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Lou H, Hu G, Luan X, Steinbach-Rankins JM, Hageman MJ. Application of a UV-Vis Spectrometer to Investigate the Effect of Dissolution Media on the Diffusivity of Small Molecules and Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00413-1. [PMID: 39278591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
To date, the commonly used methods for diffusion coefficient measurements have some hurdles that prevent them from being widely applied in pharmaceutical laboratories. This study aimed to modify a method developed by di Cagno et al. based on the use of a UV-Vis spectrometer and apply the method to investigate the effect of dissolution media on the diffusivity of small molecules and proteins. A total of five small molecules and two proteins in different aqueous media and polymer solutions were investigated in this study. By attaching a 3D-printed cover with an open slit to a standard UV-Vis cuvette, the incident UV light could only pass through the open slit to measure the local drug concentration. During the diffusion experiment, drug molecules diffused from the cuvette bottom to the slit. According to the concentration measured as a function of time, diffusion coefficient was calculated based on Fick's law of diffusion using the analytical and numerical approaches. As a result, diffusion coefficients could be accurately measured with high reproducibility. The results also suggested that different media could affect the diffusion coefficients of small molecules by < 10% and proteins by < 15%. Since the UV-Vis spectrometer is a routine instrument, this method can potentially be employed by many pharmaceutical laboratories for diffusion coefficient measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA.
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA; Biopharmaceutical Innovation & Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Xi Luan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Jill M Steinbach-Rankins
- Innovation Technology Lead, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Michael J Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA; Biopharmaceutical Innovation & Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Volkova T, Simonova O, Perlovich G. Mechanistic Insight in Permeability through Different Membranes in the Presence of Pharmaceutical Excipients: A Case of Model Hydrophobic Carbamazepine. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:184. [PMID: 38399245 PMCID: PMC10893053 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the effects of two pharmaceutical excipients of differing natures-non-ionic surfactant pluronic F127 (F127) and anionic sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD)-on the permeation of the model compound, carbamazepine (CBZ). The permeability coefficients of CBZ at three concentrations of the excipients were measured through two different artificial barriers: hydrophilic cellulose membrane (RC) and lipophilic polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate membrane (PDS). The equilibrium solubility of CBZ in F127 and SBE-β-CD solutions was determined. The micellization, complexation, and aggregation tendencies were investigated. Systemically increasing the solubility and the reduction of permeation upon the excipients' concentration growth was revealed. The quantitative evaluation of the permeability tendencies was carried out using a Pratio parameter, a quasi-equilibrium mathematical mass transport model, and a correction of permeability coefficients for the free drug concentration ("true" permeability values). The results revealed the mutual influence of the excipient properties and the membrane nature on the permeability variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Volkova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.S.); (G.P.)
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Tzanova MM, Nguyen L, Moretti F, Grassi M, Magnano GC, Voinovich D, Stein PC, Hiorth M, di Cagno MP. Interpreting permeability as a function of free drug fraction: The case studies of cyclodextrins and liposomes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106559. [PMID: 37544334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to solubilize poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, various strategies have been implemented over the years, including the use of nanocarriers, such as cyclodextrins and liposomes. However, improving a drug's apparent solubility does not always translate to enhanced bioavailability. This work aimed to investigate to which extent complexation with cyclodextrins and incorporation into liposomes influence drug in vitro permeability and to find a mechanistic description of the permeation process. For this purpose, we investigated hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and phosphatidylcholine liposomes formulations of three chemically diverse compounds (atenolol, ketoprofen and hydrocortisone). We studied drug diffusion of the formulations by UV-localized spectroscopy and advanced data fitting to extract parameters such as diffusivity and bound-/free drug fractions. We then correlated this information with in vitro drug permeability obtained with the novel PermeaPadⓇ barrier. The results showed that increased concentration of HP-β-CD leads to increased solubilization of the poorly soluble unionized ketoprofen, as well as hydrocortisone. However, this net increment of apparent solubility was not proportional to the increased flux measured. On the other hand, normalising the flux over the empirical free drug concentration, i.e., the free fraction, gave a meaningful absolute permeability coefficient. The results achieved for the liposomal formulation were consistent with the finding on cyclodextrins. In conclusion, we proved the adequacy and usefulness of our method for calculating free drug fractions in the examined enabling formulations, supporting the validity of the established drug diffusion/permeation theory that the unbounded drug fraction is the main driver for drug permeation across a membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M Tzanova
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Federica Moretti
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Greta Camilla Magnano
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paul C Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Massimiliano Pio di Cagno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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Loftsson T, Sigurdsson HH, Jansook P. Anomalous Properties of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes in Aqueous Solutions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16062223. [PMID: 36984102 PMCID: PMC10051767 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that emerged as industrial excipients in the early 1970s and are currently found in at least 130 marketed pharmaceutical products, in addition to numerous other consumer products. Although CDs have been the subject of close to 100,000 publications since their discovery, and although their structure and properties appear to be trivial, CDs are constantly surprising investigators by their unique physicochemical properties. In aqueous solutions, CDs are solubilizing complexing agents of poorly soluble drugs while they can also act as organic cosolvents like ethanol. CDs and their complexes self-assemble in aqueous solutions to form both nano- and microparticles. The nanoparticles have diameters that are well below the wavelength of visible light; thus, the solutions appear to be clear. However, the nanoparticles can result in erroneous conclusions and misinterpretations of experimental results. CDs can act as penetration enhancers, increasing drug permeation through lipophilic membranes, but they do so without affecting the membrane barrier. This review is an account of some of the unexpected results the authors have encountered during their studies of CDs as pharmaceutical excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hákon Hrafn Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Jacobsen AC, Visentin S, Butnarasu C, Stein PC, di Cagno MP. Commercially Available Cell-Free Permeability Tests for Industrial Drug Development: Increased Sustainability through Reduction of In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020592. [PMID: 36839914 PMCID: PMC9964961 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacing in vivo with in vitro studies can increase sustainability in the development of medicines. This principle has already been applied in the biowaiver approach based on the biopharmaceutical classification system, BCS. A biowaiver is a regulatory process in which a drug is approved based on evidence of in vitro equivalence, i.e., a dissolution test, rather than on in vivo bioequivalence. Currently biowaivers can only be granted for highly water-soluble drugs, i.e., BCS class I/III drugs. When evaluating poorly soluble drugs, i.e., BCS class II/IV drugs, in vitro dissolution testing has proved to be inadequate for predicting in vivo drug performance due to the lack of permeability interpretation. The aim of this review was to provide solid proofs that at least two commercially available cell-free in vitro assays, namely, the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay, PAMPA, and the PermeaPad® assay, PermeaPad, in different formats and set-ups, have the potential to reduce and replace in vivo testing to some extent, thus increasing sustainability in drug development. Based on the literature review presented here, we suggest that these assays should be implemented as alternatives to (1) more energy-intense in vitro methods, e.g., refining/replacing cell-based permeability assays, and (2) in vivo studies, e.g., reducing the number of pharmacokinetic studies conducted on animals and humans. For this to happen, a new and modern legislative framework for drug approval is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Sonja Visentin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Cosmin Butnarasu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Paul C. Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Massimiliano Pio di Cagno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands Vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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