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Feng Q, Yan H, Feng Y, Cui L, Hussain H, Park JH, Kwon SW, Xie L, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang D. Characterization of the structure, anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking of a neutral polysaccharide separated from American ginseng berries. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116521. [PMID: 38593700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM American ginseng berries, grown in the aerial parts and harvested in August, are a potentially valuable material. The aim of the study was to analyze the specific polysaccharides in American ginseng berries, and to demonstrate the anti-inflammation effect through in vitro and in vivo experiments and molecular docking. METHODS After deproteinization and dialysis, the extracted crude polysaccharide was separated and purified. The structure of the specific isolated polysaccharide was investigated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), GC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models (Raw 264.7 cells and zebrafish). Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding capacity and interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). RESULTS A novel neutral polysaccharide fraction (AGBP-A) was isolated from American ginseng berries. The structural analysis demonstrated that AGBP-A had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 122,988 Da with a dispersity index (Mw/Mn) value of 1.59 and was composed of arabinose and galactose with a core structure containing →6)-Gal-(1→ residues as the backbone and a branching substitution at the C3 position. The side-chains comprised of α-L-Ara-(1→, α-L-Ara-(1→, →5)-α-L-Ara-(1→, β-D-Gal-(1→. The results showed that it significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cell model. In a zebrafish model, AGBP-A reduced the massive recruitment of neutrophils to the caudal lateral line neuromast, suggesting the relief of inflammation. Molecular docking was used to analyze the combined capacity and interaction with COX-2. CONCLUSION Our study indicated the potential efficacy of AGBP-A as a safe and valid natural anti-inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Feng
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huijiao Yan
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China
| | - Jinfan Li
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China
| | - Daijie Wang
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
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Ran Z, Chen X, Li R, Duan W, Zhang Y, Fang L, Guo L, Zhou J. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the changes induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Panax quinquefolius L. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4919-4933. [PMID: 36942522 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax quinquefolius L. is one of the most important foods and herbs because of its high nutritional value and medicinal potential. In our previous study we found that the ginsenoside content in P. quinquefolius was improved by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs). However, little research has been conducted on the molecular mechanisms in P. quinquefolius roots induced by AMFs colonization. To identify the metabolomic and transcriptomic mechanisms of P. quinquefolius induced by AMFs, non-mycorrhized (control) and mycorrhized (AMF) P. quinquefolius were used as experimental materials for comparative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome. RESULTS Compared with the control, 182 metabolites and 545 genes were significantly changed at the metabolic and transcriptional levels in AMFs treatment. The metabolic pattern of AMFs was changed, and the contents of ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg2), threonine, and glutaric acid were significantly increased. There were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. In addition, several transcription factors from the NAC, WRKY, and basic helix-loop-helix families were identified in AMFs versus the control. Furthermore, the combined analysis of 'transcriptomics-metabolomics' analysis showed that 'Plant hormone signal transduction', 'Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism' and 'Glutathione metabolism' pathways were the important enriched pathways in response to AMFs colonization. CONCLUSION Overall, these results provide new insights into P. quinquefolius response to AMFs, which improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. quinquefolius induced by AMFs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Ran
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Duan
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Jin Y, Hao Y, Zhang H, Qu Z, Wang Y, Piao X. Dynamic changes of ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium fruit at different development stages measured using UHPLC-Orbitrap MS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9270. [PMID: 35178804 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some studies have shown that Panax quinquefolium fruit (PQF) could also be used as a potential medicinal resource. However, little is known about the composition of ginsenosides and their dynamic changes at different development stages of PQF. Therefore, this study is of great significance for the metabolomics and rational utilization of PQF. METHODS The samples were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Orbitrap MS), and the method of metabonomics was applied to profile the dynamic changes of ginsenosides in PQF at different development stages. RESULTS A total of 109 ginsenosides were identified or tentatively characterized. Samples collected from different development stages were significantly discriminated according to ginsenoside contents. A total of 25 potential chemical markers enabling the differentiation were discovered. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the study developed an UHPLC-Orbitrap MS-based approach to detect ginsenoside in PQF at different development stages using a non-targeted mode. This comprehensive phytochemical profile study revealed the structural diversity and discrimination of ginsenosides in PQF at different development stages, which could provide the basis for the metabolomics and rational application of PQF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Jin
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Hao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengyi Qu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangmin Piao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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The Effects of Berry Extracts on Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cardiomyocytes and Microglial Cells: A Potential Cardioprotective and Neuroprotective Mechanism. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092789. [PMID: 35566133 PMCID: PMC9100120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key underlying factor in cognitive decline and atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress occurs at the cellular level with an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and a deficiency in antioxidants. Mounting evidence suggests that berry flavonoids may promote cellular health by exerting antioxidant properties. Black currant and various berry extracts were tested in microglia (BV-2) and cardiomyocyte (HL-1) cell lines to study their biological effects. The principal ingredients in black currant and cranberry extract–delphinidin 3-rutinoside (D3R) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), were also assessed. A menadione-induced oxidative stressor was used, and its output was quantified to detect oxidative stress (CellROXTM). Black currant extract had similar antioxidant effects as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in HL-1 cells with regard to cellular protection, whereas cranberry extract was ineffective. In contrast, cranberry extract was comparable in effectiveness to black currant extract in BV-2 cells. D3R and C3G also reduced oxidative stress similarly to whole berry extracts, which indicates that these ingredients may confer the antioxidant effects of berries. Black currant and cranberry extracts inhibit oxidative stress in microglial and cardiomyocyte cell lines. Black currant extract was more effective in reducing oxidative stress in the HL-1 cells, whereas cranberry extract was comparable in reducing oxidative stress in the BV-2 cells. The results suggest that berry flavonoids exert neuro- and cardioprotective effects.
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Li L, Liu Y, Yu H, Li Z, Lin H, Wu F, Tan L, Wang C, Li P, Liu J. Comprehensive phytochemicals analysis and anti-myocardial ischemia activity of total saponins of American ginseng berry. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14042. [PMID: 34981530 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng berry (AGB) is a new medicinal source. Total saponins of American ginseng berry (TSAGB) are the main active ingredients. The effects and active saponins of TSAGB on myocardial ischemia (MI) rats were evaluated for the first time. First, there were 69 saponins identified or tentatively characterized by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) combined with UNIFI platform, among which, about 28 saponins were first identified in AGB. Second, MI model was established by ligating left coronary artery. It has been demonstrated that TSAGB could prevent the ST-segment elevation, reduce myocardial infarct size and levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and elevate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Finally, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to screen out four active saponins (ginsenoside Re, Rb3 , Rg3 , and PF11 ) and five key targets (SOD1, LDHA, CKB, GOT2, and ROS1) closely related to MI. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study enriches the chemical composition of TSAGB, and provides a basis for clarifying the pharmacological substances for anti-myocardial ischemia. TSAGB might be a potential anti-myocardial ischemia agent. The effect might be related to alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Fulin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Luying Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Byun J, Kim SK, Ban JY. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Korean Ginseng Berry Extract in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:719-735. [PMID: 33683191 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages stimulated by LPS disrupt homeostasis in the production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). These are the causes of inflammation-related diseases and various cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Korean ginseng berry extract (KGB) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE[Formula: see text] production was elevated in response to LPS stimulation and was dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with KGB. The expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein were also reduced by KGB treatment. KGB treatment significantly suppressed the LPS-induced gene expression and production of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, KGB inhibited the translocation of nuclear expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) by preventing inhibitory factor-kappa B (I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] phosphorylation and suppressing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Additionally, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were observed following KGB treatment. Taken together, these results indicated that KGB possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, mediated by the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. KGB may represent a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiha Byun
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Ban
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Yang L, Hou A, Zhang J, Wang S, Man W, Yu H, Zheng S, Wang X, Liu S, Jiang H. Panacis Quinquefolii Radix: A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Quality Control, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Industrial Applications Research Progress. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:602092. [PMID: 33381041 PMCID: PMC7768635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
On January 2, 2020, The National Health Commission and the State Administration for Market Regulation listed Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (PQR) as a medicinal and food homologous product. PQR is the dry root of Panax quinquefolium L., which has the functions of replenishing qi and nourishing Yin, clearing heat and producing body fluid. It is often used for qi deficiency and Yin deficiency, heat exhaustion, asthma and phlegm, dry mouth and pharynx. PQR is sweet, slightly bitter and cool in nature, and enter the heart, lung and kidney meridian exerts the remedial and hygienical effect. At present, active components such as saponins, flavonoids, fatty acids, polyalkynes, volatile oils and other nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements have been isolated from PQR. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that PQR has the effects of hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, anti fatigue, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and so on. In addition, PQR is recognized as a health care product to strengthen the body and dispel diseases. It is not only the raw material of Traditional Chinese medicine preparations, but also the treasure of dietary therapy and herbal cuisine. This study not only reviewed the botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of PQR, but also summarized its quality control, toxicity and industrial applications for the first time. This paper not only summarizes the development status of PQR, but also analyzes the shortcomings of the current research on PQR, and puts forward the corresponding solutions, in order to provide reference for future scholars to study PQR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Songtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Mandil R, Prakash A, Rahal A, Singh SP, Sharma D, Kumar R, Garg SK. In vitro and in vivo effects of flubendiamide and copper on cyto-genotoxicity, oxidative stress and spleen histology of rats and its modulation by resveratrol, catechin, curcumin and α-tocopherol. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:29. [PMID: 32326976 PMCID: PMC7179012 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living organisms are frequently exposed to more than one xenobiotic at a time either by ingestion of contaminated food/fodder or due to house-hold practices, occupational hazards or through environment. These xenobiotics interact individually or in combination with biological systems and act as carcinogen or produce other toxic effects including reproductive and degenerative diseases. Present study was aimed to investigate the cyto-genotoxic effects of flubendiamide and copper and ameliorative potential of certain natural phyotconstituent antioxidants. METHOD In vitro cytogenotoxic effects were evaluated by employing battery of assays including Propidium iodide staining, Tunel assay, Micronuclei, DNA fragmentation and Comet assay on isolated splenocytes and their prevention by resveratrol (5 and 10 μM), catechin (10 and 20 μM), curcumin (5 and 10 μM) and α-tocopherol (5, 10 and 20 μM). In vivo study was also undertaken daily oral administration of flubendiamide (200 mg/kg) or copper (33 mg/kg) and both these in combination, and also all these concurrently with of α-tocopherol to Wistar rats for 90 days. RESULTS Flubendiamide and copper produced concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on splenocytes and at median lethal concentrations, flubendiamide (40 μM) and copper (40 μM) respectively produced 71 and 81% nonviable cells, higher number of Tunel+ve apoptotic cells, 7.86 and 9.16% micronucleus and 22.90 and 29.59 comets/100 cells and DNA fragmentation. In vivo study revealed significant (P < 0.05) increase in level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in groups exposed to flubendiamide or copper alone or both these in combination. Histopathological examination of rat spleens revealed depletion of lymphoid tissue, separation of splenocytes and rarification in splenic parenchyma of xenobiotic(s) treated groups. CONCLUSION Flubendiamide and copper induce oxidative stress and produce cytogenotoxic effects along with histoarchitectural changes in spleen. All four tested natural antioxidants (resveratrol, catechin, curcumin and α-tocopherol) reduced flubendiamide and copper-induced cytotoxic effects in rat splenocytes. Rat splenocytes are very sensitive to flubendiamide and copper-induced cytogenotoxicity, therefore, these can be effectively employed for screening of compounds for their cytogenotoxic potential. α-tocopherol was effective in restoring alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers and preventing histoarchitectural lesions in spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mandil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Tecahnology, 250110, Meerut, India
| | - Atul Prakash
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go- Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), -281001, Mathura, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Goat Health, Central Institute for Research on Goat (CIRG), Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
| | - S. P. Singh
- Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), 281001, Mathura, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), 281001, Mathura, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), 281001, Mathura, India
| | - Satish Kumar Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go- Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), -281001, Mathura, India
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Szczuka D, Nowak A, Zakłos-Szyda M, Kochan E, Szymańska G, Motyl I, Blasiak J. American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium L.) as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals with Pro-Health Properties. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1041. [PMID: 31075951 PMCID: PMC6567205 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax quinquefolium L. (American Ginseng, AG) is an herb characteristic for regions of North America and Asia. Due to its beneficial properties it has been extensively investigated for decades. Nowadays, it is one of the most commonly applied medical herbs worldwide. Active compounds of AG are ginsenosides, saponins of the glycosides group that are abundant in roots, leaves, stem, and fruits of the plant. Ginsenosides are suggested to be primarily responsible for health-beneficial effects of AG. AG acts on the nervous system; it was reported to improve the cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, display anxiolytic activity, and neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage resulting from ischemic stroke in animals, demonstrate anxiolytic activity, and induce neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage in ischemic stroke in animals. Administration of AG leads to inhibition of hypertrophy in heart failure by regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice as well as depletion of cardiac contractile function in rats. It also has an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential as it increases insulin sensitivity and inhibits formation of adipose tissue. AG displays anti-cancer effect by induction of apoptosis of cancer cells and reducing local inflammation. It exerts antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains of bacteria. Therefore, AG presents a high potential to induce beneficial health effects in humans and should be further explored to formulate precise nutritional recommendations, as well as to assess its value in prevention and therapy of some disorders, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Szczuka
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kochan
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Szymańska
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ilona Motyl
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Ginseng Berry Extract Rich in Phenolic Compounds Attenuates Oxidative Stress but not Cardiac Remodeling post Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040983. [PMID: 30813472 PMCID: PMC6412860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of ginseng root extracts have been reported. However, nothing is known about the myocardial actions of the phenolic compounds enriched in ginseng berry. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of American ginseng berry extract (GBE) in an experimental model of myocardial infarction (MI). Coronary artery ligation was performed on Sprague–Dawley male rats to induce MI after which animals were randomized into groups receiving either distilled water or GBE intragastrically for 8 weeks. Echocardiography and assays for malondialdehyde (MDA) and TNF-α were conducted. Flow cytometry was used to test the effects of GBE on T cell phenotypes and cytokine production. Although GBE did not improve the cardiac functional parameters, it significantly attenuated oxidative stress in post-MI rat hearts. GBE treatment also resulted in lower than control levels of TNF-α in post-MI rat hearts indicating a strong neutralizing effect of GBE on this cytokine. However, there was no effect of GBE on the proportion of different T cell subsets or ex-vivo cytokine production. Taken together, the present study demonstrates GBE reduces oxidative stress, however no effect on cardiac structure and function in post-MI rats. Moreover, reduction of TNF-α levels below baseline raises concern regarding its use as prophylactic or preventive adjunct therapy in cardiovascular disease.
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Nunes MA, Rodrigues F, Alves RC, Oliveira MBPP. Herbal products containing Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Crataegus spp., and Panax spp.: Labeling and safety concerns. Food Res Int 2017; 100:529-540. [PMID: 28873717 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herbs have been used from ancient times for infusion preparation based on their potential health effects. In particular, the consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Crataegus spp. and Panax spp. has been largely associated to cardiovascular benefits. In this work, the label information of 52 herbal products for infusion preparation containing the referred herbs was analyzed and discussed, taking into consideration the European Union regulation for herbal products, which intends to protect public health and harmonize the legal framework in Member States. Details about the cardiovascular-related statements and warning notifications about consumption were considered. Also, regulatory issues and possible herb-drug interactions were explored and discussed. A total of 14 of the 52 herbal products selected presented health claims/statements on the label. Hibiscus was present in the majority of the products and, in some cases, it was mentioned only in the ingredients list and not on the product front-of-pack. Despite the promising outcomes of these plants to modulate cardiovascular risk markers, consumers with some sort of cardiovascular dysfunction and/or under medication treatments should be aware to carefully analyze the labels and consult additional information related to these herbal products. Manufacturers have also a huge responsibility to inform consumers by presenting awareness statements. Lastly, health professionals must advise and alert their patients about possible interactions that could occur between the concomitant consumption of drugs and herbs. Overall, there is still a real need of additional studies and clinical trials to better understand herbs effects and establish a science-based guidance to assess their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antónia Nunes
- REQUIMTE, LAQV/Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV/Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita C Alves
- REQUIMTE, LAQV/Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV/Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Coelho VR, Vieira CG, de Souza LP, Moysés F, Basso C, Papke DKM, Pires TR, Siqueira IR, Picada JN, Pereira P. Antiepileptogenic, antioxidant and genotoxic evaluation of rosmarinic acid and its metabolite caffeic acid in mice. Life Sci 2015; 122:65-71. [PMID: 25498895 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Antioxidant compounds have been extensively investigated as a pharmacological alternatives to prevent epileptogenesis. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA) are compounds with antioxidant properties, and RA has been shown to inhibit GABA transaminase activity (in vitro). Our aim was to evaluate the effect of RA and CA on seizures induced by pentylenotetrazole (PTZ) using the kindling model in mice. MAIN METHODS Male CF-1 mice were treated once every three days during 16days with RA (1, 2 or 4mg/kg; i.p.), or CA (1, 4 or 8mg/kg; i.p.), or positive controls diazepam (1mg/kg; i.p.) or vigabatrin (600mg/kg; p.o.), 30min before PTZ administration (50mg/kg; s.c.). After the last treatment, animals were sacrificed and the cortex was collected to evaluate free radicals (determined by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and genotoxic activity (Alkaline Comet Assay). KEY FINDINGS Rosmarinic acid 2mg/kg increased latency and decreased percentage of seizures, only on the 4th day of observation. The other tested doses of RA and CA did not show any effect. Rosmarinic acid 1mg/kg, CA 4mg/kg and CA 8mg/kg decreased free radicals, but no dose altered the levels of enzyme SOD. In the comet assay, RA 4mg/kg and CA 4mg/kg reduced the DNA damage index. SIGNIFICANCE Some doses of rosmarinic acid and CA tested showed neuroprotective action against oxidative and DNA damage produced in the kindling epilepsy model, although they did not produce antiepileptogenic effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rodrigues Coelho
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Toxicologia Pré-Clínica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gonçalves Vieira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Toxicologia Pré-Clínica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira de Souza
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Toxicologia Pré-Clínica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Moysés
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Basso
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Thienne Rocha Pires
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Toxicologia Pré-Clínica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Li Y, Shen D, Tang X, Li X, Wo D, Yan H, Song R, Feng J, Li P, Zhang J, Li J. Chlorogenic acid prevents isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat myocytes. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:257-63. [PMID: 24583048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its subsequent progression to heart failure represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. CGA is an important component of Chinese herbal medicine, acting as an antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and preventing inflammation. This study found that with the pre-treatment of chlorogenic acid in Iso-induced neonatal rat myocytes, the levels of the hypertrophic markers, ANP, BNP and β-MHC decreased. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB was blocked, whereas NF-κBIA, an inhibitor of NF-κB, was upregulated accordingly. And the level of the intracellular ROS was also reduced. These data reveal that chlorogenic acid may inhibit Iso-induced cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressing ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Li
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Wo
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Yan
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Song
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jue Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 34:160-7. [PMID: 21359120 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the U.S., and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the antidiabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A
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Zhu XY, Zhang ZL, Li P, Liang WY, Feng XR, Liu ML. Shenyuan, an extract of American Ginseng and Corydalis Tuber formula, attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:672-681. [PMID: 24096202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The decoction of American Ginseng and Corydalis Tuber has been widely used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to their anti-ischemic and anti-arrhythmic effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-apoptotic effect of Shenyuan, which is composed of the bioactive components extracted from the mixture of American Ginseng and Corydalis Tuber, and to explore potential mechanisms involved in the regulation of apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A porcine model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Thirty-eight pigs were randomized into six groups: Group S, sham (n=6); Group C, AMI controls (n=8); Group L, AMI+low-dose Shenyuan (240 mg/kg·d, n=6); Group M, AMI+moderate-dose Shenyuan (320 mg/kg·d, n=6); Group H, AMI+high-dose Shenyuan (400 mg/kg·d, n=6); Group B, AMI+Metoprolol Tartrate (1 mg/kg·d, n=6). The treatment of Shenyuan or Metoprolol started one week before AMI and continued for another two weeks after AMI. RESULTS Treatment with all doses of Shenyuan as well as Metoprolol produced a significant decrease of apoptotic index (P < 0.05), which was confirmed by TUNEL staining method. This anti-apoptotic effect was accompanied by less release of cardiac enzymes and limit of infarct size. In Group H, levels of MDA, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, GRP78/bip, calregulin, CHOP/GADD153, Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and activity of caspase-3 were reduced, while GSH, SOD, Bcl-2 and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In groups M and L, some results did not show statistical difference. There was no statistical difference in cardiac function between treatment groups and Group C. CONCLUSION Shenyuan treatment significantly inhibited ERS and oxidative stress, balanced the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, suppressed activation of caspase-3, and finally exerted an anti-apoptotic effect in pigs with a large anterior wall AMI. This was accompanied by less release of cardiac enzymes and limit of infarct size. Shenyuan treatment inhibited apoptosis and may have a therapeutic role in improving the natural process of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Zheng SD, Wu HJ, Wu DL. Roles and mechanisms of ginseng in protecting heart. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 18:548-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Choi YD, Park CW, Jang J, Kim SH, Jeon HY, Kim WG, Lee SJ, Chung WS. Effects of Korean ginseng berry extract on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study. Int J Impot Res 2012; 25:45-50. [PMID: 23254461 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is beneficial for many aspects of human physiology, including sexual function. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy and safety of an extract of ginseng berry, which has a ginsenoside profile distinct from other parts of the plant, on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction. In all, 119 men with mild-to-moderate ED participated in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical study. They were administered 4 tablets of either standardized Korean ginseng berry (SKGB, 350 mg ginseng berry extract per tablet), or placebo, daily, for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-15 and premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT) at the end of the 4th and 8th week. We observed that the total and each of the individual domain scores of IIEF-15 increased from 40.95 ± 7.05 to 46.19 ± 12.69 significantly in the SKGB by the 8th week (P<0.05). The erectile function domain of IIEF changed slightly from 17.17 ± 2.57 to 18.59 ± 5.99 in the SKGB group by the 8th week (P<0.05). In addition, PEDT scores significantly improved from 9.14 ± 4.57 to 7.97 ± 4.4 and 7.53 ± 4.26 in the SKGB group after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). Safety markers including hormone and lipid in the blood were assessed at the end of the 4th and 8th week and they remained unchanged. Oral administration of the SKGB extract improved all domains of sexual function. It can be used as an alternative medicine to improve sexual life in men with sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Choi
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Bae HM, Cho OS, Kim SJ, Im BO, Cho SH, Lee S, Kim MG, Kim KT, Leem KH, Ko SK. Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside re isolated from ginseng berry on histamine and cytokine release in human mast cells and human alveolar epithelial cells. J Ginseng Res 2012; 36:369-74. [PMID: 23717138 PMCID: PMC3659609 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The berry of Panax ginseng significantly inhibited the histamine releases at the concentration of 30 μg/mL (p<0.05) and 10 μg/mL (p<0.01). The ginsenoside Re from ginseng berry was found out to have a potent effect in the experiment of histamin and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Bae
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
| | - Ok Sun Cho
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
| | - Shin Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Byung Ok Im
- Department of Natural Medicine Resources, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
| | - Soon Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacy & Food, Daewon University College, Jecheon 390-702, Korea
| | - Sena Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
| | - Myung-Gyou Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
| | - Kyung Tack Kim
- Processing Technology Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Leem
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon 390-711, Korea
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Liu ZQ. Chemical Insights into Ginseng as a Resource for Natural Antioxidants. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3329-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun
130021, China
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:689-99. [PMID: 21396670 PMCID: PMC3103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Compared to the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, the study of American ginseng is relatively limited. In the past decade, some promising advances have been achieved in understanding the chemistry, pharmacology and structure-function relationship of American ginseng. To date, there is no systematic review of American ginseng. In this review, the different structures of the ginsenosides in American ginseng are described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. Preclinical and clinical studies published in the past decade are also discussed. Highlighted are the chemical and pharmacological diversity and potential structural-activity relationship of ginsenosides. The goal is that this article is a useful reference to chemists and biologists researching American ginseng, and will open the door to agents in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Baarine M, Thandapilly SJ, Louis XL, Mazué F, Yu L, Delmas D, Netticadan T, Lizard G, Latruffe N. Pro-apoptotic versus anti-apoptotic properties of dietary resveratrol on tumoral and normal cardiac cells. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 6:161-9. [PMID: 21541654 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural dietary polyphenol found in grape skin, red wine, and various other food products. Resveratrol has proved to be an effective chemopreventive agent for different malignant tumors. It has also been shown to prevent vascular alterations such as atherosclerosis and inflammatory-associated events. In view of these observations, we investigated the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of resveratrol on a tumoral cardiac cell line (HL-1 NB) derived from mouse tumoral atrial cardiac myocytes. These effects were compared with those found on normal neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. HL-1 NB cells and neonatal cardiomyocytes were treated with resveratrol (5, 30, and/or 100 μM) for different times of culture (24, 48, and/or 72 h). Resveratrol effects were determined by various microscopical and flow cytometric methods. After resveratrol treatment, a strong inhibition of tumoral cardiac HL1-NB cell growth associated with a loss of cell adhesion was observed. This cell proliferation arrest was associated with an apoptotic process revealed by an increased percentage of cells with fragmented and/or condensed nuclei (characteristic of apoptotic cells) identified after staining with Hoechst 33342 and by the presence of cells in subG1. At the opposite, on normal cardiomyocytes, no cytotoxic effects of resveratrol were observed, and a protective effect of resveratrol against norepinephrine-induced apoptosis was found on normal cardiomyocytes. Altogether, the present data demonstrate that resveratrol (1) induces apoptosis of tumoral cardiac HL1-NB cells, (2) does not induce cell death on normal cardiomyocytes, and (3) prevents norepinephrine-induced apoptosis on normal cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauhamad Baarine
- Centre de Recherche Inserm UMR 866 (Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer), Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle-6, Bd Gabriel, Dijon, France
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Park JW, Lee JC, Ann SR, Seo DW, Choi WS, Yoo YH, Park SK, Choi JY, Um SH, Ahn SH, Han JW. A Fermented Ginseng Extract, BST204, Inhibits Proliferation and Motility of Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Xie JT, Du GJ, McEntee E, Aung HH, He H, Mehendale SR, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Effects of Triterpenoid Glycosides from Fresh Ginseng Berry on SW480 Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line. Cancer Res Treat 2011; 43:49-55. [PMID: 21509163 PMCID: PMC3072535 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pharmacological activities, notably the anticancer properties, of bioactive constituents fromfresh American ginseng berry have not yet been well studied. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of fresh American ginseng berry extract (AGBE) and its representative triterpenoid glycosides using the human colorectal cancer cell line SW480. Materials and Methods Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the contents of 8 ginsenosides in AGBE were determined. The cell growth inhibitory effects of AGBE and three triterpenoid glycosides (ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3) were evaluated by proliferation assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Cell cycle and apoptotic effects were analyzed by using flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide and annexin V. Results HPLC analysis data showed that AGBE has a distinct ginsenoside profile. AGBE inhibited SW480 cell growth significantly in a time-dependent (24-96 hours) and concentration-dependent (0.1-1.0 mg/mL) manner. Ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 also possess significant antiproliferative activities on SW480 cells. 3H-thymidine incorporation assay indicated that AGBE and ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 might inhibit the transferring and duplication of DNA in SW480 cells. Flow cytometric assay data suggested that AGBE arrested SW480 cells in S and G2/M phases, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. Conclusion AGBE and ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 possessed significant antiproliferative effects and induced changes of morphological appearance on SW480 cells. The mechanisms of the antiproliferation of AGBE and tested ginsenosides involved could be cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Sun J, Chen P. Differentiation of Panax quinquefolius grown in the USA and China using LC/MS-based chromatographic fingerprinting and chemometric approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:1877-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li J, Ichikawa T, Jin Y, Hofseth LJ, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Windust A, Cui T. An essential role of Nrf2 in American ginseng-mediated anti-oxidative actions in cardiomyocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:222-30. [PMID: 20447451 PMCID: PMC3920583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ginseng has been used as a folk medicine for thousands of years in Asia, and has become a popular herbal medicine world-wide. Recent studies have revealed that ginseng, including American ginseng, exerts antioxidant effects in the cardiovascular system; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, we investigated role of Nrf2, a master transcription factor of endogenous anti-oxidative defense systems, in the regulation of American ginseng-mediated anti-oxidative actions in cardiomyocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standardized crude extract of American ginseng was supplied by the National Research Council of Canada, Institute for National Measurement Standards. H9C2 cells, a rat cardiomyocyte cell line, were exposed to angiotensin II (Ang II) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) to induce oxidative stress that was examined by measuring formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Oxidative stress-induced cell death was induced by exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Proteins were measured by Western blot and mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real time PCR. Nrf2-driven transcriptional activity was assessed by antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase reporter assay. Direct Nrf2 binding to its target gene promoters was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Adenoviral over-expression of Nrf2 shRNA was utilized to knock down Nrf2 in H9C2 cells. Immunochemical staining was applied for Nrf2 expression in the heart. RESULTS American ginseng induced dramatic increases in Nrf2 protein expression, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2 transcriptional activity, direct Nrf2 binding to its target gene promoters, and expression of a group of anti-oxidative genes driven by Nrf2 in H9C2 cells. In addition, American ginseng inhibited Ang II- or TNFalpha-induced free radical formation and H(2)O(2)-induced cell death in H9C2 cells over-expressed with control shRNA but not in the cells over-expressed with Nrf2 shRNA. Finally, oral administration of American ginseng markedly increased Nrf2 activity in murine hearts. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that American ginseng suppresses oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced cell death in cardiomyocytes through activating the Nrf2 pathway, thereby providing cardioprotection against pathological cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqing Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Tomonaga Ichikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lorne J. Hofseth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Corresponding author: Taixing Cui, MD, PhD, Tel: 803-253-5837; Fax: 803-733-3153;
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Singh M, Roginskaya M, Dalal S, Menon B, Kaverina E, Boluyt MO, Singh K. Extracellular ubiquitin inhibits beta-AR-stimulated apoptosis in cardiac myocytes: role of GSK-3beta and mitochondrial pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 86:20-8. [PMID: 20015977 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation induces apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs) via the activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) and mitochondrial pathways. However, beta-AR stimulation induces apoptosis only in a fraction ( approximately 15-20%) of ARVMs. We hypothesized that ARVMs may secrete/release a survival factor(s) which protects 80-85% of cells from apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI TOF and MS/MS, we identified ubiquitin (Ub) in the conditioned media of ARVMs treated with beta-AR agonist (isoproterenol). Western blot analysis confirmed increased Ub levels in the conditioned media 3 and 6 h after beta-AR stimulation. Inhibition of beta1-AR and beta2-AR subtypes inhibited beta-AR-stimulated increases in extracellular levels of Ub, whereas activation of adenylyl cyclase using forskolin mimicked the effects of beta-AR stimulation. Incubation of cells with exogenous biotinylated Ub followed by western blot analysis of the cell lysates showed uptake of extracellular Ub into cells, which was found to be higher after beta-AR stimulation (1.9 +/- 0.4-fold; P < 0.05 vs. control, n = 6). Pre-treatment with Ub inhibited beta-AR-stimulated increases in apoptosis. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase using wortmannin and LY-294002 prevented anti-apoptotic effects of extracellular Ub. Ub pre-treatment inhibited beta-AR-stimulated activation of GSK-3beta and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and increases in the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c. The use of methylated Ub suggested that the anti-apoptotic effects of extracellular Ub are mediated via monoubiquitination. CONCLUSION beta-AR stimulation increases levels of Ub in the conditioned media. Extracellular Ub plays a protective role in beta-AR-stimulated apoptosis, possibly via the inactivation of GSK-3beta/JNK and mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Singh
- Department of Physiology, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70576, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Lee M, Sorn S, Baek S, Jang S, Kim S. Antioxidant and Apoptotic Effects of Korean White Ginseng Extracted with the Same Ratio of Protopanaxadiol and Protopanaxatriol Saponins in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:217-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Activation of muscarinic receptors by a hydroalcoholic extract of Dicksonia sellowiana Presl. HooK (Dicksoniaceae) induces vascular relaxation and hypotension in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 50:27-33. [PMID: 18805508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook is a native plant from the Central and South Americas that contain high levels of polyphenols, antioxidant compounds involved in protection against inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular risk. A phytomedicinal preparation obtained from aerial parts of D. sellowiana is currently under clinical evaluation in Brazil against asthma, and has been associated with several other beneficial effects. This study demonstrates that a hydroalcoholic extract obtained from D. sellowiana leaves (HEDS) fully relax, in a concentration-dependent manner, rat aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine. Moreover, administration of HEDS (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.v.) in anaesthetized rats resulted in a strong but reversible hypotension. Aortic relaxation induced by HEDS was abolished by endothelium removal, by incubation of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, or the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ. In addition, this effect was partially inhibited by indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and KT 5730 (a PKA inhibitor). The potassium channels blockade by either tetraethylammonium or charybdotoxin also resulted in a potent inhibition of HEDS-induced aortic relaxation, whereas apamine only slightly reduced it. In addition HEDS-induced relaxation was unchanged by 4-amynopiridine and glibenclamide. The selective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine counteracted both aortic relaxation and blood pressure reduction generated by HEDS. Experiments using HPLC revealed the presence of high amounts of phenolic compounds in this extract. Taken together, our results reveal that the D. sellowiana possess substances with both in vivo and in vitro activities and that the vascular effect of HEDS involves activation of muscarinic receptors, stimulation of the nitric oxide pathway and opening of calcium-activated potassium channels.
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Yeo M, Kim DK, Cho SW, Hong HD. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, protects ethanol-induced gastric damages in rat through the induction of cytoprotective heat-shock protein 27. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:606-13. [PMID: 17763949 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been reported to exert preventive effects on gastropathy via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of ginseng against ethanol-induced gastric damages in rat. To examine the preventive effect of ginseng, rats received two different ginseng extracts, A and B, 1 h prior to the administration of ethanol. Pretreatment of rats with ginseng extract A and B attenuated the ethanol-induced gastric lesions by 111 +/- 48 and 142 +/- 47 mm(2) compared to control group (164 +/- 54 mm(2)). Significant induction of cytoprotective heat-shock proteins HSP27 and HSP70 was found in the ginseng-administrated rats, suggesting that the restoration of the proteins might contribute to prevention of ethanol-induced gastric injuries. It is, therefore, suggested that ginseng has a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric damages by induction of heat-shock proteins 70 and 27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Yeo
- Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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