1
|
Singh G, Kumar R, D S D, Chaudhary M, Kaur C, Khurrana N. Thiazolidinedione as a Promising Medicinal Scaffold for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e201023222411. [PMID: 37867272 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998254798231005095627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones, also known as glitazones, are considered as biologically active scaffold and a well-established class of anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones act by reducing insulin resistance through elevated peripheral glucose disposal and glucose production. These molecules activate peroxisome proliferated activated receptor (PPARγ), one of the sub-types of PPARs, and a diverse group of its hybrid have also shown numerous therapeutic activities along with antidiabetic activity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to collect and summarize the research related to the medicinal potential, structure-activity relationship and safety aspects of thiazolidinedione analogues designed and investigated in type 2 diabetes during the last two decades. METHODS The mentioned objective was achieved by collecting and reviewing the research manuscripts, review articles, and patents from PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, google scholar and journals related to the topic from different publishers like Wiley, Springer, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Indian and International government patent sites etc. Results: The thiazolidinedione scaffold has been a focus of research in the design and synthesis of novel derivatives for the management of type 2 diabetes, specifically in the case of insulin resistance. The complications like fluid retention, idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, weight gain and congestive heart failure in the case of trosiglitazone, and pioglitazone have restricted their use. The newer analogues have been synthesized by different research groups to attain better efficacy and less side effects. CONCLUSION Thus, the potential of thiazolidinediones in terms of their chemical evolution, action on nuclear receptors, aldose reductase and free fatty acid receptor 1 is well established. The newer TZD analogues with better safety profiles and tolerability will soon be available in the market for common use without further delay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Desna D S
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurrana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Paula K, Santos JC, Mafud AC, Nascimento AS. Tetrazoles as PPARγ ligands: A structural and computational investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 106:107932. [PMID: 33946041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is an important chronic disease affecting about 10% of the adult population in the US and over 420 million people worldwide, resulting in 1.6 million deaths every year, according to the World Health Organization. The most common type of the disease, type 2 diabetes, can be pharmacologically managed using oral hypoglycemic agents or thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as pioglitazone, which act by activating the Peroxisome Proliferated-Activated Receptor γ. Despite their beneficial effects in diabetes treatment, TZDs like rosiglitazone and troglitazone were withdrawn due to safety reasons, creating a void in the pharmacological options for the treatment of this important disease. Here, we explored a structure-based approach in the screening for new chemical probes for a deeper investigation of the effects of PPARγ activation. A class of tetrazole compounds was identified and the compounds named T1, T2 and T3 were purchased and evaluated for their ability to interact with the PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD). The compounds were binders with micromolar range affinity, as determined by their IC50 values. A Monte Carlo simulation of the compound T2 revealed that the tetrazole ring makes favorable interaction with the polar arm of the receptor binding pocket. Finally, the crystal structure of the PPARγ-LBD-T2 complex was solved at 2.3 Å, confirming the binding mode for this compound. The structure also revealed that, when the helix H12 is mispositioned, an alternative binding conformation is observed for the ligand suggesting an H12-dependent binding conformation for the tetrazole compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina de Paula
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Jademilson C Santos
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Mafud
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Nascimento
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu M, Yu L, Hou H, Chen H, Zhuang Q, Zhou S, Lin X. Electrochemistry-Enabled Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols for the Preparation of Quinazolinones in Water. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Morishita K, Ito Y, Otake K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto M, Kitao T, Ozawa SI, Hirono S, Shirahase H. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Series of 2,7-Substituted-6-tetrazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives as Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Partial Agonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:333-351. [PMID: 33790079 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 7-substituted-2-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-6-tetrazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were synthesized to clarify structure-activity relationships for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) partial agonist activity and identify more efficacious PPARγ partial agonists with minor adverse effects. Among the derivatives synthesized, compound 26v with a 2-(2,5-dihydropyrrol-1-yl)-5-methyloxazol-4-ylmethoxy group at the 7-position of the tetrahydroisoquinoline structure exhibited stronger PPARγ agonist and antagonist activities (EC50 = 6 nM and IC50 = 101 nM) than previously reported values for compound 1 (EC50 = 13 nM and IC50 = 512 nM). Compound 26v had very weak protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity and showed higher oral absorption (Cmax = 11.4 µg/mL and area under the curve (AUC) = 134.7 µg·h/mL) than compound 1 (Cmax = 7.0 µg/mL and AUC = 63.9 µg·h/mL) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. A computational docking calculation revealed that 26v bound to PPARγ in a similar manner to that of compound 1. In male Zucker fatty rats, 26v and pioglitazone at 10 and 30 mg/kg for 4 weeks similarly reduced plasma triglyceride levels, increased plasma adiponectin levels, and attenuated increases in plasma glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test, while only pioglitazone decreased hematocrit values. In conclusion, 6-tetrazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives provide a novel scaffold for selective PPARγ partial agonists and 26v attenuates insulin resistance possibly by adiponectin enhancements with minor adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Morishita
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Yuma Ito
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Kazuya Otake
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Tatsuya Kitao
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Shirahase
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Piperine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Activating PPAR- γ in Mice. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:2601408. [PMID: 31933619 PMCID: PMC6942876 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2601408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac apoptosis were closely involved in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac injury. Piperine has been reported to suppress inflammatory response and pyroptosis in macrophages. However, whether piperine could protect the mice against DOX-related cardiac injury remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether piperine inhibited DOX-related cardiac injury in mice. Methods To induce DOX-related acute cardiac injury, mice in DOX group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of DOX (15 mg/kg). To investigate the protective effects of piperine, mice were orally treated for 3 weeks with piperine (50 mg/kg, 18:00 every day) beginning two weeks before DOX injection. Results Piperine treatment significantly alleviated DOX-induced cardiac injury, and improved cardiac function. Piperine also reduced myocardial oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in mice with DOX injection. Piperine also improved cell viability, and reduced oxidative damage and inflammatory factors in cardiomyocytes. We also found that piperine activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), and the protective effects of piperine were abolished by the treatment of the PPAR-γ antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Piperine could suppress DOX-related cardiac injury via activation of PPAR-γ in mice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohr JP, Bruce JE. Elusive Conformational Dynamics of PPARγ Inactivation Tied Down by Chemical Cross-Linking. Structure 2019; 26:1425-1427. [PMID: 30403991 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Zheng et al. (2018) have described the dynamics of PPARγ in complex with a non-agonist by exploring its solution-phase conformational landscape through chemical cross-linking in combination with a multitude of different treatment conditions, including their new synthetic anti-diabetic non-agonist, revealing the physical mechanism of PPARγ inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Mohr
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
"On-Water" Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Dihydroquinazolinones Starting from o-Bromobenzonitrile. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092325. [PMID: 30213061 PMCID: PMC6225144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A versatile and practical “on-water” protocol was newly developed to synthesize quinazolinones using o-bromobenzonitrile as a novel starting material. Studies have found that air as well as water plays an important role in synthesis of quinazolinones. Further investigation indicated that dihydroquinazolinones can be prepared with this protocol under the protection of N2. The protocol can be extended to other substrates and various quinazolinones and dihydroquinazolinones were obtained. o-Bromobenzamide, o-aminobenzonitrile, and o-aminobenzamide were also evaluated as starting materials, and the results further proved the versatility of this protocol, especially towards dihydroquinazolinones.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ. Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1645-1657. [PMID: 30416379 PMCID: PMC6216032 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses specific markers and origin of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and the underlying mechanism involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis. Currently, there are no CFs-specific molecular markers. Most studies use co-labelling with panels of antibodies that can recognize CFs. Origin of fibroblasts is heterogeneous. After fibrotic stimuli, the levels of myocardial pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines are increased. These pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines bind to its receptors and then trigger the activation of signaling pathway and transcriptional factors via Smad-dependent or Smad independent-manners. These fibrosis-related transcriptional factors regulate gene expression that are involved in the fibrosis to amplify the fibrotic response. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and amplification of cardiac fibrosis are of great clinical significance to find drugs that can prevent the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Piperine Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Fibrosis Via PPAR-γ/AKT Pathways. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:179-187. [PMID: 28330809 PMCID: PMC5405163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AMPactivated protein kinase α (AMPKα) play critical roles in the process of cardiac hypertrophy. Previous studies have demonstrated that piperine activates AMPKα and reduces the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). However, the effect of piperine on cardiac hypertrophy remains completely unknown. Here, we show that piperine-treated mice had similar hypertrophic responses as mice treated with vehicle but exhibited significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis after pressure overload or isoprenaline (ISO) injection. Piperine inhibited the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) or angiotensin II (Ang II) in vitro. This anti-fibrotic effect was independent of the AMPKα and MAPK pathway. Piperine blocked activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and, downstream, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). The overexpression of constitutively active AKT or the knockdown of GSK3β completely abolished the piperine-mediated protection of cardiac fibroblasts. The cardioprotective effects of piperine were blocked in mice with constitutively active AKT. Pretreatment with GW9662, a specific inhibitor of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), reversed the effect elicited by piperine in vitro. In conclusion, piperine attenuated cardiac fibrosis via the activation of PPAR-γ and the resultant inhibition of AKT/GSK3β. Piperine attenuated cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload or isoprenaline in mice. Piperine inhibited the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts via the attenuation of the AKT/GSK3β pathway. Piperine acted as an agonist of PPAR-γ in cardiac fibroblasts.
Cardiac fibrosis plays key roles in the processes of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. The lack of therapy against cardiac fibrosis contributes to the high morbidity and mortality caused by HF. We found that piperine attenuates cardiac fibrosis via the activation of PPAR-γ and the resultant inhibition of AKT/GSK3β. Our study provides evidence for the application of piperine in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Karsdal MA, Henriksen K, Genovese F, Leeming DJ, Nielsen MJ, Riis BJ, Christiansen C, Byrjalsen I, Schuppan D. Serum endotrophin identifies optimal responders to PPARγ agonists in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:50-59. [PMID: 27631136 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The treatment of type 2 diabetes with full peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists improves insulin sensitivity, but is associated with weight gain, heart failure, peripheral oedema and bone loss. Endotrophin, the C-terminal fragment of the α3 chain of procollagen type VI (also called Pro-C6), is involved in both adipose tissue matrix remodelling and metabolic control. We established a serum assay for endotrophin to assess if this novel adipokine could identify type 2 diabetic patients who respond optimally to PPARγ agonists, improving the risk-to-benefit ratio. METHODS The BALLET trial (NCT00515632) compared the glucose-lowering effects and safety of the partial PPARγ agonist balaglitazone with those of pioglitazone in individuals with type 2 diabetes on stable insulin therapy. The per protocol population (n = 297) was stratified into tertiles based on baseline endotrophin levels. Participants were followed-up after 26 weeks, after which correlational analysis was carried out between endotrophin levels and measures of glucose control. This is a secondary post hoc analysis. RESULTS Endotrophin was significantly associated with therapeutic response to balaglitazone and pioglitazone. At week 26, only individuals in the upper two tertiles showed significant reductions in HbA1c and fasting serum glucose compared with baseline. The OR for a 1% and a 0.5% reduction in HbA1c for individuals in the upper two tertiles were 3.83 (95% CI 1.62, 9.04) p < 0.01, and 3.85 (95% CI 1.94, 7.61) p < 0.001, respectively. Endotrophin levels correlated with adipose tissue mass, insulin resistance and fatty liver index. Notably, PPARγ-associated adverse effects, such as moderate-to-severe lower extremity oedema, only occurred in the lower tertile. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Elevated endotrophin serum levels predict response to two insulin sensitisers and reduce the risk of associated adverse effects, thereby, identifying patients with type 2 diabetes who may profit from PPARγ agonist treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Federica Genovese
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Diana J Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mette J Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bente J Riis
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus Christiansen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research (CCBR), Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Inger Byrjalsen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center of Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Evaluation of selected 3D virtual screening tools for the prospective identification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ partial agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Giri SR, Bhoi B, Jain MR, Gatne MM. Cardioprotective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, rosiglitazone in a unique murine model of diabetic cardiopathy. Life Sci 2016; 162:1-13. [PMID: 27530514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rosiglitazone (RSZ), a PPARγ agonist was potent efficacious insulin sensitizing blockbuster drug for treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but the benefit of PPARγ activation in congestive heart failure (CHF) was controversial. The present work was planned to study the role of RSZ in diabetic cardiopathy. MAIN METHODS Zucker fa/fa rats, the genetic model of T2DM were subjected to constriction of suprarenal abdominal aorta so that they represent a combined model of diabetes and cardiopathy. The development cardiopathy was assessed biochemically (plasma BNP and aldosterone levels), using echocardiography and expression angiotensin II receptor type 1a gene in heart and Endothelin-1 gene in aorta. Rats were treated with RSZ and in combination with amiloride for four weeks and were assessed to evaluate the effect of RSZ or amiloride or its combination on antidiabetic activity, adverse or toxic effects and congestive heart failure status. KEY FINDINGS RSZ shows its anti-diabetic effect from 0.3mg/kg dose onwards and at 3mg/kg dose levels it caused beneficial effects (reduction of blood pressure) on cardiovascular system and at highest (30mg/kg) dose it starts showing adverse effects like body weight gain, edema, left ventricular hypertrophy. However, when highest dose of RSZ animals were treated with amiloride (ENaC inhibitor) at 2mg/kg the reversal of the adverse effects was evident, indicating the combination of RSZ and amiloride is beneficial in diabetic cardiopathy model. SIGNIFICANCE RSZ and amiloride combination appeared promising treatment in diabetic patients with cardiopathy without any side effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh R Giri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 213, Gujarat, India; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Bibhuti Bhoi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 213, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 213, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhumanjiri M Gatne
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chigurupati S, Dhanaraj SA, Balakumar P. A step ahead of PPARγ full agonists to PPARγ partial agonists: Therapeutic perspectives in the management of diabetic insulin resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:50-7. [PMID: 25748601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
15
|
Bhosle MR, Deshmukh AR, Pal S, Srivastava AK, Mane RA. Synthesis of new thiazolylmethoxyphenyl pyrimidines and antihyperglycemic evaluation of the pyrimidines, analogues isoxazolines and pyrazolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2442-6. [PMID: 25937008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New thiazolylmethoxyphenyl pyrimidines (7a-g) have been conveniently synthesized with better yields by cyclocondensing 3-(4-((2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-1-(4-substituted phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones (4a-g) with thiourea in aqueous emulsion of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) at 80 °C. Antihyperglycemic activity of the new thiazolylmethoxyphenyl pyrimidines (7a-d), thiazolylmethoxyphenyl pyrazolines (5a-d) and thiazolylmethoxyphenyl isoxazolines (6a-d) has been evaluated in sucrose loaded rat model. Among these compounds; 5a, 5c, 6b, 7c and 7d have displayed noticeable antihyperglycemic activity. Pyrimidines and pyrazolines have displayed better antihyperglycemic activity than the analogues isoxazolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha R Bhosle
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amarsinh R Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Pal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Arvind K Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ramrao A Mane
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wright MB, Bortolini M, Tadayyon M, Bopst M. Minireview: Challenges and opportunities in development of PPAR agonists. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1756-68. [PMID: 25148456 PMCID: PMC5414793 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of the fibrate and thiazolidinedione drugs on dyslipidemia and diabetes is driven mainly through activation of two transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ. However, substantial differences exist in the therapeutic and side-effect profiles of specific drugs. This has been attributed primarily to the complexity of drug-target complexes that involve many coregulatory proteins in the context of specific target gene promoters. Recent data have revealed that some PPAR ligands interact with other non-PPAR targets. Here we review concepts used to develop new agents that preferentially modulate transcriptional complex assembly, target more than one PPAR receptor simultaneously, or act as partial agonists. We highlight newly described on-target mechanisms of PPAR regulation including phosphorylation and nongenomic regulation. We briefly describe the recently discovered non-PPAR protein targets of thiazolidinediones, mitoNEET, and mTOT. Finally, we summarize the contributions of on- and off-target actions to select therapeutic and side effects of PPAR ligands including insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular actions, inflammation, and carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Wright
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Pharmaceuticals (M.B.W., M.Bor., M.Bop.), CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; and MediTech Media (M.T.), London EC1V 9AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
da Silva FMC, dos Santos JC, Campos JLO, Mafud AC, Polikarpov I, Figueira ACM, Nascimento AS. Structure-based identification of novel PPAR gamma ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5795-802. [PMID: 24075729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor with an important role in the glucose metabolism and a target for type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy. The recent findings relating the use of the receptor full agonist rosiglitazone and the incidence of myocardial infarction raised concerns regarding whether receptor activation can actually be useful for diabetes management. The discovery of MRL-24 and GQ-16, ligands that can partially activate PPARγ and prevent weight gain and fluid retention, showed that a submaximal receptor activation can be a goal in the development of new ligands for PPARγ. Additionally, two previously described receptor antagonists, SR-202 and BADGE, were also shown to improve insulin sensitivity and decrease TNF-α level, revealing that receptor antagonism may also be an approach to pursue. Here, we used a structure-based approach to screen the subset 'Drugs-Now' of ZINC database. Fifteen ligands were selected after visual inspection and tested for their ability to bind to PPARγ. A benzoimidazol acetate, a bromobenzyl-thio-tetrazol benzoate and a [[2-[(1,3-dioxoinden-2-ylidene)methyl]phenoxy]methyl]benzoate were identified as PPARγ ligands, with IC50 values smaller than 10μM. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the residues H323, H449, Y327, Y473, K367 and S289 are key structural elements for the molecular recognition of these ligands and the polar arm of PPARγ binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia M C da Silva
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adelia, 166 Bangu, Santo Andre, SP 09210-170, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Raza S, Srivastava SP, Srivastava DS, Srivastava AK, Haq W, Katti SB. Thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one derivatives analogous to rosiglitazone as potential antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:611-20. [PMID: 23567949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one derivatives were prepared by three component condensation in one pot reaction method. These compounds were evaluated for anti-hyperglycemic activity by in vitro and in vivo assay systems. The compounds with thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one moieties exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity. A few compounds (3a, 3b, 4a and 4b) have exhibited both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic activities. Among them the thiazinan-4-one derivative 4a showed maximal (45%) improvement in oral glucose tolerance test in db/db mice at 30 mg/kg oral dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Raza
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tan Y, Muise ES, Dai H, Raubertas R, Wong KK, Thompson GM, Wood HB, Meinke PT, Lum PY, Thompson JR, Berger JP. Novel transcriptome profiling analyses demonstrate that selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators display attenuated and selective gene regulatory activity in comparison with PPARγ full agonists. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:68-79. [PMID: 22496518 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators (SPPARγMs) have been actively pursued as the next generation of insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drugs, because the currently marketed PPARγ full agonists, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, have been reported to produce serious adverse effects among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted extensive transcriptome profiling studies to characterize and to contrast the activities of 70 SPPARγMs and seven PPARγ full agonists. In both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue from db/db mice, the SPPARγMs generated attenuated and selective gene-regulatory responses, in comparison with full agonists. More importantly, SPPARγMs regulated the expression of antidiabetic efficacy-associated genes to a greater extent than that of adverse effect-associated genes, whereas PPARγ full agonists regulated both gene sets proportionally. Such SPPARγM selectivity demonstrates that PPARγ ligand regulation of gene expression can be fine-tuned, and not just turned on and off, to achieve precise control of complex cellular and physiological functions. It also provides a potential molecular basis for the superior therapeutic window previously observed with SPPARγMs versus full agonists. On the basis of our profiling results, we introduce two novel, gene expression-based scores, the γ activation index and the selectivity index, to aid in the detection and characterization of novel SPPARγMs. These studies provide new insights into the gene-regulatory activity of SPPARγMs as well as novel quantitative indices to facilitate the identification of PPARγ ligands with robust insulin-sensitizing activity and improved tolerance among patients with type 2 diabetes, compared with presently available PPARγ agonist drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Tan
- Department of Informatics and Analysis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Szebeni A, Szentandrássy N, Pacher P, Simkó J, Nánási PP, Kecskeméti V. Can the electrophysiological action of rosiglitazone explain its cardiac side effects? Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:3720-8. [PMID: 21774756 DOI: 10.2174/092986711796642364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent large clinical trials found an association between the antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone therapy and increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events. The aim of this report is to elucidate the cardiac electrophysiological properties of rosiglitazone (R) on isolated rat and murine ventricular papillary muscle cells and canine ventricular myocytes using conventional microelectrode, whole cell voltage clamp, and action potential (AP) voltage clamp techniques. In histidine-decarboxylase knockout mice as well as in their wild types R (1-30 µM) shortened AP duration at 90% level of repolarization (APD(90)) and increased the AP amplitude (APA) in a concentration-dependent manner. In rat ventricular papillary muscle cells R (1-30 µM) caused a significant reduction of APA and maximum velocity of depolarization (V(max)) which was accompanied by lengthening of APD(90). In single canine ventricular myocytes at concentrations ≥10 µM R decreased the amplitude of phase-1 repolarization, the plateau potential and reduced V(max). R suppressed several ion currents in a concentration-dependent manner under voltage clamp conditions. The EC(50) value for this inhibition was 25.2±2.7 µM for the transient outward K(+ ) current (I(to)), 72.3±9.3 µM for the rapid delayed rectifier K(+ ) current (I(Kr)), and 82.5±9.4 µM for the L-type Ca(2+ ) current (I(Ca)) with Hill coefficients close to unity. The inward rectifier K(+ ) current (I(K1)) was not affected by R up to concentrations of 100 µM. Suppression of I(to), I(Kr), and I(Ca) has been confirmed under action potential voltage clamp conditions as well. The observed alterations in the AP morphology and densities of ion currents may predict serious proarrhythmic risk in case of intoxication with R as a consequence of overdose or decreased elimination of the drug, particularly in patients having multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as elderly diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Szebeni
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, P.O.B. 370, 1445, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Impact of genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2 C (CYP2C) enzymes on the drug metabolism and design of antidiabetics. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 194:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Henriksen K, Byrjalsen I, Qvist P, Beck-Nielsen H, Hansen G, Riis BJ, Perrild H, Svendsen OL, Gram J, Karsdal MA, Christiansen C. Efficacy and safety of the PPARγ partial agonist balaglitazone compared with pioglitazone and placebo: a phase III, randomized, parallel-group study in patients with type 2 diabetes on stable insulin therapy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:392-401. [PMID: 21328517 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of patients with perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ full agonists are associated with weight gain, heart failure, peripheral oedema, and bone loss. However, the safety of partial perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists has not been established in a clinical trial. The BALaglitazone glucose Lowering Efficacy Trial aimed to establish the glucose-lowering effects and safety parameters of the perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ partial agonist balaglitazone in diabetic patients on stable insulin therapy. METHODS Four hundred and nine subjects from three countries with type 2 diabetes on stable insulin therapy were randomized to 26 weeks of double-blind treatment with once daily doses of 10 or 20 mg balaglitazone, 45 mg pioglitazone, or matching placebo (n ≥ 99 in each group). The primary endpoint was the efficacy of balaglitazone 10 and 20 mg versus placebo on the absolute change in haemoglobin A(1c) . Secondary endpoints included levels of fasting serum glucose, and changes in body composition and bone mineral density as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, in comparison to pioglitazone 45 mg. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00515632. RESULTS In the 10- and 20-mg balaglitazone groups, and in the 45-mg pioglitazone group, significant reductions in haemoglobin A(1c) levels were observed (−0.99, −1.11, and −1.22%, respectively; p < 0.0001) versus placebo. Fasting serum glucose was similarly reduced in all treatment arms. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry analyses showed that, while balaglitazone at 10 mg caused weight gain and fluid retention compared to placebo, the magnitude of these effects was significantly smaller than that of pioglitazone 45 mg and balaglitazone 20mg. Balaglitazone at either dose did not appear to reduce bone mineral density, while Pioglitazone showed a trend towards a reduction. CONCLUSION Patients treated with balaglitazone at 10 mg and 20 mg and pioglitazone at 45 mg showed clinically meaningful improvements in glucose levels and HbA(1c) . With the 10 mg dose, the benefits (glucose & HgA(1c) lowering) and untoward effects (fluid and fat accumulation) were less, results that encourage further studies of this drug candidate.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim MK, Chae YN, Choi SH, Moon HS, Son MH, Bae MH, Choi HH, Hur Y, Kim E, Park YH, Park CS, Kim JG, Lim JI, Shin CY. PAM-1616, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulator with preserved anti-diabetic efficacy and reduced adverse effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:673-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
24
|
Irbesartan enhances GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport in skeletal muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
25
|
1,3-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives as a new series of potent PPARγ partial agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Pharmacophore-driven identification of PPARγ agonists from natural sources. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 25:107-16. [PMID: 21069556 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In a search for more effective and safe anti-diabetic compounds, we developed a pharmacophore model based on partial agonists of PPARγ. The model was used for the virtual screening of the Chinese Natural Product Database (CNPD), a library of plant-derived natural products primarily used in folk medicine. From the resulting hits, we selected methyl oleanonate, a compound found, among others, in Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia oleoresin (Chios mastic gum). The acid of methyl oleanonate, oleanonic acid, was identified as a PPARγ agonist through bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionations of Chios mastic gum fractions, whereas some other sub-fractions exhibited also biological activity towards PPARγ. The results from the present work are two-fold: on the one hand we demonstrate that the pharmacophore model we developed is able to select novel ligand scaffolds that act as PPARγ agonists; while at the same time it manifests that natural products are highly relevant for use in virtual screening-based drug discovery.
Collapse
|
27
|
Doshi LS, Brahma MK, Bahirat UA, Dixit AV, Nemmani KVS. Discovery and development of selective PPAR gamma modulators as safe and effective antidiabetic agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:489-512. [PMID: 20367191 DOI: 10.1517/13543781003640169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD PPARgamma full agonists (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) are the mainstay drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, mechanism-based side effects have limited their full therapeutic potential. In recent years, much progress has been achieved in the discovery and development of selective PPARgamma modulators (SPPARgammaMs) as safer alternatives to PPARgamma full agonists. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical data of all the SPPARgammaMs discovered so far, retrieved by searching PubMed, Prous Integrity database and company news updates from 1999 to date. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Here we thoroughly discuss SPPARgammaMs' mode of action, briefly examine new ways to identify superior SPPARgammaMs, and finally, compare and contrast the pharmacological and safety profile of various agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The preclinical and clinical findings clearly suggest that selective PPARgamma modulators have the potential to become the next generation of PPARgamma agonists: effective insulin sensitizers with a superior safety profile to that of PPARgamma full agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit S Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Piramal Life Sciences Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Goregaon (E), Mumbai - 400 063, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chae HW, Jung H, Kim EJ, Shim HJ, Lim JI, Ji HY, Lee HS. Quantification of a novel PPARγ partial agonist (S)-2-ethoxy-3-(4-{3-methyl-5-[4-(3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-phenyl]thiophen-2-ylmethoxy}-phenyl)-propionic acid (PAM-1616) in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1389-94. [PMID: 20945137 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
(S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-{3-methyl-5-[4-(3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-phenyl]thiophen-2-ylmethoxy}-phenyl)-propionic acid (PAM-1616) is a novel peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) partial agonist with excellent antihyperglycemic activity. It is a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of type-2 diabetes with reduced possibility of edema in vitro/in vivo. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of PAM-1616, a reliable, selective and sensitive highperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the quantification of PAM-1616 in rat plasma. The analytes were extracted from rat plasma with ethyl acetate, separated on an Atlantis dC(18) column with a mobile phase of 75% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 4.5), and detected by tandem mass spectrometry in the selective reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curve was linear (r (2) = 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.05-20.0 μg/mL and the lower limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/mL. The coefficient of variation and relative error at four QC levels were 1.8% to 14.3% and -10.0% to 6.5%, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of PAM-1616 after intravenous administration of PAM-1616 potassium at a dose of 1 mg/kg in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Chae
- Research Center, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Yongin, 446-905, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seto S, Okada K, Kiyota K, Isogai S, Iwago M, Shinozaki T, Kitamura Y, Kohno Y, Murakami K. Design, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Novel 2,4,6-Trisubstituted-5-pyrimidinecarboxylic Acids as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) Partial Agonists with Comparable Antidiabetic Efficacy to Rosiglitazone. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5012-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100443s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Seto
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Kyoko Okada
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Koichi Kiyota
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Shigeki Isogai
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Maki Iwago
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Takehiro Shinozaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kohno
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Koji Murakami
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Henriksen K, Byrjalsen I, Nielsen RH, Madsen AN, Larsen LK, Christiansen C, Beck-Nielsen H, Karsdal MA. A comparison of glycemic control, water retention, and musculoskeletal effects of balaglitazone and pioglitazone in diet-induced obese rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|