that have been approved or are in development. As the field matures, there are also several new challenges to broad implementation in the pharmaceutical landscape. We discuss several of these from the regulatory and industrial perspectives and provide an outlook for how these issues may be addressed. The introduction of AM into the field of drug delivery is an enabling technology and many new drug products can be created through productive collaboration of engineers, materials scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, and industrial partners.
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6
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Eco-friendly poly(lactic acid) microbeads for cosmetics via melt electrospraying. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:734-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Uziel A, Gelfand A, Amsalem K, Berman P, Lewitus GM, Meiri D, Lewitus DY. Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract Microdepots Support Controlled Release of Multiple Phytocannabinoids for Extended Therapeutic Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23707-23716. [PMID: 32369348 PMCID: PMC7467538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of the Cannabis plant largely depends on the presence and specific ratio of a spectrum of phytocannabinoids. Although prescription of medicinal Cannabis for various conditions constantly grows, its consumption is mostly limited to oral or respiratory pathways, impeding its duration of action, bioavailability, and efficacy. Herein, a long-acting formulation in the form of melt-printed polymeric microdepots for full-spectrum cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extract administration is described. When injected subcutaneously in mice, the microdepots facilitate sustained release of the encapsulated extract over a two-week period. The prolonged delivery results in elevated serum levels of multiple, major and minor, phytocannabinoids for over 14 days, compared to Cannabis extract injection. A direct analysis of the microdepots retrieved from the injection site gives rise to an empirical model for the release kinetics of the phytocannabinoids as a function of their physical traits. As a proof of concept, we compare the long-term efficacy of a single administration of the microdepots to a single administration of Cannabis extract in a pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion model. One week following administration, the microdepots reduce the incidence of tonic-clonic seizures by 40%, increase the survival rate by 50%, and the latency to first tonic-clonic seizures by 170%. These results suggest that a long-term full-spectrum Cannabis delivery system may provide new form of Cannabis administration and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Uziel
- Department
of Polymers and Plastics Engineering, Shenkar
College of Engineering, Design and Art, Ramat-Gan 52526, Israel
| | - Anat Gelfand
- The
Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Keren Amsalem
- The
Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Paula Berman
- The
Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Gil M. Lewitus
- The
Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- The
Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
- (D.M.)
| | - Dan Y. Lewitus
- Department
of Polymers and Plastics Engineering, Shenkar
College of Engineering, Design and Art, Ramat-Gan 52526, Israel
- (D.Y.L.)
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8
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Liu J, Xu Y, Liu Z, Ren H, Meng Z, Liu K, Liu Z, Yong J, Wang Y, Li X. A modified hydrophobic ion-pairing complex strategy for long-term peptide delivery with high drug encapsulation and reduced burst release from PLGA microspheres. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:217-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Ren H, Meng Z, Liu K, Liu Z, Huang H, Li X. Proton Oriented-"Smart Depot" for Responsive Release of Ca 2+ to Inhibit Peptide Acylation in PLGA Microspheres. Pharm Res 2019; 36:119. [PMID: 31165279 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize and detail the mechanism of a smart Ca2+ release depot (Ca3(PO4)2) about its ability for sustainable inhibition on peptide acylation within PLGA microspheres. METHODS The octreotide acetate release and acylation kinetics were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Changes of Ca2+ concentration and adsorption behavior were determined by a Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit. The inner pH changes were delineated by a classic pH sensitive probe, Lysosensor yellow/ blue® dextran. Morphological changes of microspheres, adsorption between polymer and additive, transformation of Ca3(PO4)2 were characterized using SEM, FTIR and SSNMR separately. RESULTS Before and after microspheres formulation, the property and effectiveness of Ca3(PO4)2 were investigated. Compared with a commonly used calcium salt (CaCl2), high encapsulation efficiency (96.56%) of Ca3(PO4)2 guarantees lasting effectiveness. In an increasingly acidic environment that simulated polymer degradation, the poorly water-soluble Ca3(PO4)2 could absorb protons and transform into the more and more soluble CaHPO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 to produce sufficient Ca2+ according to severity of acylation. The corresponding Ca2+ produce capacity fully met the optimum inhibition requirement since the real-time adsorption sites (water-soluble carboxylic acids) inside the degrading microspheres were rare. A sustained retention of three switchable calcium salts and slow release of Ca2+ were observed during the microsphere incubation. FTIR results confirmed the long-term inhibition effect induced by Ca3(PO4)2 on the adsorption between drug and polymer. CONCLUSIONS With the presence of the smart Ca2+ depot (Ca3(PO4)2) in the microspheres, a sustainable and long-term inhibition of peptide acylation was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hao Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhengjie Meng
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kuntang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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10
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Effect of inner pH on peptide acylation within PLGA microspheres. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Uziel A, Shpigel T, Goldin N, Lewitus DY. Three-dimensional printing for drug delivery devices: a state-of-the-art survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, 3D printing technology, which encompasses many different fabrication techniques, had emerged as a promising tool in many fields of production, including the pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, 3D printing may be advantageous for drug delivery systems, systems aiming to improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs. These advantages include the ease of designing complex shapes, printing of drugs on demand, tailoring dosage to the specific needs of the patient and enhancing the bioavailability of drugs. This paper reviews the most recent advancements in this field, presenting both the abilities and limitations of several promising 3D printing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Uziel
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
| | - Tal Shpigel
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
| | - Nir Goldin
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
| | - Dan Y Lewitus
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
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12
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Shpigel T, Cohen Taguri G, Lewitus DY. Controlling drug delivery from polymer microspheres by exploiting the complex interrelationship of excipient and drug crystallization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Shpigel
- Plastics and Polymer Engineering Department; Shenkar College; Ramat-Gan 6262528 Israel
| | - Gili Cohen Taguri
- Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Dan Y. Lewitus
- Plastics and Polymer Engineering Department; Shenkar College; Ramat-Gan 6262528 Israel
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