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Krečmerová M, Majer P, Rais R, Slusher BS. Phosphonates and Phosphonate Prodrugs in Medicinal Chemistry: Past Successes and Future Prospects. Front Chem 2022; 10:889737. [PMID: 35668826 PMCID: PMC9163707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with a phosphonate group, i.e., -P(O)(OH)2 group attached directly to the molecule via a P-C bond serve as suitable non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics in various biomedical applications. In principle, they often inhibit enzymes utilizing various phosphates as substrates. In this review we focus mainly on biologically active phosphonates that originated from our institute (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague); i.e., acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, e.g., adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir) and derivatives of non-nucleoside phosphonates such as 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Principal strategies of their syntheses and modifications to prodrugs is reported. Besides clinically used ANP antivirals, a special attention is paid to new biologically active molecules with respect to emerging infections and arising resistance of many pathogens against standard treatments. These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called "open-ring" derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs. When transformed into an appropriate prodrug by derivatizing their charged functionalities, all these compounds show promising potential to become drug candidates for the treatment of viral infections. ANP prodrugs with suitable pharmacokinetics include amino acid phosphoramidates, pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) esters, alkyl and alkoxyalkyl esters, salicylic esters, (methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl) methyl (ODOL) esters and peptidomimetic prodrugs. We also focus on the story of cytostatics related to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine and its prodrugs which eventually led to development of the veterinary drug rabacfosadine. Various new ANP structures are also currently investigated as antiparasitics, especially antimalarial agents e.g., guanine and hypoxanthine derivatives with 2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl moiety, their thia-analogues and N-branched derivatives. In addition to ANPs and their analogs, we also describe prodrugs of 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors, including 2-PMPA have been found efficacious in various preclinical models of neurological disorders which are caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Unfortunately its highly polar character and hence low bioavailability severely limits its potential for clinical use. To overcome this problem, various prodrug strategies have been used to mask carboxylates and/or phosphonate functionalities with pivaloyloxymethyl, POC, ODOL and alkyl esters. Chemistry and biological characterization led to identification of prodrugs with 44-80 fold greater oral bioavailability (tetra-ODOL-2-PMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marcela Krečmerová,
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, Oncology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Anticonvulsant Effectiveness and Neurotoxicity Profile of 4-butyl-5-[(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)methyl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TPL-16) in Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:396-410. [PMID: 33206316 PMCID: PMC7854423 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protective (antiseizure) effects of 4-butyl-5-[(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-methyl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TPL-16) and acute neurotoxic effects were determined in the tonic-clonic seizure model and rotarod test in mice. The interaction profile of four classic antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate) with TPL-16 was also determined in the tonic-clonic seizure model in mice. The protective effects of TPL-16 from tonic-clonic seizures (as ED50 values) and acute neurotoxic effects of TPL-16 (as TD50 values) were determined in 4 pretreatment times (15, 30, 60 and 120 min after its i.p. administration), in adult male albino Swiss mice. The interaction profile of TPL-16 with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate in the tonic-clonic seizure model was determined with isobolographic analysis. Total concentrations of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate were measured in the mouse brain homogenates. The candidate for novel antiepileptic drug (TPL-16) administered separately 15 min before experiments, has a beneficial profile with protective index (as ratio of TD50 and ED50 values) amounting to 5.58. The combination of TPL-16 with valproate produced synergistic interaction in the tonic-clonic seizure model in mice. The combinations of TPL-16 with carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin produced additive interaction in terms of protection from tonic-clonic seizures in mice. None of the total brain concentrations of classic AEDs were changed significantly after TPL-16 administration in mice. Synergistic interaction for TPL-16 with valproate and the additive interaction for TPL-16 with carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin in the tonic-clonic seizures in mice allows for recommending TPL-16 as the promising drug for further experimental and clinical testing.
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Dash RP, Tichý T, Veeravalli V, Lam J, Alt J, Wu Y, Tenora L, Majer P, Slusher BS, Rais R. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of 2-(Phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic Acid (2-PMPA) from its (5-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl (ODOL)-Based Prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4292-4301. [PMID: 31503493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
2-(Phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) is a potent (IC50 = 300 pM) and selective inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) with efficacy in multiple neurological and psychiatric disease preclinical models and more recently in models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer. 2-PMPA (1), however, has not been clinically developed due to its poor oral bioavailability (<1%) imparted by its four acidic functionalities (c Log P = -1.14). In an attempt to improve the oral bioavailability of 2-PMPA, we explored a prodrug approach using (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl (ODOL), an FDA-approved promoiety, and systematically masked two (2), three (3), or all four (4) of its acidic groups. The prodrugs were evaluated for in vitro stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics in mice and dog. Prodrugs 2, 3, and 4 were found to be moderately stable at pH 7.4 in phosphate-buffered saline (57, 63, and 54% remaining at 1 h, respectively), but rapidly hydrolyzed in plasma and liver microsomes, across species. In vivo, in a single time-point screening study in mice, 10 mg/kg 2-PMPA equivalent doses of 2, 3, and 4 delivered significantly higher 2-PMPA plasma concentrations (3.65 ± 0.37, 3.56 ± 0.46, and 17.3 ± 5.03 nmol/mL, respectively) versus 2-PMPA (0.25 ± 0.02 nmol/mL). Given that prodrug 4 delivered the highest 2-PMPA levels, we next evaluated it in an extended time-course pharmacokinetic study in mice. 4 demonstrated an 80-fold enhancement in exposure versus oral 2-PMPA (AUC0-t: 52.1 ± 5.9 versus 0.65 ± 0.13 h*nmol/mL) with a calculated absolute oral bioavailability of 50%. In mouse brain, 4 showed similar exposures to that achieved with the IV route (1.2 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.2 h*nmol/g). Further, in dogs, relative to orally administered 2-PMPA, 4 delivered a 44-fold enhanced 2-PMPA plasma exposure (AUC0-t for 4: 62.6 h*nmol/mL versus AUC0-t for 2-PMPA: 1.44 h*nmol/mL). These results suggest that ODOL promoieties can serve as a promising strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of multiply charged compounds, such as 2-PMPA, and enable its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Tichý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. , Prague 166 10 , Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. , Prague 166 10 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. , Prague 166 10 , Czech Republic
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Majer P, Jančařík A, Krečmerová M, Tichý T, Tenora L, Wozniak K, Wu Y, Pommier E, Ferraris D, Rais R, Slusher BS. Discovery of Orally Available Prodrugs of the Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) Inhibitor 2-Phosphonomethylpentanedioic Acid (2-PMPA). J Med Chem 2016; 59:2810-9. [PMID: 26930119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2-Phosphonomethylpentanedioic acid (1, 2-PMPA) is a potent inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II which has demonstrated robust neuroprotective efficacy in many neurological disease models. However, 1 is highly polar containing a phosphonate and two carboxylates, severely limiting its oral bioavailability. We strategized to mask the polar groups via a prodrug approach, increasing the likelihood of passive oral absorption. Our initial strategy was to cover the phosphonate with hydrophobic moieties such as pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) while keeping the α- and γ-carboxylates unsubstituted. This attempt was unsuccessful due to the chemical instability of the bis-POC/POM derivatives. Addition of α,γ-diesters and α-monoesters enhanced chemical stability and provided excellent oral exposure in mice, but these mixed esters were too stable in vivo, resulting in minimal release of 1. By introducing POC groups on both the phosphonate and α-carboxylate, we synthesized Tris-POC-2-PMPA (21b), which afforded excellent release of 1 following oral administration in both mice and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Jančařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tichý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Krystyna Wozniak
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Elie Pommier
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Dana Ferraris
- Department of Chemistry, McDaniel College , Westminster, Maryland 21157, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Johns Hopkins Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Johns Hopkins Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Rais R, Wozniak K, Wu Y, Niwa M, Stathis M, Alt J, Giroux M, Sawa A, Rojas C, Slusher BS. Selective CNS Uptake of the GCP-II Inhibitor 2-PMPA following Intranasal Administration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131861. [PMID: 26151906 PMCID: PMC4494705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP-II) is a brain metallopeptidase that hydrolyzes the abundant neuropeptide N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) to NAA and glutamate. Small molecule GCP-II inhibitors increase brain NAAG, which activates mGluR3, decreases glutamate, and provide therapeutic utility in a variety of preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases wherein excess glutamate is presumed pathogenic. Unfortunately no GCP-II inhibitor has advanced clinically, largely due to their highly polar nature resulting in insufficient oral bioavailability and limited brain penetration. Herein we report a non-invasive route for delivery of GCP-II inhibitors to the brain via intranasal (i.n.) administration. Three structurally distinct classes of GCP-II inhibitors were evaluated including DCMC (urea-based), 2-MPPA (thiol-based) and 2-PMPA (phosphonate-based). While all showed some brain penetration following i.n. administration, 2-PMPA exhibited the highest levels and was chosen for further evaluation. Compared to intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, equivalent doses of i.n. administered 2-PMPA resulted in similar plasma exposures (AUC0-t, i.n./AUC0-t, i.p. = 1.0) but dramatically enhanced brain exposures in the olfactory bulb (AUC0-t, i.n./AUC0-t, i.p. = 67), cortex (AUC0-t, i.n./AUC0-t, i.p. = 46) and cerebellum (AUC0-t, i.n./AUC0-t, i.p. = 6.3). Following i.n. administration, the brain tissue to plasma ratio based on AUC0-t in the olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum were 1.49, 0.71 and 0.10, respectively, compared to an i.p. brain tissue to plasma ratio of less than 0.02 in all areas. Furthermore, i.n. administration of 2-PMPA resulted in complete inhibition of brain GCP-II enzymatic activity ex-vivo confirming target engagement. Lastly, because the rodent nasal system is not similar to humans, we evaluated i.n. 2-PMPA also in a non-human primate. We report that i.n. 2-PMPA provides selective brain delivery with micromolar concentrations. These studies support intranasal delivery of 2-PMPA to deliver therapeutic concentrations in the brain and may facilitate its clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Rais
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krystyna Wozniak
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying Wu
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marigo Stathis
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesse Alt
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marc Giroux
- Kurve Technology, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee DY, Moon J, Lee ST, Jung KH, Park DK, Yoo JS, Sunwoo JS, Byun JI, Lim JA, Kim TJ, Jung KY, Kim M, Jeon D, Chu K, Lee SK. Dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs in mouse models of localization-related epilepsy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:433-40. [PMID: 25976677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide profiling has revealed that eukaryotic genomes are transcribed into numerous non-coding RNAs. In particular, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various human diseases due to their biochemical and functional diversity. Epileptic disorders have been characterized by dysregulation of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, and recent studies have identified several lncRNAs involved in neural development and network function. However, comprehensive profiling of lncRNAs implicated in chronic epilepsy has been lacking. In this study, microarray analysis was performed to obtain the expression profile of lncRNAs dysregulated in pilocarpine and kainate models, two models of temporal lobe epilepsy commonly used for studying epileptic mechanisms. Total of 4622 lncRNAs were analyzed: 384 lncRNAs were significantly dysregulated in pilocarpine model, and 279 lncRNAs were significantly dysregulated in kainate model compared with control mice (≥3.0-fold, p < 0.05). Among these, 54 and 14 lncRNAs, respectively, had adjacent protein-coding genes whose expressions were also significantly dysregulated (≥2.0-fold, p < 0.05). Majority of these pairs of lncRNAs and adjacent genes shared the same direction of dysregulation. For the selected adjacent gene-lncRNA pairs, significant Gene Ontology terms were embryonic appendage morphogenesis and neuron differentiation. This was the first study to comprehensively identify dysregulated lncRNAs in two different models of chronic epilepsy and will likely provide a novel insight into developing lncRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Park
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ick Byun
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daejong Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of Seoul National University Medical Research Council, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Bioanalytical method for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of the GCP-II inhibitor 2-phosphonomethyl pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 88:162-9. [PMID: 24055700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Phosphonomethyl pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase-II, an enzyme which catabolizes the abundant neuropeptide N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) to N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamate. 2-PMPA demonstrates robust efficacy in numerous animal models of neurological disease, however its pharmacokinetics has not yet been fully described. 2-PMPA is a highly polar compound with multiple negative charges causing significant challenges for analysis in biological matrices. Here we report a derivatization method for the acidic groups that involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by reaction with N-tert-butyldimethysilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA). The silylated analyte with transitions (683→551.4) and the internal standard (669→537.2) were monitored by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray positive ionization mode. The method was subsequently used to evaluate 2-PMPA pharmacokinetics in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of 100mg/kg 2-PMPA resulted in maximum concentration in plasma of 275μg/mL at 0.25h. The half-life, area under the curve, apparent clearance, and volume of distribution were 0.64h, 210μg×h/mL, 7.93mL/min/kg, and 0.44L/kg, respectively. The tissue/plasma ratios in brain, sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion were 0.018, 0.120 and 0.142, respectively. In summary, a sensitive analytical method for 2-PMPA is reported that can be employed for similarly charged molecules.
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Rais R, Hoover R, Wozniak K, Rudek MA, Tsukamoto T, Alt J, Rojas C, Slusher BS. Reversible disulfide formation of the glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitor E2072 results in prolonged systemic exposures in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2315-23. [PMID: 22949627 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E2072 [(3-2-mercaptoethyl)biphenyl-2,3'-dicarboxylic acid] is a novel, potent and selective thiol-based glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP-II) inhibitor that has shown robust analgesic and neuroprotective efficacy in preclinical models of neuropathic pain and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. For the first time, we describe the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic profile of E2072 in rodents and primates. Intravenously administered E2072 was found to exhibit an unexpectedly long terminal half-life (105 ± 40 h) in rats. The long half-life was found to be the result of its ability to rapidly form reversible homo- and possibly heterodisulfides that served as a continuous E2072 depot. The half-life of reversible homodisulfides was 208 ± 81 h. In further support, direct intravenous administration of the E2072-homodisulfide in rats resulted in the formation of E2072, with both E2072 and its disulfide detected in plasma up to 7 days after dose. The observed long exposures were consistent with the sustained efficacy of E2072 in rodent pain models for several days after dose cessation. It is noteworthy that a shorter t(½) of E2072 (23.0 ± 1.2 h) and its homodisulfide (21.0 ± 0.95 h) was observed in primates, indicating interspecies differences in its disposition. In addition, E2072 was found to be orally available with an absolute bioavailability of ∼30% in rats and ∼39% in monkeys. A tissue distribution study of E2072 and its homodisulfide in rats showed good tissue penetration, particularly in sciatic nerve, the presumed site of action for treatment of neuropathy. Metabolic stability and the correlation between pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacological efficacy support the use of this GCP-II inhibitor in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Rais
- NeuroTranslational Drug Discovery Program, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Luszczki JJ, Plech T, Wujec M. Effect of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione on the anticonvulsant action of different classical antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 690:99-106. [PMID: 22732650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TP4-a new S-triazole derivative possessing anticonvulsant properties in preclinical studies) on the protective action of four different classical antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate) against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Results indicate that TP4 administered intraperitoneally at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg significantly elevated the threshold for electroconvulsions in mice. TP4 at doses of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 mg/kg had no impact on the threshold for electroconvulsions in mice. Moreover, TP4 (50 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital and valproate, but not that of phenytoin in the maximal electroshock seizure test in mice. TP4 at 25 mg/kg significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant action of carbamazepine, but not that of phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Pharmacokinetic experiments revealed that TP4 significantly elevated total brain concentrations of carbamazepine and valproate, having no impact on total brain concentrations of phenobarbital in mice. In conclusion, the enhanced anticonvulsant action of phenobarbital by TP4 was probably pharmacodynamic in nature and, therefore, the combination of TP4 with phenobarbital is worthy of consideration while extrapolating the results from this study into clinical settings. The enhanced anticonvulsant action of carbamazepine and valproate by TP4 in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model was associated with pharmacokinetic increases in total brain concentrations of the antiepileptic drugs in mice. The combination of TP4 with phenytoin was neutral from a preclinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarogniew J Luszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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Bařinka C, Rojas C, Slusher B, Pomper M. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II in diagnosis and treatment of neurologic disorders and prostate cancer. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:856-70. [PMID: 22214450 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799034888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane-bound binuclear zinc metallopeptidase with the highest expression levels found in the nervous and prostatic tissue. Throughout the nervous system, glia-bound GCPII is intimately involved in the neuron-neuron and neuron-glia signaling via the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the most abundant mammalian peptidic neurotransmitter. The inhibition of the GCPII-controlled NAAG catabolism has been shown to attenuate neurotoxicity associated with enhanced glutamate transmission and GCPII-specific inhibitors demonstrate efficacy in multiple preclinical models including traumatic brain injury, stroke, neuropathic and inflammatory pain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. The second major area of pharmacological interventions targeting GCPII focuses on prostate carcinoma; GCPII expression levels are highly increased in androgen-independent and metastatic disease. Consequently, the enzyme serves as a potential target for imaging and therapy. This review offers a summary of GCPII structure, physiological functions in healthy tissues, and its association with various pathologies. The review also outlines the development of GCPII-specific small-molecule compounds and their use in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Influence of N-hydroxymethyl-p-isopropoxyphenylsuccinimide on the anticonvulsant action of different classical antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Epilepsy Res 2012; 100:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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O'Neill J, Seese R, Hudkins M, Siddarth P, Levitt J, Tseng PB, Wu KN, Gurbani S, Shields WD, Caplan R. 1H MRSI and social communication deficits in pediatric complex partial seizures. Epilepsia 2011; 52:1705-14. [PMID: 21635240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate relationships between regional brain metabolites, social communication deficits, and seizure frequency in children and adolescents with cryptogenic epilepsy with complex partial seizures (CPS). METHODS In 12 children and adolescents with CPS and 23 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, we acquired proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at 1.5 T and 30 ms echo-time from bilateral inferior frontal and superior temporal gyri, regions associated with social communication deficits. Videotaped speech samples of all the subjects were coded for social communication deficits and parents provided information on seizure frequency. KEY FINDINGS Four MRSI findings emerged in right inferior frontal gyrus. N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) plus N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG)--together called "tNAA"--was 11.4% lower in patients with CPS than in controls. Choline-compounds (Cho) were 15.4% lower in CPS than in controls. Within CPS, higher tNAA was associated with more frequent seizures and abnormal social communication. SIGNIFICANCE Localization of findings to right inferior frontal cortex supports the involvement of this area in social communication deficits and may be related to atypical lateralization of expressive language in pediatric epilepsy. Lower levels of tNAA and Cho may indicate local neuronal or glial damage or underpopulation due to excitotoxicity or other causes. The sensitivity of tNAA to seizure frequency suggests effects of ongoing CPS on neuronal and glial function in this brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neurosciences, Los Angeles, California 90024-1759, USA.
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Luszczki JJ, Trojnar MK, Trojnar MP, Kimber-Trojnar Z, Szostakiewicz B, Zadrozniak A, Borowicz KK, Czuczwar SJ. Effects of amlodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil on the anticonvulsant action of topiramate against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in micePresented in part at the 11th Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies, Brussels, Belgium, 25–28 August 2007. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:113-21. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effect of 3 calcium channel antagonists (amlodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil) on the anticonvulsant action of topiramate (a new generation antiepileptic drug) in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model. Amlodipine (20 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant activity of topiramate in the MES test in mice, reducing its ED50 value from 54.83 to 33.10 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Similarly, diltiazem (5 and 10 mg/kg) markedly potentiated the antiseizure action of topiramate against MES, lowering its ED50 value from 54.83 to 32.48 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 28.68 mg/kg (p < 0.01), respectively. In contrast, lower doses of amlodipine (5 and 10 mg/kg) and diltiazem (2.5 mg/kg) and all doses of verapamil (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) had no significant impact on the antiseizure action of topiramate. Pharmacokinetic verification of the interaction of topiramate with amlodipine and diltiazem revealed that neither amlodipine nor diltiazem affected total brain topiramate concentration in experimental animals, and thus, the observed interactions were concluded to be pharmacodynamic in nature. The favorable combinations of topiramate with amlodipine or diltiazem deserve more attention from a clinical viewpoint because the enhanced antiseizure action of topiramate was not associated with any pharmacokinetic changes in total brain topiramate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarogniew J. Luszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal K. Trojnar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin P. Trojnar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zaneta Kimber-Trojnar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Szostakiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Zadrozniak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga K. Borowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanislaw J. Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, PL 20-081 Lublin, Poland
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Stanojlović O, Hrnčić D, Rašić A, Lončar-Stevanović H, Djuric D, Šušić V. Interaction of Delta Sleep-inducing Peptide and Valproate on Metaphit Audiogenic Seizure Model in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:923-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tsukamoto T, Wozniak KM, Slusher BS. Progress in the discovery and development of glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:767-76. [PMID: 17826690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, substantial progress has been made in the discovery and development of small molecule glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitors. These inhibitors have provided the necessary tools to investigate the physiological role of GCP II as well as the potential therapeutic benefits of its inhibition in neurological disorders of glutamatergic dysregulation. This review article details key GCP II inhibitors discovered in the last decade and important findings from preclinical and clinical studies.
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Luszczki JJ, Jankiewicz K, Jankiewicz M, Czuczwar SJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of aminophylline and topiramate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 562:53-9. [PMID: 17320861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of acute (single) and chronic (twice daily for 14 consecutive days) treatments with aminophylline (theophylline(2).ethylenediamine) on the anticonvulsant potential of topiramate (a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug) in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Additionally, the effects of acute and chronic administration of aminophylline on the adverse effect potential of topiramate were assessed in the chimney test (motor performance). To evaluate pharmacokinetic characteristics of interaction between topiramate and aminophylline, total brain concentrations of topiramate and theophylline were estimated with fluorescence polarization immunoassay technique. Results indicate that aminophylline in non-convulsive doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg (i.p.), both in acute and chronic experiments, markedly attenuated the anticonvulsant potential of topiramate by raising its ED(50) value against maximal electroconvulsions. Aminophylline at a lower dose of 25 mg/kg did not affect significantly the ED(50) value of topiramate in the acute experiment, but the drug markedly increased the ED(50) value of topiramate during the chronic treatment in mice. Only, aminophylline at 12.5 mg/kg, in both acute and chronic experiments, did not affect the antielectroshock action of topiramate in mice. Moreover, aminophylline at a dose of 100 mg/kg had no impact on the adverse effect potential of topiramate in the chimney test. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of total brain concentrations of topiramate and theophylline revealed that topiramate significantly increased total brain theophylline concentrations following both acute and chronic applications of aminophylline. Conversely, aminophylline did not alter total brain concentrations of topiramate in mice. Based on this preclinical study, one can conclude that aminophylline attenuated the antiseizure action of topiramate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model and the observed interaction between drugs was both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarogniew J Luszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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