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Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Abdolghaffari AH, Ghesmati M, Amini A, Zarghi A. Selective COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent review (2018-2023). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38958471 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2373771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COX-2 is a crucial enzyme in the manufacture of prostaglandins. The enzyme's metabolites might have an important function as regulators of the inflammatory response and other medical conditions such as cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are believed to enhance or reverse the response of cancer chemotherapeutics. AREAS COVERED This study addresses the chemical structures as well as the antitumor activity of new COX-2 inhibitors produced in the recent five years, aiming to provide an insight into the mechanism of COX-2 induced PGE2 powerful signal in cancer development. EXPERT OPINION The significance of selective COX-2 inhibitors as an efficient superfamily of compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinson's disease, and anticancer properties has piqued the passion of academics in the field of drug development. Long-term usage of selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib has been proven in clinical trials to lower the incidence of several human malignancies. Furthermore, celecoxib has the potential to greatly increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Our extensive understanding of selective COX-2 inhibitor SAR may aid in the development of safer and more effective selective COX-2 inhibitors as cancer chemopreventive agents. This review focuses on the different structural classes of selective COX-2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on their SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghesmati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Villamizar-Mogotocoro AF, León-Rojas AF, Urbina-González JM. Δα,β-Butenolides [Furan-2(5H)-ones]: Ring Construction Approaches and Biological Aspects - A Mini-Review. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x17666200220130735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The five-membered oxacyclic system of furan-2(5H)-ones, commonly named as γ-
butenolides or appropriately as Δ<sup>α,β</sup>-butenolides, is of high interest since many studies have proven its
bioactivity. During the past few years, Δ<sup>α,β</sup>-butenolides have been important synthetic targets, with
several reports of new procedures for their construction. A short compendium of the main different
synthetic methodologies focused on the Δ<sup>α,β</sup>-butenolide ring formation, along with selected examples
of compounds with relevant biological activities of these promising pharmaceutical entities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés-Felipe León-Rojas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
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Insights into the chemistry and therapeutic potential of furanones: A versatile pharmacophore. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:66-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu CM, Xue FL, Fu JH, Wang ZY. (E)-Methyl 2-chloro-4-dicyclo-hexyl-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o2051. [PMID: 22091077 PMCID: PMC3213498 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811027760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(17)H(26)ClNO(3), both cyclo-hexyl rings have chair conformations. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Mei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Fu JH, Wang ZY, Xue FL, Huo JP. (5S)-3-Chloro-4-(2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-5-[(1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclo-hex-yloxy]furan-2(5H)-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 67:o73. [PMID: 21522785 PMCID: PMC3050327 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810051226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, C(18)H(26)ClNO(3), was obtained via a tandem asymmetric Michael addition-elimination reaction of 3,4-dichloro-5-(S)-(l-menth-yloxy)furan-2(5H)-one and 2,5-di-hydro-1H-pyrrole in the presence of potassium fluoride. In the mol-ecule, the nearly planar dihydro-pyrrole ring [maximum atomic deviation = 0.019 (3) Å] is oriented at a dihedral angle of 10.73 (8)° to the the nearly planar furan-one ring [maximum atomic deviation = 0.011 (2) Å]; the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming supra-molecular chains running along the b axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Fu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Ling Xue
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Pei Huo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
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Gonzalo S, Grasa L, Fagundes DS, Arruebo MP, Plaza MÁ, Murillo MD. Intestinal effects of lipopolysaccharide in rabbit are mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 through p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:171-8. [PMID: 20832398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mediators of the pathophysiological symptoms of septic shock are not completely understood. The intracellular signalling mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced effects need further investigation. This study investigates (1) the role of COX-2 in the effect of LPS on (a) the KCl, acetylcholine and prostaglandin E₂-induced contractions of rabbit duodenum and (b) the oxidative stress status in plasma and intestine and (2) the relationship between p38 MAPK and COX-2 expression in rabbit duodenum. Rabbits were injected i.v. with either (1) saline, (2) LPS, (3) SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, (4) SB203580+LPS, (5) NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor or (6) NS-398+LPS. Contractility studies were performed by suspending pieces of duodenum in an organ bath in the direction of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibres. The formation of products of oxidative damage to proteins (carbonyls) and lipids [malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA)] was quantified in intestinal tissue and plasma. The protein expression of COX-2 was measured by western blot. The KCl, acetylcholine and prostaglandin E₂-induced contractions decreased with LPS. In addition, LPS increased the levels of carbonyls and MDA+4-HDA in plasma and duodenum as well as COX-2 expression in duodenal tissue. All these effects were blocked by NS-398. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 blocked the effect of LPS on COX-2 expression. These results suggest that the effect of LPS on KCl, acetylcholine and prostaglandin E₂-induced contractions in the rabbit duodenum and oxidative stress might be mediated by an increase in COX-2 expression through the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gonzalo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Colucci J, Boyd M, Berthelette C, Chiasson JF, Wang Z, Ducharme Y, Friesen R, Wrona M, Levesque JF, Denis D, Mathieu MC, Stocco R, Therien AG, Clarke P, Rowland S, Xu D, Han Y. Discovery of 4-[1-[([1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-1H-indol-7-yl]carbonyl)amino]cyclopropyl]benzoic acid (MF-766), a highly potent and selective EP4 antagonist for treating inflammatory pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3760-3. [PMID: 20471829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a highly potent and selective EP(4) antagonist MF-766 is discussed. This N-benzyl indole derivative exhibits good pharmacokinetic profile and unprecedented in vivo potency in the rat AIA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Colucci
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Canada Ltd, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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Blouin M, Han Y, Burch J, Farand J, Mellon C, Gaudreault M, Wrona M, Lévesque JF, Denis D, Mathieu MC, Stocco R, Vigneault E, Therien A, Clark P, Rowland S, Xu D, O’Neill G, Ducharme Y, Friesen R. The Discovery of 4-{1-[({2,5-Dimethyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-3-thienyl}carbonyl)amino]cyclopropyl}benzoic Acid (MK-2894), A Potent and Selective Prostaglandin E2 Subtype 4 Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2227-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheng MS, Ma DD, Sha Y, Li F, Ren J. A New Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic 2(5H)-Furanone Heterocycles from 3,4,5-Trichloro-2(5H)-furanone. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-11923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen M, Boilard E, Nigrovic PA, Clark P, Xu D, Fitzgerald GA, Audoly LP, Lee DM. Predominance of cyclooxygenase 1 over cyclooxygenase 2 in the generation of proinflammatory prostaglandins in autoantibody-driven K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1354-65. [PMID: 18438856 DOI: 10.1002/art.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostaglandins (PGs) are found in high levels in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and nonsteroidal blockade of these bioactive lipids plays a role in patient care. The aim of this study was to explore the relative contribution of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms and PG species in the autoantibody-driven K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis. METHODS The prostanoid content of arthritic ankles was assessed in ankle homogenates, and the importance of this pathway was confirmed with pharmacologic blockade. The presence of COX isoforms was assessed by Western blotting and their functional contribution was compared using COX-1-/- and COX-2-/- mice as well as isoform-specific inhibitors. The relative importance of PGE2 and PGI2 (prostacyclin) was determined using mice deficient in microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES-1) and in the receptors for PGI2. RESULTS High levels of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1alpha (a stable metabolite of PGI2) were detected in arthritic joint tissues, correlating strongly with the intensity of synovitis. Pharmacologic inhibition of PG synthesis prevented arthritis and ameliorated active disease. While both COX isoforms were found in inflamed joint tissues, only COX-1 contributed substantially to clinical disease; COX-1-/- mice were fully resistant to disease, whereas COX-2-/- mice remained susceptible. These findings were confirmed by isoform-specific pharmacologic inhibition. Mice lacking mPGES-1 (and therefore PGE2) developed arthritis normally, whereas mice incapable of responding to PGI2 exhibited a significantly attenuated arthritis course, confirming a role of PGI2 in this arthritis model. CONCLUSION These findings challenge previous paradigms of distinct "housekeeping" versus inflammatory functions of the COX isoforms and highlight the potential pathogenic contribution of prostanoids synthesized via COX-1, in particular PGI2, to inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Xu D, Rowland SE, Clark P, Giroux A, Côté B, Guiral S, Salem M, Ducharme Y, Friesen RW, Méthot N, Mancini J, Audoly L, Riendeau D. MF63 [2-(6-Chloro-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)-isophthalonitrile], a Selective Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Inhibitor, Relieves Pyresis and Pain in Preclinical Models of Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:754-63. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.138776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Clark P, Rowland SE, Denis D, Mathieu MC, Stocco R, Poirier H, Burch J, Han Y, Audoly L, Therien AG, Xu D. MF498 [N-{[4-(5,9-Diethoxy-6-oxo-6,8-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinolin-7-yl)-3-methylbenzyl]sulfonyl}-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide], a selective E prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist, relieves joint inflammation and pain in rodent models of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:425-34. [PMID: 18287210 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.134510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence has implicated E prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) in mechanical hyperalgesia induced by subplantar inflammation. However, its role in chronic arthritis remains to be further defined because previous attempts have generated two conflicting lines of evidence, with one showing a marked reduction of arthritis induced by a collagen antibody in mice lacking EP4, but not EP1-EP3, and the other showing no impact of EP4 antagonism on arthritis induced by collagen. Here, we assessed the effect of a novel and selective EP4 antagonist MF498 [N-{[4-(5,9-diethoxy-6-oxo-6,8-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinolin-7-yl)-3-methylbenzyl]sulfonyl}-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide] on inflammation in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), a rat model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and joint pain in a guinea pig model of iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis (OA). In the AIA model, MF498, but not the antagonist for EP1, MF266-1 [1-(5-{3-[2-(benzyloxy)-5-chlorophenyl]-2-thienyl}pyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethane-1,1-diol] or EP3 MF266-3 [(2E)-N-[(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-[5-chloro-2-(2-naphthylmethyl)phenyl]acrylamide], inhibited inflammation, with a similar efficacy as a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor MF-tricyclic. In addition, MF498 was as effective as an nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, or a selective microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitor, MF63 [2-(6-chloro-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)isophthalonitrile], in relieving OA-like pain in guinea pigs. When tested in rat models of gastrointestinal toxicity, the EP4 antagonist was well tolerated, causing no mucosal leakage or erosions. Lastly, we evaluated the renal effect of MF498 in a furosemide-induced diuresis model and demonstrated that the compound displayed a similar renal effect as MF-tricyclic [3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5H)-furanone], reducing furosemide-induced natriuresis by approximately 50%. These results not only suggest that EP4 is the major EP receptor in both RA and OA but also provide a proof of principle to the concept that antagonism of EP4 may be useful for treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Hwy, Kirkland, QC H9H 3L1, Canada
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Murase A, Okumura T, Sakakibara A, Tonai-Kachi H, Nakao K, Takada J. Effect of prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist, CJ-042,794, in rat models of pain and inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 580:116-21. [PMID: 18031725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent study suggests that the proinflammatory and nociceptive effects of prostaglandin E(2) are mediated by prostanoid receptor subtype EP(4) and prostanoid EP(4) receptor may be a potential target for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Here we describe pharmacological characterization of a novel prostanoid EP(4) receptor antagonist, CJ-042,794 (4-{(1S)-1-[({5-chloro-2-[(4-fluorophenyl) oxy] phenyl} carbonyl) amino] ethyl} benzoic acid) in comparison with piroxicam (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) or rofecoxib (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor). CJ-042,794 competitively antagonized cAMP accumulation with a pA(2) value of 8.7 in HEK293 cells overexpressing rat prostanoid EP(4) receptors. Orally administered CJ-042,794 dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia with an ED(50) value of 4.7 mg/kg (11 micromol/kg) and its maximal activity was somewhat less effective than that of 10 mg/kg piroxicam (30 micromol/kg p.o.). When CJ-042,794 and rofecoxib were administered to adjuvant-induced arthritis rats on Days 12-22 twice daily, both compounds reversed paw swelling to normal levels. These results suggest that a pharmacological blockade of the prostanoid EP(4) receptor may represent a new therapeutic strategy in signs and symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Murase
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Discovery Biology Research, Nagoya Laboratories, 5-2, Taketoyo, Aichi, 470-2393, Japan
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