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Mukherjee K, Xiao C. GLP-2 regulation of intestinal lipid handling. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1358625. [PMID: 38426205 PMCID: PMC10902918 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1358625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid handling in the intestine is important for maintaining energy homeostasis and overall health. Mishandling of lipids in the intestine contributes to dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Despite advances in this field over the past few decades, significant gaps remain. The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has been shown to play pleotropic roles in the regulation of lipid handling in the intestine. Of note, GLP-2 exhibits unique actions on post-prandial lipid absorption and post-absorptive release of intestinally stored lipids. This review aims to summarize current knowledge in how GLP-2 regulates lipid processing in the intestine. Elucidating the mechanisms of GLP-2 regulation of intestinal lipid handling not only improves our understanding of GLP-2 biology, but also provides insights into how lipids are processed in the intestine, which offers opportunities for developing novel strategies towards prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Salahuddin M, Hiramatsu K, Al-Amin M, Imai Y, Kita K. Low dietary carbohydrate induces structural alterations in enterocytes of the chicken ileum. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13919. [PMID: 38287469 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the role of dietary carbohydrates in the maintenance of the enterocyte microvillar structure in the chicken ileum. Male chickens were divided into the control and three experimental groups, and the experimental groups were fed diets containing 50%, 25%, and 0% carbohydrates of the control diet. The structural alterations in enterocytes were examined using transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescent techniques for β-actin and villin. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 and proglucagon mRNA were detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Fragmentation and wide gap spaces were frequently observed in the microvilli of the 25% and 0% groups. The length, width, and density of microvilli were also decreased in the experimental groups. The experimental groups had shorter terminal web extensions, and there were substantial changes in the mitochondrial density between the control and experimental groups. Intensities of β-actin and villin immunofluorescence observed on the apical surface of enterocytes were lower in the 0% group. The frequency of GLP-2-immunoreactive and proglucagon mRNA-expressing cells decreased with declining dietary carbohydrate levels. This study revealed that dietary carbohydrates contribute to the structural maintenance of enterocyte microvilli in the chicken ileum. The data from immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays suggest the participation of GLP-2 in this maintenance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Md Al-Amin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuriko Imai
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kita
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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3
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Naimi RM, Hvistendahl MK, Poulsen SS, Kissow H, Pedersen J, Nerup NA, Ambrus R, Achiam MP, Svendsen LB, Jeppesen PB. Effects of glepaglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analog, on intestinal morphology and perfusion in patients with short bowel syndrome: Findings from a randomized phase 2 trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023; 47:140-150. [PMID: 35511704 PMCID: PMC10084040 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proadaptive effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) include stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth as well as intestinal blood flow and angiogenesis. We have recently reported that daily subcutaneous injections of glepaglutide, a long-acting GLP-2 analog, improved intestinal absorptive function in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). As secondary and exploratory end points, the effects of glepaglutide on intestinal morphology and perfusion are reported. METHODS The following assessments were done in 18 patients with SBS in a randomized, crossover, dose-finding, phase 2 trial before and after three weeks of treatment with glepaglutide: plasma citrulline and mucosa biopsies to assess changes in (1) intestinal morphology by immunohistochemistry and (2) gene expressions associated with absorption, proliferation, and markers of tight-junction integrity by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Intestinal perfusion was assessed in stoma nipples by laser speckle contrast imaging and quantitative fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green. RESULTS In the 1- and 10-mg dose groups, glepaglutide significantly increased plasma citrulline by 15.3 µmol/L (P = 0.001) and 15.6 µmol/L (P = 0.001), respectively. Trends toward an increase in villus height, crypt depth, and epithelium height were seen in the same groups. No significant changes were seen in gene expressions or intestinal perfusion. CONCLUSION The increase in plasma citrulline and the morphological improvements may partly account for improvement in the intestinal absorptive function. However, the finding of a stability in perfusion after three weeks of treatment with glepaglutide may have been preceded by a more profound acute-phase increase in intestinal perfusion at treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim M Naimi
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark K Hvistendahl
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj A Nerup
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikard Ambrus
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael P Achiam
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars B Svendsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle B Jeppesen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Syed-Abdul MM, Stahel P, Tian L, Xiao C, Nahmias A, Lewis GF. Glucagon-like peptide-2 mobilization of intestinal lipid does not require canonical enterocyte chylomicron synthetic machinery. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lymphatics are known to have active, regulated pumping by smooth muscle cells that enhance lymph flow, but whether active regulation of lymphatic pumping contributes significantly to the rate of appearance of chylomicrons (CMs) in the blood circulation (i.e., CM production rate) is not currently known. In this review, we highlight some of the potential mechanisms by which lymphatics may regulate CM production. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data from our lab and others are beginning to provide clues that suggest a more active role of lymphatics in regulating CM appearance in the circulation through various mechanisms. Potential contributors include apolipoproteins, glucose, glucagon-like peptide-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor-C, but there are likely to be many more. SUMMARY The digested products of dietary fats absorbed by the small intestine are re-esterified and packaged by enterocytes into large, triglyceride-rich CM particles or stored temporarily in intracellular cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Secreted CMs traverse the lamina propria and are transported via lymphatics and then the blood circulation to liver and extrahepatic tissues, where they are stored or metabolized as a rich energy source. Although indirect data suggest a relationship between lymphatic pumping and CM production, this concept requires more experimental evidence before we can be sure that lymphatic pumping contributes significantly to the rate of CM appearance in the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Syed-Abdul
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lili Tian
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Markandey M, Bajaj A, Ilott NE, Kedia S, Travis S, Powrie F, Ahuja V. Gut microbiota: sculptors of the intestinal stem cell niche in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1990827. [PMID: 34747326 PMCID: PMC8583176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1990827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium represents a dynamic and diverse cellular system that continuously interacts with gut commensals and external cues. Intestinal stem cells, which lie at the heart of epithelial renewal and turnover, proliferate to maintain a steady stem cell population and differentiate to form functional epithelial cell types. This rather sophisticated assembly-line is maintained by an elaborate micro-environment, sculpted by a myriad of host and gut microbiota-derived signals, forming an intestinal stem cell niche. This complex, yet crucial signaling niche undergoes dynamic changes during homeostasis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory bowel disease refers to a chronic inflammatory response toward pathogenic or commensal microbiota, in a genetically susceptible host. Compositional and functional alterations in gut microbiota are pathognomonic of IBD.The present review highlights the modulatory role of gut microbiota on the intestinal stem cell niche during homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. We discuss the mechanisms of direct action of gut commensals (through microbiota-derived or microbiota-influenced metabolites) on ISCs, followed by their effects via other epithelial and immune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Markandey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,CONTACT Vineet Ahuja Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
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7
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Kan L, Guo F, Liu Y, Pham VH, Guo Y, Wang Z. Probiotics Bacillus licheniformis Improves Intestinal Health of Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis-Challenged Broilers. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:623739. [PMID: 34084155 PMCID: PMC8168541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.623739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis infection poses a serious threat to poultry production, and there is an urgent need for searching effective antibiotic alternatives to control it with the global ban on in-feed antibiotics. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis replacing enramycin on the growth performance and intestinal health of subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE)-challenged broilers. In total, 504 1-day-old Arbor Acres male chickens were selected and subsequently assigned into three treatments, including PC (basal diet + SNE challenge), PA (basal diet extra 10 mg/kg enramycin + SNE challenge), and PG (basal diet extra 3.20 × 109 and 1.60 × 109 CFU B. licheniformis per kg diet during 1-21 days and 22-42 days, respectively + SNE challenge). Results showed that B. licheniformis significantly decreased the intestinal lesion scores and down-regulated the Claudin-3 mRNA levels in jejunum of SNE-infected broilers on day 25, but increased the mucin-2 gene expression in broilers on day 42. In addition, B. licheniformis significantly up-regulated the mRNA levels of TRIF and NF-κB of SNE-challenged broilers compared with the control group on day 25 and TLR-4, TRIF compared with the control and the antibiotic group on day 42. The mRNA expression of growth factors (GLP-2 and TGF-β2) and HSPs (HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) were up-regulated in B. licheniformis supplementary group on days 25 and 42 compared with group PC. LEfSe analysis showed that the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010 was enriched in the PG group; nevertheless, Clostridiales_vadinBB60 and Rnminococcaceae_NK4A214 were in PA. PICRUSt analysis found that the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were enriched, whereas energy metabolism, membrane transport, cell motility, and lipid metabolism were suppressed in B. licheniformis-supplemented groups as compared with the PC control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of B. licheniformis alleviated the intestinal damage caused by SNE challenge that coincided with modulating intestinal microflora structure and barrier function as well as regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Xiao C, Stahel P, Nahmias A, Lewis GF. Emerging Role of Lymphatics in the Regulation of Intestinal Lipid Mobilization. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1604. [PMID: 32063861 PMCID: PMC7000543 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal handling of dietary triglycerides has important implications for health and disease. Following digestion in the intestinal lumen, absorption, and re-esterification of fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in intestinal enterocytes, triglycerides are packaged into lipoprotein particles (chylomicrons) for secretion or into cytoplasmic lipid droplets for transient or more prolonged storage. Despite the recognition of prolonged retention of triglycerides in the post-absorptive phase and subsequent release from the intestine in chylomicron particles, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Chylomicron secretion involves multiple steps, including intracellular assembly and post-assembly transport through cellular organelles, the lamina propria, and the mesenteric lymphatics before being released into the circulation. Contrary to the long-held view that the intestinal lymphatic vasculature acts mainly as a passive conduit, it is increasingly recognized to play an active and regulatory role in the rate of chylomicron release into the circulation. Here, we review the latest advances in understanding the role of lymphatics in intestinal lipid handling and chylomicron secretion. We highlight emerging evidence that oral glucose and the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 mobilize retained enteral lipid by differing mechanisms to promote the secretion of chylomicrons via glucose possibly by mobilizing cytoplasmic lipid droplets and via glucagon-like peptide-2 possibly by targeting post-enterocyte secretory mechanisms. We discuss other potential regulatory factors that are the focus of ongoing and future research. Regulation of lymphatic pumping and function is emerging as an area of great interest in our understanding of the integrated absorption of dietary fat and chylomicron secretion and potential implications for whole-body metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Priska Stahel
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Avital Nahmias
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Machida M, Shiga S, Machida T, Ohno M, Iizuka K, Hirafuji M. Potentiation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Dynamics by Methotrexate Administration in Rat Small Intestine. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1733-1740. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Machida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science
| | - Saki Shiga
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Masafumi Ohno
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Masahiko Hirafuji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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10
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Kaunitz JD, Akiba Y. Control of Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation: The Microbiome, Enteroendocrine L Cells, Telocytes, Enteric Nerves, and GLP, Too. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2709-2716. [PMID: 31435858 PMCID: PMC7211432 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Research Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Aykan DA, Kesim M, Ayan B, Kurt A. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of glucagon-like peptides: evaluation of their actions on serotonergic, nitrergic, and opioidergic systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1717-1728. [PMID: 30607480 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are gut derived hormones. GLP-1 and GLP-2 were shown to have pleiotropic effects in intestinal and pancreatic diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the activities of GLP-1 and GLP-2 on nociception and inflammation in mice, involving their actions on serotonergic, nitrergic, and opioidergic systems. METHODS Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of intraperitoneally injected GLPs were evaluated in hotplate latency test, formalin-induced behavioral, and paw edema tests. Ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor; and naloxone, an opioid antagonist were injected to determine the mechanisms of antinociception and anti-inflammation. We also measured blood glucose levels and performed rotarod test in order to evaluate whether the hypoglycemic effect of GLP compounds or alterations in locomotor activity may affect the latency in hotplate test and activity in formalin test. RESULTS GLP-1 (0.2 mg/kg) and GLP-2 (0.05, 0.2 mg/kg) significantly increased pain threshold. GLP-1 (0.2 mg/kg) and GLP-2 (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg) significantly decreased formalin-induced licking and shaking behaviors. GLP-1 or GLP-2 showed no significant inhibitory action on formalin-induced swelling in paws of mice. Antinociceptive actions of GLP-1 and GLP-2 were significantly decreased with ondansetron and naloxone, and paw shaking behavior significantly increased with naloxone. GLP-1 and GLP-2 did not impair rotarod performance, and did not cause a significant hypoglycemic effect in our normoglycemic mice after rotarod test. CONCLUSION These finding indicated that the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-1 was related to opioidergic system. Antinociceptive effect of GLP-2 was partially related to 5-HT3 serotonergic or opioidergic system in hotplate test. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-2 was not directly related to 5-HT3, NO or opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygun Altıntaş Aykan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avşar Kampusu, Onikişubat, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
| | - Murat Kesim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Beyza Ayan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Kurt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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12
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Purification and identification of intestinal mucosal cell proliferation-promoting peptides from Crassostrea hongkongensis. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Xiao C, Stahel P, Lewis GF. Regulation of Chylomicron Secretion: Focus on Post-Assembly Mechanisms. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:487-501. [PMID: 30819663 PMCID: PMC6396431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient digestion and absorption of dietary triglycerides and other lipids by the intestine, the packaging of those lipids into lipoprotein chylomicron (CM) particles, and their secretion via the lymphatic duct into the blood circulation are essential in maintaining whole-body lipid and energy homeostasis. Biosynthesis and assembly of CMs in enterocytes is a complex multistep process that is subject to regulation by intracellular signaling pathways as well as by hormones, nutrients, and neural factors extrinsic to the enterocyte. Dysregulation of this process has implications for health and disease, contributing to dyslipidemia and a potentially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There is increasing recognition that, besides intracellular regulation of CM assembly and secretion, regulation of postassembly pathways also plays important roles in CM secretion. This review examines recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of CM secretion in relation to mobilization of intestinal lipid stores, drawing particular attention to post-assembly regulatory mechanisms, including intracellular trafficking of triglycerides in enterocytes, CM mobilization from the lamina propria, and regulated transport of CM by intestinal lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Changting Xiao, PhD, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower 10-203, Medical and Related Science Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. fax: (416) 581-7487.
| | | | - Gary F. Lewis
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Gary F. Lewis, MD, FRCPC, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, EN12-218, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada. fax: (416) 340-3314.
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14
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Gu J, Liu S, Mu N, Huang T, Zhang W, Zhao H, Shu Z, Zhang C, Hao Q, Li W, Xue X, Zhang W, Zhang Y. A DPP-IV-resistant glucagon-like peptide-2 dimer with enhanced activity against radiation-induced intestinal injury. J Control Release 2017; 260:32-45. [PMID: 28522195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is a highly effective treatment for abdominal or pelvic cancer patients, it can increase the incidence of severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. As an intestinal growth factor, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to improve the preclinical models of both short bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease by stimulating intestinal growth. Teduglutide ([Gly2]GLP-2), a recombinant human GLP-2 variant, has a prolonged half-life and stability as compared to the native GLP-2 peptide, but still requires daily application in the clinic. Here, we designed and prepared a new degradation-resistant GLP-2 analogue dimer, designated GLP-2②, with biotechnological techniques. The purity of GLP-2②reached 97% after ammonium sulphate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography purification, and the purification process was simple and cost-effective. We next confirmed that the GLP-2② exhibited enhanced activities compared with [Gly2]GLP-2, the long-acting, degradation-resistant analogue. Notably, GLP-2② offers a pharmacokinetic and therapeutic advantage in the treatment of radiation-induced intestinal injury over [Gly2]GLP-2. We further demonstrated that GLP-2② rapidly activates divergent intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell survival and apoptosis. Taken together, our data revealed a potential novel and safe peptide drug for limiting the adverse effect of radiotherapy on the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Nan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tonglie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Shawe-Taylor M, Kumar JD, Holden W, Dodd S, Varga A, Giger O, Varro A, Dockray GJ. Glucagon-like petide-2 acts on colon cancer myofibroblasts to stimulate proliferation, migration and invasion of both myofibroblasts and cancer cells via the IGF pathway. Peptides 2017; 91:49-57. [PMID: 28363795 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation by acting, in part, via IGF release from sub-epithelial myofibroblasts. The response of myofibroblasts to GLP-2 remains incompletely understood. We studied the action of GLP-2 on myofibroblasts from colon cancer and adjacent tissue, and the effects of conditioned medium from these cells on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and invasion. GLP-2 stimulated proliferation, migration and invasion of myofibroblasts and the proliferative and invasive responses of cancer-associated myofibroblasts were greater than those of myofibroblasts from adjacent tissue. The responses were inhibited by an IGF receptor inhibitor, AG1024. Conditioned medium from GLP-2 treated myofibroblasts increased proliferation, migration and invasion of SW480, HT29, LoVo epithelial cells and these responses were inhibited by AG1024; GLP-2 alone had no effect on these cells. In addition, when myofibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured in Ibidi chambers there was mutual stimulation of migration in response to GLP-2. The latter increased both IGF-1 and IGF-2 transcript abundance in myofibroblasts. Moreover, a number of IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-4, -5, -7) were identified in myofibroblast medium; in the presence of GLP-2 there was increased abundance of the cleavage products of IGBBP-4 and IGFBP-5 suggesting activation of a degradation mechanism that might increase IGF bioavailability. The data suggest that GLP-2 stimulates cancer myofibroblast proliferation, migration and invasion; GLP-2 acts indirectly on epithelial cells partly via increased IGF expression in myofibroblasts and partly, perhaps, by increased bioavailability through degradation of IGFBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Shawe-Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Whitney Holden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steven Dodd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Akos Varga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Olivier Giger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graham J Dockray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intestinal failure because of more or less extensive resection of parts of the small and large intestine (short bowel syndrome) results from the reduction of absorptive surface of the remaining intestine and frequently results in dependence on parenteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition, although lifesaving, is associated with short and long-term complications as well as with reduced quality of life and overall survival. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacological enhancement of the physiological intestinal adaptive response by subcutaneous application of the glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue teduglutide results in an improved, hyperadaptive response. This is reflected by decreased parenteral calorie and fluid requirements, decreased parenteral nutrition infusion days per week including complete weaning off parenteral nutrition with complete oral autonomy, improved quality of life, and metabolic and nutritional stability. SUMMARY The advent of teduglutide as an authority-approved specific medication for intestinal failure in parenteral nutrition-dependent short bowel syndrome offers an effective and beneficial treatment for these patients. As a result, patients are more stable whether for medical or further surgical management including intestinal transplantation. Long-term efficacy and safety still have to be proven.
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Hsieh J, Trajcevski KE, Farr SL, Baker CL, Lake EJ, Taher J, Iqbal J, Hussain MM, Adeli K. Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2) Stimulates Postprandial Chylomicron Production and Postabsorptive Release of Intestinal Triglyceride Storage Pools via Induction of Nitric Oxide Signaling in Male Hamsters and Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3538-47. [PMID: 26132919 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal overproduction of apolipoprotein B48 (apoB48)-containing chylomicron particles is a common feature of diabetic dyslipidemia and contributes to cardiovascular risk in insulin resistant states. We previously reported that glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a key endocrine stimulator of enterocyte fat absorption and chylomicron output in the postprandial state. GLP-2's stimulatory effect on chylomicron production in the postabsorptive state has been confirmed in human studies. The mechanism by which GLP-2 regulates chylomicron production is unclear, because its receptor is not expressed on enterocytes. We provide evidence for a key role of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the stimulatory effects of GLP-2 during the postprandial and postabsorptive periods. Intestinal chylomicron production was assessed in GLP-2-treated hamsters administered the pan-specific NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and in GLP-2-treated endothelial NOS knockout mice. L-NAME blocked GLP-2-stimulated apoB48 secretion and reduced triglycerides (TGs) in the TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of the plasma in the postprandial state. Endothelial NOS-deficient mice were resistant to GLP-2 stimulation and secreted fewer large apoB48-particles. When TG storage pools were allowed to accumulate, L-NAME mitigated the GLP-2-mediated increase in TRL-TG, suggesting that NO is required for early mobilization and secretion of stored TG and preformed chylomicrons. Importantly, the NO donor S-nitroso-L-glutathione was able to elicit an increase in TRL-TG in vivo and stimulate chylomicron release in vitro in primary enterocytes. We describe a novel role for GLP-2-mediated NO-signaling as a critical regulator of intestinal lipid handling and a potential contributor to postprandial dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Hsieh
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Karin E Trajcevski
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Sarah L Farr
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Christopher L Baker
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Elizabeth J Lake
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Mahmood M Hussain
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Structure and Function (J.H., K.E.T., S.L.F., C.L.B., E.J.L., J.T., K.A.), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8; Departments of Biochemistry (J.H., K.E.T., K.A.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.F., J.T., K.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (J.I., M.H.H.), Brooklyn, New York 11203
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18
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Glucagon-like peptide 2 in colon carcinogenesis: Possible target for anti-cancer therapy? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Yunusova RD, Neville TL, Vonnahme KA, Hammer CJ, Reed JJ, Taylor JB, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Impacts of maternal selenium supply and nutritional plane on visceral tissues and intestinal biology in 180-day-old offspring in sheep1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2229-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Yunusova
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - T. L. Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - C. J. Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - J. J. Reed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - J. B. Taylor
- ARS-USDA, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423
| | - D. A. Redmer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - L. P. Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - J. S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
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20
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Miró L, Pérez-Bosque A, Maijó M, Amat C, Naftalin RJ, Moretó M. Aldosterone induces myofibroblast EGF secretion to regulate epithelial colonic permeability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C918-26. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00292.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo studies show that raised aldosterone (Aldo) during low-Na adaptation regulates the growth of pericryptal myofibroblasts and reduces the permeability of the colonic epithelium. The aim of this study was to reproduce in vitro the in vivo condition of increased Aldo using human CCD-18Co myofibroblasts and T84 colonic epithelial cells to measure myofibroblast and epithelial proliferation and the expression of intercellular junction proteins. Proliferation was quantified by measuring 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation. The myofibroblast expression of EGF, VEGFa, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was measured by real-time PCR and the expression of junctional complex proteins by Western blot. Aldo stimulated the proliferation of myofibroblasts by 70% ( P < 0.05) and increased EGF mRNA expression by 30% ( P < 0.05) without affecting VEGFa and TGF-β1. EGF concentration in the incubation medium increased by 30% ( P < 0.05) 24 h after Aldo addition, and these effects were prevented by the addition of spironolactone. Myofibroblast proliferation in response to Aldo was mediated by EGF receptor (EGFR) and involved both MAPKK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. When T84 cells were incubated with medium from myofibroblasts stimulated with Aldo (conditioned medium), the expression of β-catenin and claudin IV was increased by 30% ( P < 0.05) and proliferation by 40% ( P < 0.05). T84 proliferation decreased when α-EGF, or the EGFR antagonist AG1478, was present. Results in vivo indicate that rats fed a low-salt diet showed an increased expression of EGF and EGFR in the colonic mucosa. These results support the view that changes in colonic permeability during low-Na adaptation are mediated by the EGF secreted by myofibroblasts in response to raised Aldo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Miró
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Mònica Maijó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Concepció Amat
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Richard J. Naftalin
- Physiology Department, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miquel Moretó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
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21
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Vipperla K, O'Keefe SJ. Teduglutide for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:665-78. [PMID: 22017694 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Extensive resection of the intestine impairs its absorptive capacity and results in short bowel syndrome when the nutritional equilibrium is compromised. The remnant intestine adapts structurally to compensate, but nutritional autonomy cannot be achieved in patients with intestinal failure, requiring intravenous fluids and parenteral nutrition (PN) for sustenance of life. PN is expensive and associated with serious complications. Efforts to minimize or eliminate the need for PN heralded research focusing on the therapeutic utility of intrinsic gut factors involved in the postresection adaptation process. With the breakthrough recognition of the intestinotrophic properties of glucagon-like peptide-2, teduglutide, a recombinant analogue of glucagon-like peptide-2, is being investigated as a promising hope to mitigate the requirement of PN. Clinical studies to date have demonstrated a desirable benefit-to-risk profile in regards to its safety and efficacy. If approved for marketing, it will be the first of its class in short bowel syndrome management, offering an innovative therapeutic modality for this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Vipperla
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, 933W MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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22
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Tee CT, Wallis K, Gabe SM. Emerging treatment options for short bowel syndrome: potential role of teduglutide. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2011; 4:189-96. [PMID: 22016579 PMCID: PMC3190286 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current medical management of short bowel syndrome (SBS) involves the use of lifelong parenteral nutrition (PN). Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), an important intestinotrophic growth factor has been shown to increase intestinal absorption in SBS through augmentation of post-resection intestinal adaptation. This may lead to the reduction of PN dependence in patients with SBS. AREAS COVERED IN REVIEW Advancing research of GLP-2 physiology has spurred the growing understanding of the diverse effects of GLP-2. The development of the degradation resistant GLP-2 analog, teduglutide (Gattex(TM), NPS Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, NJ), has allowed its exploration as a therapeutic agent in a variety of clinical settings. Recent multicenter, placebo-controlled studies of GLP-2 in SBS patients demonstrate meaningful reductions in PN requirements with good safety profiles. The reparative and immunomodulatory effects of teduglutide may also be beneficial in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Safety concerns about possible carcinogenic properties during long-term use require ongoing evaluation. SUMMARY GLP-2 appears to offer a novel adjuvant treatment modality for SBS. Promise for its use in other clinical settings like IBD has been shown in small pilot studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng T Tee
- Lennard-Jones Intestinal Failure Unit, St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute, Harrow, UK
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23
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Toll-like receptor 4 signaling integrates intestinal inflammation with tumorigenesis: lessons from the murine model of colitis-associated cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3104-13. [PMID: 24212947 PMCID: PMC3759188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has long been implicated as a predisposition for cancer, but the underlying mechanism for how this occurs has remained obscure. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the large intestine which is known to be highly linked to colorectal cancer. During chronic inflammation the intestinal mucosa is in a constant cycle of injury and repair resulting in aberrant epithelial proliferation, a process that increases the risk of neoplastic transformation. In particular, the coexistence of commensal flora in the intestine plays an important role in the regulation of mucosal restitution after epithelial injury. It has become apparent that signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs), the receptor family recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns, is crucial to intestinal epithelial proliferation and mucosal restitution. We have recently described two important downstream pathways underlying TLR4-mediated epithelial proliferation in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer; i.e., cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-mediated production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and induction of specific ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These two pathways are closely involved with mucosal levels of PGE2 and other prostanoids such as 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin-J2 (15d-PGJ2). Understanding the fine interplay between the TLR signaling and intestinal tumorigenesis in the setting of chronic inflammation can contribute to establishing a novel treatment strategy for inflammation-associated cancers.
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Hornby PJ, Moore BA. The therapeutic potential of targeting the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor in gastrointestinal disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:637-46. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.556620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The medical management of short bowel syndrome frequently requires lifelong parenteral nutrition. Methods of increasing intestinal absorption and reducing parenteral nutrition dependence, by improving postresection intestinal adaptation, are increasingly being explored. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an important intestinotrophic growth factor and mediator of intestinal adaptation. This review summarizes our current understanding of GLP-2 physiology and provides an update on clinical trials in short bowel syndrome and related conditions. RECENT FINDINGS There is growing understanding how the effects of GLP-2 are mediated by downstream effectors such as insulin-like growth factor-1. In the treatment of short bowel syndrome, GLP-2 and the long-acting GLP-2 analogue teduglutide (Gattex) are effective in improving fluid absorption. A recent multicentre, placebo-controlled study demonstrates that this can translate into meaningful reductions in parenteral nutrition requirements. Treatment dose and timing of treatment initiation might influence the mucosal growth response. Most of the small intestine has to be preserved to facilitate the previously documented benefits of GLP-2 on bone metabolism. Therapeutic uses of GLP-2 in other gastrointestinal conditions are being explored. GLP-2 treatment appears well tolerated, although concerns about the long-term use of this growth-promoting agent remain. SUMMARY GLP-2 therapy holds promise as an adjuvant treatment modality for short bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wallis
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Velázquez E, Blázquez E, Ruiz-Albusac JM. Synergistic effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and of key growth factors on the proliferation of cultured rat astrocytes. Evidence for reciprocal upregulation of the mRNAs for GLP-2 and IGF-I receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:183-93. [PMID: 19672727 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine whether the stimulating effect of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 on astrocyte proliferation could be reinforced by proliferating substances, including growth factors such as EGF, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) or a hormone such as insulin. Both DNA synthesis and astrocyte density, as well as the expression of c-Fos, Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and glial fibrillary acidic proteins, were found to be higher in the presence of GLP-2 than in its absence. In an attempt to get a better understanding of this process, intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation and the expression of GLP-2R and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) mRNAs were studied in response to growth factors. Our results indicate that, in the presence of different growth factors, GLP-2 does not increase cAMP production but raises ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, GLP-2R mRNA expression was increased by IGF-I, whilst mRNA expression of IGF-IR was higher in cells incubated with GLP-2 than in control cells. These results suggest for the first time that GLP-2 and several growth factors show synergistic effects on the proliferation of rat astrocytes, a process in which an enhanced expression of GLP-2R and IGF-IR may be involved, providing additional insights into the physiological role of this novel neuropeptide, specially during astroglial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Velázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Visco V, Bava FA, d'Alessandro F, Cavallini M, Ziparo V, Torrisi MR. Human colon fibroblasts induce differentiation and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells through the direct paracrine action of keratinocyte growth factor. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:204-13. [PMID: 19326389 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects exerted by the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on intestinal epithelial cells cultured in vitro are influenced by cell confluence and differentiation through the modulation of keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) expression. In order to better define the contribution of KGF on the intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation, here we developed a coculture model, able to mimick in vitro the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of the bowel. In consequence of its ability to produce KGF, demonstrated by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, the human colon fibroblast cell line CCD-18 has been selected as coculture partner for the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line. Analysis of the expression of the differentiation and proliferation markers CEA and Ki67, through double immunofluorescence assays, showed that either the coculture with CCD-18 cells or the incubation with primary colon fibroblast-derived conditioned media (CM-F and CM-F2) induced an increase in differentiation and proliferation of confluent intestinal epithelial Caco-2 or HT29 cells, parallel to that obtained by KGF treatment. Use of anti-KGF blocking antibodies and of a tyrosine kinase KGFR inhibitor demonstrated the contribution of KGF and the direct role of its receptor in the regulation of epithelial growth and differentiation, indicating that KGF is a crucial paracrine factor involved in promoting these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Visco
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Effects of the cathelicidin LL-37 on intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 156:104-17. [PMID: 19328825 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The human cathelicidin LL-37 is involved in innate immune responses, angiogenesis and wound healing. Functions in maintenance and re-establishment of intestinal barrier integrity have not been characterized yet. Following direct and indirect stimulation of human colonic HT-29 and Caco-2 cells with LL-37 the cellular viability, rate of apoptosis, proliferation and wound healing were determined. Expression of mucins and growth factors was quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Direct application of LL-37 stimulated migration in Caco-2 cells expressing the proposed LL-37 receptor P2X7. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation was not altered. Indirectly, LL-37 significantly enhanced IEC migration via release of growth factors from subepithelial fibroblasts and IEC. Furthermore, LL-37 induced the expression of protective mucins in IEC and abated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis in IEC. LL-37 induced signaling is mediated in part by the P2X7 receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). LL-37 contributes to maintenance and re-establishment of the intestinal barrier integrity via direct and indirect pathways. These features, in addition to its known antimicrobial properties, suggest an important role for this peptide in intestinal homeostasis.
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Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Lahm T, Novotny NM, Rescorla FJ, Tector AJ, Meldrum DR. Stem cells as a potential future treatment of pediatric intestinal disorders. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:1953-63. [PMID: 18970924 PMCID: PMC2584666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
All surgical disciplines encounter planned and unplanned ischemic events that may ultimately lead to cellular dysfunction and death. Stem cell therapy has shown promise for the treatment of a variety of ischemic and inflammatory disorders where tissue damage has occurred. As stem cells have proven beneficial in many disease processes, important opportunities in the future treatment of gastrointestinal disorders may exist. Therefore, this article will serve to review the different types of stem cells that may be applicable to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, review the mechanisms suggesting that stem cells may work for these conditions, discuss current practices for harvesting and purifying stem cells, and provide a concise summary of a few of the pediatric intestinal disorders that could be treated with cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul R. Crisostomo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tim Lahm
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan M. Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - A. Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daniel R. Meldrum
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Rowland KJ, Brubaker PL. Life in the crypt: a role for glucagon-like peptide-2? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:63-70. [PMID: 18403107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial layer of the intestinal tract serves as a model to study the mechanisms regulating tissue renewal. Central to this process is the intestinal stem cell and, thus, both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that modulate the function of these cells must be understood. Amongst the intrinsic regulators, both the canonical wnt and bone morphogenic protein (bmp) signaling pathways have been shown to be essential determinants of stem cell dynamics and intestinal homeostasis. The intestinotrophic hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), has also recently been demonstrated to exert a variety of effects on the intestinal crypt cells, including enhancement of the putative stem cell marker, musashi-1, as well as stimulating intestinal proliferation. As the GLP-2 receptor is not expressed by the crypt cells, these actions have been hypothesized to be mediated indirectly, through other gut peptides and/or growth factors. Of these, recent studies have demonstrated a requirement for insulin-like growth factor-1 in the proliferative effects of GLP-2, through a pathway that involves activation of the canonical wnt signaling pathway. This extrinsic pathway represents a novel mechanism by which intestinal stem cell dynamics may be regulated.
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Mardini HE, de Villiers WJS. Teduglutide in intestinal adaptation and repair: light at the end of the tunnel. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:945-51. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.6.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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