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Poudel I, Mita N, Babu RJ. 3D printed dosage forms, where are we headed? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024. [PMID: 38993098 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2379943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3D Printing (3DP) is an innovative fabrication technology that has gained enormous popularity through its paradigm shifts in manufacturing in several disciplines, including healthcare. In this past decade, we have witnessed the impact of 3DP in drug product development. Almost eight years after the first USFDA approval of the 3D printed tablet Levetiracetam (Spritam), the interest in 3DP for drug products is high. However, regulatory agencies have often questioned its large-scale industrial practicability, and 3DP drug approval/guidelines are yet to be streamlined. AREAS COVERED In this review, major technologies involved with the fabrication of drug products are introduced along with the prospects of upcoming technologies, including AI (Artificial Intelligence). We have touched upon regulatory updates and discussed the burning limitations, which require immediate focus, illuminating status, and future perspectives on the near future of 3DP in the pharmaceutical field. EXPERT OPINION 3DP offers significant advantages in rapid prototyping for drug products, which could be beneficial for personalizing patient-based pharmaceutical dispensing. It seems inevitable that the coming decades will be marked by exponential growth in personalization, and 3DP could be a paradigm-shifting asset for pharmaceutical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwor Poudel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Nur Mita
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Murugan M, Ramasamy SK, Venkatesan G, Lee J, Barathi S, Kandasamy S, Sarangi PK. The comprehensive review on 3D printing- pharmaceutical drug delivery and personalized food and nutrition. Food Chem 2024; 459:140348. [PMID: 38991438 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is one of the emerging technologies that is gaining interest from the pharmaceutical industry as it provides an opportunity to customize drugs according to each patient's needs. Combining different active pharmaceutical ingredients, using different geometries, and providing sustained release enhances the effectiveness of medicine. One of the most innovative uses of 3D printing is producing fabrics, medical devices, medical implants, orthoses, and prostheses. This review summarizes the various 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography, inkjet printing, thermal inkjet printing, fused deposition modelling, extrusion printing, semi-solid extrusion printing, selective laser sintering, and hot-melt extrusion. Also, discusses the drug relies profile and its mechanisms, characteristics, and applications of the most common types of 3D printed API formulations and its recent development. Here, Authors also, summarizes the central flow of 3D food printing process and knowledge extension toward personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Murugan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala -133207, Haryana, India
| | - Selva Kumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala -133207, Haryana, India
| | - Geetha Venkatesan
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Barathi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea..
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore - 641004, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Sarangi
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India..
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Bei H, Zhao P, Shen L, Yang Q, Yang Y. Assembled pH-Responsive Gastric Drug Delivery Systems Based on 3D-Printed Shells. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:717. [PMID: 38931841 PMCID: PMC11206575 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric acid secretion is closely associated with the development and treatment of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and reflux esophagitis. However, gastric acid secretion is affected by complex physiological and pathological factors, and real-time detection and control are complicated and expensive. A gastric delivery system for antacids and therapeutics in response to low pH in the stomach holds promise for smart and personalized treatment of stomach diseases. In this study, pH-responsive modular units were used to assemble various modular devices for self-regulation of pH and drug delivery to the stomach. The modular unit with a release window of 50 mm2 could respond to pH and self-regulate within 10 min, which is related to its downward floatation and internal gas production. The assembled devices could stably float downward in the medium and detach sequentially at specific times. The assembled devices loaded with antacids exhibited smart pH self-regulation under complex physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, the assembled devices loaded with antacids and acid suppressors could multi-pulse or prolong drug release after rapid neutralization of gastric acid. Compared with traditional coating technology, 3D printing can print the shell layer by layer, flexibly adjust the internal and external structure and composition, and assemble it into a multi-level drug release system. Compared with traditional coating, 3D-printed shells have the advantage of the flexible adjustment of internal and external structure and composition, and are easy to assemble into a complex drug delivery system. This provides a universal and flexible strategy for the personalized treatment of diseases with abnormal gastric acid secretion, especially for delivering acid-unstable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.B.); (P.Z.); (L.S.); (Q.Y.)
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Zhang P, Li J, Ashour EA, Chung S, Wang H, Vemula SK, Repka MA. Development of multiple structured extended release tablets via hot melt extrusion and dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123905. [PMID: 38355075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to fabricate extended release (ER) tablets using a dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology based on hot melt extrusion (HME), using caffeine as the model compound. Three different ER tablets were developed, which obtained "delayed-release", "rapid-sustained release", and "release-lag-release" properties. Each type of tablet was printed with two different formulations. A novel printing method was employed in this study, which is to push the HME filament from behind with polylactic acid (PLA) to prevent sample damage by gears during the printing process. Powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that caffeine was predominately amorphous in the final tablets. The dissolution of 3D printed tablets was assessed using a USP-II dissolution apparatus. ER tablets containing PVA dissolved faster than those developed with Kollicoat IR. Overall, this study revealed that ER tablets were successfully manufactured through HME paired with dual-nozzle FDM 3D printing and demonstrated the power of 3D printing in developing multi-layer tablets with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jinghan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eman A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sooyeon Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Honghe Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Aguilar-de-Leyva Á, Casas M, Ferrero C, Linares V, Caraballo I. 3D Printing Direct Powder Extrusion in the Production of Drug Delivery Systems: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:437. [PMID: 38675099 PMCID: PMC11054165 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of tailored, on-demand drug delivery systems has gained attention in pharmaceutical development over the last few years, thanks to the application of 3D printing technology in the pharmaceutical field. Recently, direct powder extrusion (DPE) has emerged among the extrusion-based additive manufacturing techniques. It is a one-step procedure that allows the direct processing of powdered formulations. The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the production of drug delivery systems using DPE. A total of 27 articles have been identified through scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect). The main characteristics of the three types of 3D printers based on DPE have been discussed. The selection of polymers and auxiliary excipients, as well as the flowability of the powder mixture, the rheological properties of the molten material, and the printing temperatures have been identified as the main critical parameters for successful printing. A wide range of drug delivery systems with varied geometries and different drug release profiles intended for oral, buccal, parenteral, and transdermal routes have been produced. The ability of this technique to manufacture personalized, on-demand drug delivery systems has been proven. For all these reasons, its implementation in hospital settings in the near future seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Casas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.A.-d.-L.); (C.F.) (V.L.); (I.C.)
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Ma XN, Feng W, Li N, Chen SL, Zhong XQ, Chen JX, Lin CS, Xu Q. Leonurine alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by regulating the Hippo signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155243. [PMID: 38056147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause joint inflammation and damage. Leonurine (LE) is an alkaloid found in Leonurus heterophyllus. It has anti-inflammatory effects. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The molecular mechanisms by which LE acts in RA are unclear and further investigation is required. METHODS Mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) isolated from them were used as in vivo and in vitro models of RA, respectively. The therapeutic effects of LE on CIA-induced joint injury were investigated by micro-computed tomography, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Safranin-O/Fast Green. Cell Counting Kit-8, a Transwell® chamber, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were used to investigate the effects of LE on RA-FLS viability, migratory capacity, inflammation, microRNA-21 (miR-21) levels, the Hippo signaling pathway, and the effects and intrinsic mechanisms of related proteins. Dual luciferase was used to investigate the binding of miR-21 to YOD1 deubiquitinase (YOD1) and yes-associated protein (YAP). Immunofluorescence was used to investigate the localization of YAP within the nucleus and cytoplasm. RESULTS Treatment with LE significantly inhibited joint swelling, bone damage, synovial inflammation, and proteoglycan loss in the CIA mice. It also reduced the proliferation, cell colonization, migration/invasion, and inflammation levels of RA-FLSs, and promoted miR-21 expression in vitro. The effects of LE on RA-FLSs were enhanced by an miR-21 mimic and reversed by an miR-21 inhibitor. The dual luciferase investigation confirmed that both YOD1 and YAP are direct targets of miR-21. Treatment with LE activated the Hippo signaling pathway, and promoted the downregulation and dephosphorylation of MST1 and LATS1 in RA, while inhibiting the activation of YOD1 and YAP. Regulation of the therapeutic effects of LE by miR-21 was counteracted by YOD1 overexpression, which caused the phosphorylation of YAP and prevented its nuclear ectopic position, thereby reducing LE effect on pro-proliferation-inhibiting apoptosis target genes. CONCLUSION LE regulates the Hippo signaling pathway through the miR-21/YOD1/YAP axis to reduce joint inflammation and bone destruction in CIA mice, thereby inhibiting the growth and inflammation of RA-FLSs. LE has potential for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Wei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Nan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chang-Song Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
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Shojaie F, Ferrero C, Caraballo I. Development of 3D-Printed Bicompartmental Devices by Dual-Nozzle Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2362. [PMID: 37765330 PMCID: PMC10535423 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a 3D printing technique that allows for the simultaneous printing of two polymeric filaments and the design of complex geometries. Hence, hybrid formulations and structurally different sections can be combined into the same dosage form to achieve customized drug release kinetics. The objective of this study was to develop a novel bicompartmental device by dual-nozzle FDM for colon-specific drug delivery. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were selected as matrix-forming polymers of the outer pH-dependent and the inner water-soluble compartments, respectively. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was selected as the model drug. Drug-free HPMCAS and drug-loaded PVA filaments suitable for FDM were extruded, and their properties were assessed by thermal, X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and texture analysis techniques. 5-ASA (20% w/w) remained mostly crystalline in the PVA matrix. Filaments were successfully printed into bicompartmental devices combining an outer cylindrical compartment and an inner spiral-shaped compartment that communicates with the external media through an opening. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray tomography analysis were performed to guarantee the quality of the 3D-printed devices. In vitro drug release tests demonstrated a pH-responsive biphasic release pattern: a slow and sustained release period (pH values of 1.2 and 6.8) controlled by drug diffusion followed by a faster drug release phase (pH 7.4) governed by polymer relaxation/erosion. Overall, this research demonstrates the feasibility of the dual-nozzle FDM technique to obtain an innovative 3D-printed bicompartmental device for targeting 5-ASA to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Ferrero
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González No. 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (F.S.); (I.C.)
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