Investigating how amine structure influences drug-amine ion-pair formation and uptake via the polyamine transporter in A549 lung cells

Ionic liquids as the effective technology for enhancing transdermal drug delivery: Design principles, roles, mechanisms, and future challenges

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be an effective technology for enhancing drug transdermal absorption. However, due to the unique structural components of ILs, the design of efficient ILs and elucidation of action mechanisms remain to be explored. In this review, basic design principles of ideal ILs for transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) are discussed considering melting point, skin permeability, and toxicity, which depend on the molar ratios, types, functional groups of ions and inter-ionic interactions. Secondly, the contributions of ILs to the development of TDDS through different roles are described: as novel skin penetration enhancers for enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs; as novel solvents for improving the solubility of drugs in carriers; as novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (API-ILs) for regulating skin permeability, solubility, release, and pharmacokinetic behaviors of drugs; and as novel polymers for the development of smart medical materials. Moreover, diverse action mechanisms, mainly including the interactions among ILs, drugs, polymers, and skin components, are summarized. Finally, future challenges related to ILs are discussed, including underlying quantitative structure-activity relationships, complex interaction forces between anions, drugs, polymers and skin microenvironment, long-term stability, and in vivo safety issues. In summary, this article will promote the development of TDDS based on ILs.

Synthesis of 4-Amino-N-[2 (diethylamino)Ethyl]Benzamide Tetraphenylborate Ion-Associate Complex: Characterization, Antibacterial and Computational Study

The 4-amino-N-[2 (diethylamino) ethyl] benzamide (procainamide)-tetraphenylborate complex was synthesized by reacting sodium tetraphenyl borate with 4-amino-N-[2 (diethylamino) ethyl] benzamide, chloride salt, and procainamide in deionized water at room temperature through an ion-associate reaction (green chemistry) at room temperature, and characterized by several physicochemical methods. The formation of ion-associate complex between bio-active molecules and/or organic molecules is crucial to comprehending the relationships between bioactive molecules and receptor interactions. The solid complex was characterized by infrared spectra, NMR, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry, indicating the formation of ion-associate or ion-pair complex. The complex under study was examined for antibacterial activity. The ground state electronic characteristics of the S1 and S2 complex configurations were computed using the density functional theory (DFT) approach, using B3LYP level 6-311 G(d,p) basis sets. R2 = 0.9765 and 0.9556, respectively, indicate a strong correlation between the observed and theoretical 1H-NMR, and the relative error of vibrational frequencies for both configurations was acceptable, as well. HOMO and LUMO frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatics using the optimized were used to obtain a potential map of the chemical. The n → π* UV absorption peak of the UV cutoff edge was detected for both configurations of the complex. Spectroscopic methods were structures used to characterize the structure (FT-IR and 1HNMR). In the ground state, DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis sets were used to determine the electrical and geometric properties of the S1 and S2 configurations of the title complex. Comparing the observed and calculated values for the S1 and S2 forms, the HOMO-LUMO energy gap of compounds was 3182 and 3231 eV, respectively. The small energy gap between HOMO and LUMO indicated that the compound was stable. In addition, the MEP reveals that positive potential sites were around the PR molecule, whereas negative potential sites were surrounding the TPB site of atoms. The UV absorption of both arrangements is comparable to the experimental UV spectrum.