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Hajdys J, Fularski P, Leszto K, Majchrowicz G, Stabrawa M, Młynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. New Insights into the Nephroprotective Potential of Lercanidipine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14048. [PMID: 37762350 PMCID: PMC10531189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are responsible for many crucial biological processes in the human body, including maintaining the water-electrolyte balance, pH, and blood pressure (BP), along with the elimination of toxins. Despite this, chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects more and more people, is a disease that develops insidiously without causing any symptoms at first. The main purpose of this article is to summarize the existing literature on lercanidipine, with a particular focus on its nephroprotective properties. Lercanidipine is a third-generation dihydropyridine (DHP) blocker of calcium channels, and as such it possesses unique qualities such as high lipophilicity and high vascular selectivity. Furthermore, it acts by reversibly inhibiting L-type and T-type calcium channels responsible for exerting positive renal effects. It has been shown to reduce tissue inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, contributing to a decrease in proteinuria. Moreover, it exhibited antioxidative effects and increased expression of molecules responsible for repairing damaged tissues. It also decreased cell proliferation, preventing thickening of the vascular lumen. This article summarizes studies simultaneously comparing the effect of lercanidipine with other antihypertensive drugs. There is still a lack of studies on the medications used in patients with CKD, and an even greater lack of studies on those used in patients with concomitant hypertension. Therefore, further studies on lercanidipine and its potential in hypertensive patients with coexisting CKD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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Gupta S, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Gupta YK. 1 H NMR metabolomic profiling elucidated attenuation of neurometabolic alterations by lercanidipine in MCAo model in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:816-825. [PMID: 32163186 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with limited therapeutic interventions. The current study explored proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H NMR)-based metabolomic approach to elucidate the effect of lercanidipine on neurometabolic alterations in transient model of ischaemic stroke in rats. METHODS In the present investigation, male Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 2 h followed by reperfusion using intraluminal filament method. Rats were randomly divided into three groups as vehicle-treated sham control, vehicle-treated MCAo control and lercanidipine-treated MCAo. Vehicle or lercanidipine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 120 min post-reperfusion. The rat brain cortex tissues were isolated 24 h post-MCAo and were investigated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy through perchloric extraction method. KEY FINDINGS A total of 23 metabolites were altered significantly after cerebral ischaemic-reperfusion injury in MCAo control as compared to sham control rats. Lercanidipine significantly reduced the levels of valine, alanine, lactate, acetate and tyrosine, while N-acetylaspartate, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, creatine/phosphocreatine, choline, glycerophosphorylcholine, taurine, myo-inositol and adenosine di-phosphate were elevated as compared to MCAo control. CONCLUSIONS Present study illustrates effect of lercanidipine on neurometabolic alterations which might be mediated through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory and anti-apoptotic property in MCAo model of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hopps E, Lo Presti R, Caimi G. Matrix Metalloproteases in Arterial Hypertension and their Trend after Antihypertensive Treatment. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:347-357. [DOI: 10.1159/000477785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Gupta S, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Gupta YK. Neuroprotective effect of lercanidipine in middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rats. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:25-37. [PMID: 27794423 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic neuronal cell death are cardinal mechanisms involved in the cascade of acute ischemic stroke. Lercanidipine apart from calcium channel blocking activity possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. In the present study, we investigated neuroprotective efficacy and therapeutic time window of lercanidipine in a 2h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model in male Wistar rats. The study design included: acute (pre-treatment and post-treatment) and sub-acute studies. In acute studies (pre-treatment) lercanidipine (0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 60min prior MCAo. The rats were assessed 24h post-MCAo for neurological deficit score (NDS), motor deficit paradigms (grip test and rota rod) and cerebral infarction via 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The most effective dose was found to be at 0.5mg/kg, i.p., which was considered for further studies. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was monitored till 120min post-reperfusion to assess vasodilatory property of lercanidipine (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) administered at two different time points: 60min post-MCAo and 15min post-reperfusion. In acute studies (post-treatment) lercanidipine (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 15min, 120min and 240min post-reperfusion. Based on NDS and cerebral infarction via TTC staining assessed 24h post-MCAo, effectiveness was evident upto 120min. For sub-acute studies same dose/vehicle was repeated for next 3days and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 96h after the last dose. Biochemical markers estimated in rat brain cortex 24h post-MCAo were oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase), blood brain barrier damage (matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9) and apoptotic (caspase-3 and -9). Lercanidipine significantly reduced NDS, motor deficits and cerebral infarction volume as compared to the control group. Lercanidipine (60min post-MCAo) significantly increased rCBF (86%) as compared to vehicle treated MCAo group (64%) 120min post-reperfusion, but failed to show vasodilatation with 15min post-reperfusion group. Lercanidipine (13.78±2.78%) significantly attenuated percentage infarct volume as evident from diffusion-weighted (DWI) and T2-weighted images as compared to vehicle treated MCAo group (25.90±2.44%) investigated 96h post-MCAo. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was also significantly improved in lercanidipine group as compared to control group. Biochemical alterations were significantly ameliorated by lercanidipine till 120min post-reperfusion group and MMP-9 inhibition observed even with 240min group. Thus, lercanidipine revealed significant neuroprotective effect mediated through attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Velena A, Zarkovic N, Gall Troselj K, Bisenieks E, Krauze A, Poikans J, Duburs G. 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: Dihydronicotinamide Analogues-Model Compounds Targeting Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1892412. [PMID: 26881016 PMCID: PMC4736762 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1892412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) possess redox properties. In this review DHPs are surveyed as protectors against oxidative stress (OS) and related disorders, considering the DHPs as specific group of potential antioxidants with bioprotective capacities. They have several peculiarities related to antioxidant activity (AOA). Several commercially available calcium antagonist, 1,4-DHP drugs, their metabolites, and calcium agonists were shown to express AOA. Synthesis, hydrogen donor properties, AOA, and methods and approaches used to reveal biological activities of various groups of 1,4-DHPs are presented. Examples of DHPs antioxidant activities and protective effects of DHPs against OS induced damage in low density lipoproteins (LDL), mitochondria, microsomes, isolated cells, and cell cultures are highlighted. Comparison of the AOA of different DHPs and other antioxidants is also given. According to the data presented, the DHPs might be considered as bellwether among synthetic compounds targeting OS and potential pharmacological model compounds targeting oxidative stress important for medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrida Velena
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds and Beta-Diketones, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Egils Bisenieks
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds and Beta-Diketones, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Aivars Krauze
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds and Beta-Diketones, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Poikans
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds and Beta-Diketones, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Gunars Duburs
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds and Beta-Diketones, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
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Liu C, Wan X, Ye T, Fang F, Chen X, Chen Y, Dong Y. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 contributes to pancreatic Beta cell injury induced by oxidative stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110227. [PMID: 25333278 PMCID: PMC4198245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in pancreatic beta cell injury induced by oxidative stress. Methods Rat pancreatic beta cell line INS-1 cells were treated with advanced glycation end-products (AGE) to induce intracellular oxidative stress. Intracellular MMP2 expression and activity were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and zymography, respectively. MMP2 expression and activity were manipulated by over-expression with recombinant MMP2 plasmids or knockdown with either MMP2 specific siRNA or inhibitors, and effects on apoptosis and insulin-secretion were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results AGE treatment induced intracellular oxidative stress in INS-1 cells, as indicated by elevated ROS levels, apoptotic cell death, and suppressed insulin secretion. This was accompanied by increased MMP2 expression and activity. However, Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment inhibited MMP2 expression and activity, and partially reversed cell apoptosis and insulin secretion dysfunction induced by AGE. Forced expression of MMP2 mimicked the effects of AGE treatment while inhibition of MMP2 either by a specific MMP2 inhibitor or MMP2 siRNA protected oxidative stress induced by AGE. Conclusion MMP2 expression and intracellular activity are increased by oxidative stress, contributing to cellular dysfunction and apoptosis in INS-1 cells after AGE challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueru Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Tharappel JC, Bower CE, Whittington Harris J, Ramineni SK, Puleo DA, Roth JS. Doxycycline administration improves fascial interface in hernia repair. J Surg Res 2014; 190:692-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Azevedo A, Prado AF, Antonio RC, Issa JP, Gerlach RF. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:301-14. [PMID: 24974977 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This MiniReview describes the essential biochemical and molecular aspects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and briefly discusses how they engage in different diseases, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases. There is compelling scientific evidence that many MMPs, especially MMP-2, play important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases; inhibition of these enzymes is beneficial to many cardiovascular conditions, sometimes precluding or postponing end-organ damage and fatal outcomes. Conducting comprehensive discussions and further studies on how MMPs participate in cardiovascular diseases is important, because inhibition of these enzymes may be an alternative or an adjuvant for current cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Azevedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Plasma 8-isoprostane levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction in resistant hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:179-83. [PMID: 24657423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired endothelial function and arterial stiffness are associated with hypertension and are important risk factors for cardiovascular events. Reactive oxygen species reduce nitric oxide bioavailability and have a pivotal role in endothelial function. Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is characterized by blood pressure (BP) above goal (140/90mmHg) in spite of the concurrent use of ≥3 antihypertensive drugs of different classes. This study evaluated the association between 8-isoprostane levels, an oxidative stress marker, endothelial function and arterial stiffness, in RHTN. METHODS Ninety-four RHTN and 55 well-controlled hypertensive (HT) patients were included. Plasma 8-isoprostane levels were determined by ELISA. Also, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were evaluated to determine endothelial function and arterial stiffness, respectively. RESULTS Levels of 8-isoprostane were markedly higher in RHTN compared to HT patients (22.5±11.2 vs. 17.3±9.8pg/ml, p<0.05, respectively). A significant inverse correlation was observed between FMD and 8-isoprostane (r=-0.35, p=0.001) in RHTN. Finally, multiple logistic regression revealed that 8-isoprostane was a significant predictor of endothelial dysfunction (FMD≤median) in RHTN group. CONCLUSION RHTN showed markedly higher oxidative stress measured by 8-isoprostane, compared to HT patients. Taken together, our findings suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in endothelial function in RHTN.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical research in the field of hypertension is now increasingly focusing on the potential effects of antihypertensive treatments that may go beyond the reduction of blood pressure (BP). In particular, renal protection appears as a desirable goal, especially considering that hypertension is associated with an increased risk of developing kidney damage, which may eventually lead to end-stage renal disease and a higher mortality. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are widely used in the field of hypertension therapy but the different renal effects of the various CCBs have been poorly explored to date. SCOPE This review will discuss available evidence on the renal effects of two calcium channel blockers: amlodipine and lercanidipine, on the basis of clinical data. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for inclusion of relevant studies. No limitations in time were considered. RESULTS Results from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that amlodipine is overall less effective in terms of renal protection when compared with other antihypertensive tested agents. Its beneficial effect in retarding the progression of renal disease is achievable only when combined with a blocker of the renin-angiotensin system. Conversely lercanidipine seems to provide renal protection in a similar way to ACE inhibitors, probably thanks to its mechanism of action which acts directly on the afferent and efferent renal arterioles. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of hypertension with CCBs should take into consideration the special effects of each single agent at different levels; lercanidipine for example may play a useful role in the management not only of hypertension but also in renal protection of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Burnier
- University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Vasigar P, Batmanabane M. Anti-inflammatoryactivity of calciumchannel blocker lercanidipine hydrochloride. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013; 4:238-42. [PMID: 24250199 PMCID: PMC3825998 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.119707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the third-generation CCB, lercanidipine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ability of lercanidipine to reduce inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats was evaluated, using different doses and its anti-inflammatory effect was compared with that of diclofenac sodium. Mast cell degranulation effect of lercanidipine was also carried out. RESULTS Lercanidipine produced a significant reduction in the inflammatory paw edema at all doses and at all intervals (P < 0.001). The percentage of reduction in edema was found to be proportionate to the doses of lercanidipine. Lercanidipine also significantly reduced the percentage of propranolol-induced mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSIONS It was found that lercanidipine exerts a positive anti-inflammatory effect in a dose-dependent manner and was superior to diclofenac sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Vasigar
- Department of Anatomy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
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Muniz JJ, Lacchini R, Sertório JTC, Jordão AA, Nobre YTDA, Tucci S, Martins ACP, Tanus-Santos JE. Low nitric oxide bioavailability is associated with better responses to sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:805-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tempol inhibits TGF-β and MMPs upregulation and prevents cardiac hypertensive changes. Int J Cardiol 2013; 165:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Farah R, Shurtz-Swirski R, Khamisy-Farah R. Lercanidipine effect on polymorphonuclear leukocyte-related inflammation and insulin resistance in essential hypertension patients. Cardiol Ther 2012; 1:4. [PMID: 25135158 PMCID: PMC4107444 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-012-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress (OS) are among the mechanisms that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH). Peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are primed in EH patients, releasing uncontrolled superoxide anions contributing to OS in these patients. PMNL priming correlates with insulin resistance and PMNL intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i). Recent studies have attributed additional anti-ischemic and antioxidative characteristics to the antihypertensive drug, lercanidipine, a third-generation calcium-channel blocker. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible nontraditional effect of 2 months of lercanidipine treatment on insulin resistance and on PMNL-related inflammation in EH patients. METHODS Non-smoking EH patients with untreated mild-to-moderate high blood pressure (BP) were included. Low-grade inflammation was reflected by PMNL apoptosis and by white blood cell (WBC) and PMNL counts. Systemic inflammation was measured by plasma fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and transferrin and albumin levels. Fasting serum insulin levels served as a marker of insulin resistance. RESULTS Two months of lercanidipine treatment showed a significant decrease in BP, WBC, and PMNL counts, PMNL apoptosis, CRP, and serum insulin levels, and a significant increase in serum albumin levels. Rates of superoxide release from PMNLs, WBC and PMNL counts, and insulin levels positively correlated with mean arterial BP values. CONCLUSION The use of lercanidipine can be favorable in EH patients due to its combined anti-PMNL priming and anti-inflammatory effects, in addition to its antihypertensive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Farah
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel,
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Fontana V, Silva PS, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Circulating matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:656-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Marson BP, Poli de Figueiredo CE, Tanus-Santos JE. Imbalanced matrix metalloproteinases in cardiovascular complications of end-stage kidney disease: a potential pharmacological target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 110:409-15. [PMID: 22313633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a major health problem associated with very high morbidity and mortality secondary to cardiovascular complications, especially in ESKD patients on dialysis. Therefore, exploring key mechanisms underlying cardiovascular alterations associated with ESKD may offer reasonable pharmacological targets that may benefit these patients. Imbalanced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activities have been implicated in many cardiovascular diseases, and growing evidence now indicates that excessive MMP activities contribute to cardiovascular complications in ESKD patients. However, there is no study on the effects of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) in such patients. MMPIs may prevent against the vascular and cardiac changes associated with ESKD. In this MiniReview, we aimed at reviewing current evidence supporting the idea that pharmacological inhibition of imbalanced MMP activities in ESKD may decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular complications in ESKD patients. However, MMPs have variable effects during different phases of kidney disease, and therefore optimal timing for MMP inhibition during a disease process may vary significantly and is largely undetermined. While current research shows that MMPs play a role in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular alterations found in ESKD patients, clinical studies are required to validate the idea of using MMPIs in ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo P Marson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marson BP, Lacchini R, Belo V, Dickel S, da Costa BP, Poli de Figueiredo CE, Tanus-Santos JE. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 genetic variants modify the circulating MMP-2 levels in end-stage kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2012; 35:209-15. [PMID: 22302011 DOI: 10.1159/000336108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in the pathophysiology of renal diseases, and imbalanced MMP-2 and its endogenous inhibitor (the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2; TIMP-2) are implicated in the vascular alterations of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. We have examined whether MMP-2 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes modify MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels in ESKD patients as well as the effects of hemodialysis on the concentrations of these biomarkers. METHODS We determined MMP-2 and TIMP-2 plasma levels by gelatin zymography and ELISA, respectively, in 98 ESKD patients and in 38 healthy controls. Genotypes for two relevant MMP-2 polymorphisms (C(-1306)T and C(-735)T in the promoter region) were determined by TaqMan(®) allele discrimination assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The software program PHASE 2.1 was used to estimate the haplotype frequencies. RESULTS We found increased plasma MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels in ESKD patients compared to controls (p < 0.05), and hemodialysis decreased MMP-2 (but not TIMP-2) levels (p < 0.05). The T allele for the C(-735)T polymorphism and the C-T haplotype were associated with higher MMP-2 (but not TIMP-2) levels (p < 0.05), whereas the C(-1306)T had no effects. Hemodialysis decreased MMP-2 (but not TIMP-2) levels independently of MMP-2 genotypes or haplotypes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 genotypes or haplotypes modify MMP-2 levels in ESKD patients, and may help to identify patients with increased MMP-2 activity in plasma. Hemodialysis reduces MMP-2 levels independently of MMP-2 genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo P Marson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Brazil
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Metzger IF, Sandrim VC, Tanus-Santos JE. Endogenous nitric oxide formation correlates negatively with circulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in black subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 360:393-9. [PMID: 21956669 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deficient formation of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) contributes to cardiovascular diseases, and this may be associated with increased circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), as previously shown in white subjects. Because interethnic differences exist with respect to risk factors, prevalence, and severity of cardiovascular diseases, we designed this study to examine whether the circulating levels of nitrites (a marker of endogenous NO formation) are associated with the plasma levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in healthy black subjects. We studied 198 healthy subjects self-reported as blacks not taking any medications. Venous blood samples were collected and plasma and whole blood nitrite levels were measured using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay. Plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were determined by gelatin zymography. We found a positive correlation between plasma MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels (P < 0.0001, rs = 0.556). Interestingly, we found a negative relationship between the plasma MMP-9 levels and the plasma or whole blood nitrites levels (P = 0.04, rs = -0.149; and P < 0.0001, rs = -0.349, respectively). In parallel, we found similar negative relationships between plasma MMP-2 levels and plasma or whole blood nitrites levels (P = 0.02, rs = -0.172; and P < 0.0001, rs = -0.454, respectively). This is the first study to show that endogenous nitric oxide formation correlates negatively with the circulating levels of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in black subjects. Our findings suggest a mechanistic link between deficient NO formation and increased MMPs levels, which may promote cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid F Metzger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Metzger IF, Luizon MR, Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE. Genetic variants in matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene modify metalloproteinase-9 levels in black subjects. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:504-10. [PMID: 21936677 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) levels are involved in cardiovascular diseases and increased MMP-9 levels enhance the cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy subjects. We investigated the effects of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes on the circulating MMP-9 levels in healthy black subjects and the effects of an MMP-2 polymorphism on the plasma MMP-2 concentrations. We studied 190 healthy subjects, nonsmokers, self-reported as blacks (18-63 years). Genotypes for the MMP-2 C(-1306)T polymorphism and the MMP-9 C(-1562)T, 90(CA)(14-24) and Q279R polymorphisms (rs243865, rs3918242, rs2234681, and rs17576, respectively) were determined by TaqMan(®) Allele Discrimination assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism. Alleles for the 90(CA)(14-24) polymorphism were grouped as low (L) when there were <21 and high (H) when there were ≥21 CA repeats. The plasma levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by gelatin zymography. The software PHASE 2.1 was used to estimate the haplotypes frequencies. Although we found no effects of the MMP-9 C(-1562)T or the Q279R polymorphisms on MMP-9 levels, higher MMP-9 levels were associated with the HH genotype for the -90(CA)(14-24) polymorphism compared with the HL or LL genotypes. Lower MMP-9 levels were found in carriers of the CRL haplotype (combining the C, R, and L alleles for the MMP-9 polymorphisms) compared with the CRH haplotype. Consistent with this finding, the CRL haplotype was more commonly found in subjects with low MMP-9 levels. The MMP-2 C(-1306)T polymorphism had no effects on the plasma MMP-2 levels. Our results show that MMP-9 genetic variations modify MMP-9 levels in black subjects and may offer biochemical evidence implicating MMP-9 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid F Metzger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Castro MM, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF. Matrix metalloproteinases: targets for doxycycline to prevent the vascular alterations of hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:567-72. [PMID: 21514386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with well known structural and functional alterations in both resistance and conduit arteries, which may be the result from long-lasting high blood pressure and may also be the cause of maintained hypertension and its complications. Therefore, in addition to lowering blood pressure, therapeutic strategies targeting the structural and functional modifications found in hypertensive patients may prevent the cardiovascular events and decrease the death rates associated with hypertension. Mounting evidence indicates that many vascular alterations associated with sustained hypertension are due to imbalanced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-endopeptidases that degrade not only proteins of extracellular matrix (ECM) but several other substrates. Recent observations showed that abnormal MMP activity is a feature of the pathogenesis of hypertension and other diseases, thus justifying the development of drugs aiming at MMP downregulation. This review focuses on the extracellular actions of MMPs in hypertension-induced chronic vascular alterations. We then discuss the effects of MMP inhibitors, especially doxycycline, on the vascular changes associated with hypertension. There is now strong evidence that MMP inhibition with doxycycline (and maybe other MMP inhibitors) may attenuate the functional and structural alterations associated with hypertension, including increases in arterial stiffness. These beneficial effects may be, at least in part, independent of their antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Castro
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, 4-62 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
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Fontana V, Silva PS, Belo VA, Antonio RC, Ceron CS, Biagi C, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Consistent alterations of circulating matrix metalloproteinases levels in untreated hypertensives and in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a relevant pharmacological target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:130-7. [PMID: 21401887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) levels have been reported in hypertension, with higher, similar and lower MMPs levels reported in hypertensives compared with normotensives. Differences between studies may reflect lack of control of drug effects, accompanying diseases and pre-analytical issues. We compared MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels in 38 untreated hypertensive patients (with no other diseases) with those found in 33 normotensive controls. We also studied endogenous MMPs inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and alpha-2-macroglobulin-A2M). Additionally, we assessed MMPs and A2M levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We hypothesized that similar MMPs/endogenous inhibitors' profiles would be found in this animal model of hypertension and in clinical hypertension. MMPs, TIMPs and A2M were measured in plasma samples with commercially available ELISA and gelatin zymography. We found unaltered MMP-2, MMP-8, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and A2M levels in hypertension. However, hypertensives had higher MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/A2M ratios than normotensives. Moreover, while we found similar MMP-2 and A2M levels in SHR and WKY rats, we found higher MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/A2M ratios in SHR versus WKY rats. These findings show consistent abnormal net plasma MMP-9 (but not MMP-2) activity in clinical and experimental hypertension. These parallel alterations in clinical hypertension and in SHR suggest an important role for MMPs in hypertension. While MMPs may be a relevant pharmacological target, antihypertensive drugs that down-regulate MMPs may offer advantages in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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22
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Marçal DMO, Rizzi E, Martins-Oliveira A, Ceron CS, Guimaraes DA, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Comparative study on antioxidant effects and vascular matrix metalloproteinase-2 downregulation by dihydropyridines in renovascular hypertension. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 383:35-44. [PMID: 21058008 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The vascular remodeling associated with hypertension involves oxidative stress and enhanced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression/activity, especially MMP-2. While previous work showed that lercanidipine, a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB), attenuated the oxidative stress and increased MMP-2 expression/activity in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension, no previous study has examined whether first- or second-generation dihydropyridines produce similar effects. We compared the effects of nifedipine, nimodipine, and amlodipine on 2K1C hypertension-induced changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), vascular remodeling, oxidative stress, and MMPs levels/activity. Sham-operated and 2K1C rats were treated with water, nifedipine 10 mg/kg/day, nimodipine 15 mg/kg/day, or amlodipine 10 mg/kg/day by gavage, starting 3 weeks after hypertension was induced. SBP was monitored weekly. After 6 weeks of treatment, quantitative morphometry of structural changes in the aortic wall was studied in hematoxylin/eosin-stained sections. Aortic and systemic reactive oxygen species levels were measured by using dihydroethidine and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs), respectively. Aortic MMP-2 levels and activity were determined by gelatin zymography, in situ zymography, and immunofluorescence. Nifedipine, nimodipine, or amlodipine attenuated the increases in SBP in hypertensive rats by approximately 17% (P < 0.05) and prevented vascular hypertrophy (P < 0.05). These CCBs blunted 2K1C-induced increases in vascular oxidative stress and plasma TBARs concentrations (P < 0.05). All dihydropyridines attenuated the increases in aortic MMP-2 levels and activity associated with 2K1C hypertension. These findings suggest lack of superiority of one particular dihydropyridine, at least with respect to antioxidant effects, MMPs downregulation, and inhibition of vascular remodeling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M O Marçal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Lacchini R, Metzger IF, Luizon M, Ishizawa M, Tanus-Santos JE. Interethnic differences in the distribution of matrix metalloproteinases genetic polymorphisms are consistent with interethnic differences in disease prevalence. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:649-55. [PMID: 20590473 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interethnic differences exist in disease prevalence, especially with regard to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which involve altered expression or activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The hypothesis being tested in this study is that interethnic differences exist between blacks and whites with regard to the distribution of genetic variants of MMP polymorphisms and haplotypes. We examined the distribution of polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes in 177 black and 140 white subjects. We studied the following polymorphisms: the C(-1306)T in the promoter of the MMP-2 gene, the C(-1562)T and a microsatellite -90(CA)(14-24) in the promoter, and the Q279R in exon 6 of the MMP-9 gene. We have also compared our results with those from Hapmap or Seattle SNPs Projects and estimated the haplotype frequency in these two ethnic groups. The "C" allele for the C(-1306)T polymorphism was more common in blacks (91.5%) than in whites (80.4%; p<0.0001). The "T" allele for the C(-1562)T polymorphism was more common in blacks (15.0%) than in whites (8.9%; p=0.0279), as well as the alleles with >21 repeats for the -90(CA)(14-24) were more common in blacks than in whites (61.9% in blacks and 49.3% in whites; p=0.0017). We found no interethnic differences for the Q279R polymorphism. Moreover, two haplotypes that combine "detrimental" alleles were found at higher frequencies in blacks than in whites (31% vs. 16.4%, respectively; p<0.05). The interethnic differences being reported here replicate those previously found with smaller number of subjects in the Hapmap or Seattle SNPs data and may help explain the higher prevalence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases in blacks compared with whites. Our findings suggest a proportional significance of these polymorphisms in each ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Evidence for the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the cardiovascular effects produced by nicotine. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 627:216-22. [PMID: 19879865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine plays a role in smoking-associated cardiovascular diseases, and may upregulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. We examined whether nicotine induces the release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by rat smooth muscle cells (SMC), and whether doxycycline (non-selective MMP inhibitor) inhibits the vascular effects produced by nicotine. SMC were incubated with nicotine 0, 50, and 150 nM for 48 h. MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in the cell supernatants were determined by gelatin zymography. The acute changes in mean arterial pressure caused by nicotine 2 micromol/kg (or saline) were assessed in rats pretreated with doxycycline (or saline). We also examined whether doxcycline (30 mg/Kg, i.p., daily) modifies the effects of nicotine (10mg/kg/day; 4 weeks) on the endothelium-dependent relaxations of rat aortic rings. Aortic MMP-2 levels were assessed by gelatin zymography. Aortic gelatinolytic activity was assessed using a gelatinolytic activity kit. MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels increased in the supernatant of SMC cells incubated with nicotine 150 nM (P<0.05) but not with 50 nM. Nicotine (2 micromol/kg) produced lower increases in the mean arterial pressure in rats pretreated with doxycycline than those found in rats pretreated with saline (26+/-4 vs. 37+/-4 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05). Nicotine impaired of the endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine, and treatment with doxycycline increased the potency (pD2) by approximately 25% (P<0.05). While we found no significant differences in aortic MMP-2 levels, nicotine significantly increased gelatinolytic activity (P<0.05). These findings suggest that nicotine produces cardiovascular effects involving MMPs. It is possible that MMPs inhibition may counteract the effects produced by nicotine.
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Chatzikyrkou C, Haller H, Menne J. The role of fixed-dose combinations in the management of hypertension: focus on lercanidipine-enalapril. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:1833-40. [PMID: 19527194 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903055087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Achieving optimal blood pressure (BP) control is the most important single issue in the management of hypertension, and in most patients, it is difficult or impossible to achieve target levels with one drug. Blocking two or more regulatory systems provides a more effective and more physiologic reduction in BP, and current guidelines have recommended the use of combination therapy as first-line treatment, or early in the management of hypertension. Fixed-dose combination therapy is an efficacious, relatively safe and cost-effective treatment option in most patients with essential hypertension. Of note, the once-daily administration of a fixed-dose enalapril/lercanidipine, by bringing together two distinct and complementary mechanisms of action, reduces BP effectively and has the potential for improved target organ protection relative to either class agent alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chatzikyrkou
- Hannover Medical School, Nephrology and Hypertension, Carl-Neuberg-Street.1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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Increased circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and pro-inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 403:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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