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Feng K, Li X, Bai Y, Zhang D, Tian L. Mechanisms of cancer cell death induction by triptolide: A comprehensive overview. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24335. [PMID: 38293343 PMCID: PMC10826740 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for naturally occurring constituents is driven by the rise in the cancer prevalence and the unpleasant side effects associated with chemotherapeutics. Triptolide, the primary active component of "Tripterygium Wilfordii", has exploited for biological mechanisms and therapeutic potential against various tumors. Based on the recent pre-clinical investigations, triptolide is linked to the induction of death of cancerous cells by triggering cellular apoptosis via inhibiting heat shock protein expression (HSP70), and cyclin dependent kinase (CDKs) by up regulating expression of P21. MKP1, histone methyl transferases and RNA polymerases have all recently identified as potential targets of triptolide in cells. Autophagy, AKT signaling pathway and various pathways involving targeted proteins such as A-disintegrin & metalloprotease-10 (ADAM10), Polycystin-2 (PC-2), dCTP pyro-phosphatase 1 (DCTP1), peroxiredoxin-I (Prx-I), TAK1 binding protein (TAB1), kinase subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the xeroderma-pigmentosum B (XPB or ERCC3) have been exploited. Besides that, triptolide is responsible for enhancing the effectiveness of various chemotherapeutics. In addition, several triptolide moieties, including minnelide and LLDT8, have progressed in investigations on humans for the treatment of cancer. Targeted strategies, such as triptolide conjugation with ligands or triptolide loaded nano-carriers, are efficient techniques to confront toxicities associated with triptolide. We expect and anticipate that advances in near future, regarding combination therapies of triptolide, might be beneficial against cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yuzhuo Bai
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery Baishan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baishan, 134300, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Lung Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
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2
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Xia J, Liu Y, Ma Y, Yang F, Ruan Y, Xu JF, Pi J. Advances of Long Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Tuberculosis: New Hope for Diagnosis? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2096. [PMID: 37631310 PMCID: PMC10458399 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), one of the top ten causes of death globally induced by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a grave public health issue worldwide. With almost one-third of the world's population getting infected by Mtb, between 5% and 10% of these infected individuals are predicted to develop active TB disease, which would not only result in severe tissue damage and necrosis, but also pose serious threats to human life. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and immunology of TB remain unclear, which significantly restricts the effective control of TB epidemics. Despite significant advances in current detection technologies and treatments for TB, there are still no appropriate solutions that are suitable for simultaneous, early, rapid, and accurate screening of TB. Various cellular events can perturb the development and progression of TB, which are always associated with several specific molecular signaling events controlled by dysregulated gene expression patterns. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a kind of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a transcript of more than 200 nucleotides in length in eukaryotic cells, have been found to regulate the expression of protein-coding genes that are involved in some critical signaling events, such as inflammatory, pathological, and immunological responses. Increasing evidence has claimed that lncRNAs might directly influence the susceptibility to TB, as well as the development and progression of TB. Therefore, lncRNAs have been widely expected to serve as promising molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TB. In this review, we summarized the functions of lncRNAs and their regulatory roles in the development and progression of TB. More importantly, we widely discussed the potential of lncRNAs to act as TB biomarkers, which would offer new possibilities in novel diagnostic strategy exploration and benefit the control of the TB epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuhe Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yongdui Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (F.Y.); (Y.R.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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3
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Wu YY, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Epigenetic effects of herbal medicine. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 37179342 PMCID: PMC10183144 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic memory is essential for life that governs the predefined functional features of cells. Recent evidence has indicated that the epigenetic modification provides a potential link to gene expression changes that may be involved in the development of various chronic diseases, and targeting the epigenome becomes a plausible method for treating diseases. Traditional herbal medicine has gradually entered the vision of researchers due to its low toxicity and its effectiveness in treating diseases. As a matter of fact, researchers found that the possessed epigenetic modification capacity of herbal medicine had the ability to combat the progression of the disease, such as various types of cancer, diabetes, inflammation, amnesia, liver fibrosis, asthma, and hypertension-induced renal injury. Studies on the epigenetic effects of herbal medicine will provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of human diseases, which may lead to new therapeutic approaches and diagnoses. Thus, this review summarized the impact of herbal medicine and its bioactive components on disease epigenome as examples of how utilization of epigenetic plasticity could be useful as the basis for the future development of targeted therapies in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yao Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Gong Y, Wei C, Cheng L, Ma F, Lu S, Peng Q, Liu L, Wang Y. Tracking the Dynamic Histone Methylation of H3K27 in Live Cancer Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4369-4378. [PMID: 34878766 PMCID: PMC9013700 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylations play a crucial role in chromatin remodeling and genome regulations. However, there is a lack of tools to visualize these histone modifications with high spatiotemporal resolutions in live cells. We have developed a biosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and incorporated it into nucleosomes, capable of monitoring the trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) in live cells. We also revealed that the performance of the FRET biosensor can be significantly improved by adjusting the linkers within the biosensor. An improved biosensor enables the live-cell imaging of different histone methylation status, induced by the suppressive H3.3K27M or existing in breast cancer cells with varying genetic backgrounds. We have further applied the biosensor to reveal the dynamic coupling between H3K27me3 changes and caspase activity representing the initiation of apoptosis in cancer cells by imaging both H3K27me3 and caspase activity simultaneously in the same live cells. Thus, this new FRET biosensor can provide a powerful tool to visualize the epigenetic regulation in live cells with high spatial temporal resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Chujun Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Leonardo Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Fengyi Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Qin Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Longwei Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0435, United States
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5
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Liu Z, Jia Y, Guo Y, Wang H, Fu R. Role of EZH2 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and immune-cancer interactions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 169:103547. [PMID: 34843930 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, methylation modification has been determined to be vital for the biological regulation of normal cells, tumor cells, and tumor microenvironment immune cells. Enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2), a component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), catalyzes the trimethylation of the downstream gene in the tri-methylates histone three lysine 27 (H3K27me3) position, which causes chromatin pyknosis, and thus, silences the expression of related genes. In this paper, we reviewed the role of EZH2 in regulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and the immune cell function in tumor microenvironment, summarized all types of existing EZH2 inhibitors and the main clinical trials, and proposed relevant ideas for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Yue Jia
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Yixuan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
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6
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Rubio-Tomás T. The SMYD family proteins in immunology: An update of their obvious and non-obvious relations with the immune system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07387. [PMID: 34235289 PMCID: PMC8246384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field, due to its relevance in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. The Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) proteins, named SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5, are enzymes that catalyse methylation of histone and non-histone substrates, thereby playing a key role in gene expression regulation in many biological contexts, such as muscle development and physiology, haematopoiesis and many types of cancer. This review focuses on a relatively unexplored aspect of SMYD family members - their relation with immunology. Here, immunology is defined in the broadest sense of the word, including basic research on macrophage function or host immunity against pathogen infection, as well as clinical studies, most of which are centred on blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.,Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Vari, Greece
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7
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Tamgue O, Chia JE, Brombacher F. Triptolide Modulates the Expression of Inflammation-Associated lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:618462. [PMID: 33912039 PMCID: PMC8071990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a diterpene triepoxide, which performs its biological activities via mechanisms including induction of apoptosis, targeting of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaping of the epigenetic landscape of target cells. However, the targeting of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) by triptolide has not yet been investigated, despite their emerging roles as key epigenetic regulators of inflammation and immune cell function during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Hence, we investigated whether triptolide targets inflammation-associated lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21 and how this targeting associates with Mtb killing within monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs).Using RT-qPCR, we found that triptolide induced the expression of lincRNA-p21 but inhibited the expression of lncRNA-PACER in resting MDMs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, Mtb infection induced the expression of lincRNA-p21 and lncRNA-PACER, and exposure to triptolide before or after Mtb infection led to further increase of Mtb-induced expression of these lncRNAs in MDMs. We further found that contrary to lncRNA-PACER, triptolide time- and dose-dependently upregulated Ptgs-2, which is a proximal gene regulated by lncRNA-PACER. Also, low-concentration triptolide inhibited the expression of cytokine IL-6, a known target of lincRNA-p21. Mtb infection induced the expression of IL-6 and Ptgs-2, and triptolide treatment further increased IL-6 but decreased Ptgs-2 expression in Mtb-infected MDMs. The inverse relation between the expression of these lncRNAs and their target genes is concordant with the conception that these lncRNAs mediate, at least partially, the cytotoxic and/or anti-inflammatory activities of triptolide in both resting and activated MDMs. Using the CFU count method, we found that triptolide decreased the intracellular growth of Mtb HN878. The alamarBlue assay showed that this decreased Mtb HN878 growth was not as a result of direct targeting of Mtb HN878 by triptolide, but rather evoking MDMs’ intracellular killing mechanisms which we speculate could include triptolide-induced enhancement of MDMs’ effector killing functions mediated by lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21. Altogether, these results provide proof of the modulation of lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21 expression by triptolide, and a possible link between these lncRNAs, the enhancement of MDMs’ effector killing functions and the intracellular Mtb-killing activities of triptolide. These findings prompt for further investigation of the precise contribution of these lncRNAs to triptolide-induced activities in MDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Tamgue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julius Ebua Chia
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Lv H, Jiang L, Zhu M, Li Y, Luo M, Jiang P, Tong S, Zhang H, Yan J. The genus Tripterygium: A phytochemistry and pharmacological review. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Nardi I, Reno T, Yun X, Sztain T, Wang J, Dai H, Zheng L, Shen B, Kim J, Raz D. Triptolide inhibits Wnt signaling in NSCLC through upregulation of multiple Wnt inhibitory factors via epigenetic modifications to Histone H3. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2470-2478. [PMID: 30006924 PMCID: PMC6483070 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become clear that epigenetic changes act together with genetic mutations to promote virtually every stage of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. This knowledge has triggered searches for "epigenetic drugs" that can be developed into new cancer therapies. Here we report that triptolide reduced lung cancer incidence from 70% to 10% in a Fen1 E160D transgenic mouse model and effectively inhibited cancer growth and metastasis in A549 and H460 mouse xenografts. We found that triptolide induced lung cancer cell apoptosis that was associated with global epigenetic changes to histone 3 (H3). These global epigenetic changes in H3 are correlated with an increase in protein expression of five Wnt inhibitory factors that include WIF1, FRZB, SFRP1, ENY2, and DKK1. Triptolide had no effect on DNA methylation status at any of the CpG islands located in the promoter regions of all five Wnt inhibitory factors. Wnt expression is implicated in promoting the development and progression of many lung cancers. Because of this, the potential to target Wnt signaling with drugs that induce epigenetic modifications provides a new avenue for developing novel therapies for patients with these tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Nardi
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Theresa Reno
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Xinwei Yun
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Terra Sztain
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Jami Wang
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Huifang Dai
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Duarte, California
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Duarte, California
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Duarte, California
| | - Jae Kim
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Dan Raz
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
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10
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Herviou L, Cavalli G, Moreaux J. [EZH2 is therapeutic target for personalized treatment in multiple myeloma]. Bull Cancer 2018; 105:804-819. [PMID: 30041976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone methyltransferase that functions as the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). PRC2 represses gene transcription through tri-methylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) by its catalytic subunit EZH2. EZH2 is also involved in normal B cell differentiation. EZH2 deregulation has been described in many cancer types including hematological malignancies. The oncogenic addiction of tumor cells to EZH2 represents a therapeutic target in several hematological malignancies and solid cancers. Specific small molecules have been recently developed to target cancer cells with EZH2 overexpression or activating mutation. Their therapeutic potential is currently under evaluation. In particular, EZH2 is overexpressed in multiple myeloma (MM), a neoplasia characterized by the accumulation of clonal plasma cells within the bone marrow, with biological functions in the pathophysiology. This review summarizes the roles of EZH2 in B cell differentiation and pathologic hematological processes with a particular focus in multiple myeloma. We also discuss recent advances in the development of EZH2 inhibitors for the personalized treatment of patients with hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Herviou
- IGH, CNRS, université Montpellier, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Giacomo Cavalli
- IGH, CNRS, université Montpellier, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Moreaux
- IGH, CNRS, université Montpellier, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France; CHU de Montpellier, department of biological hematology, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier, UFR de médecine, 2, rue École de Médecine, CS 59001, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France.
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11
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Hu XF, He XT, Zhou KX, Zhang C, Zhao WJ, Zhang T, Li JL, Deng JP, Dong YL. The analgesic effects of triptolide in the bone cancer pain rats via inhibiting the upregulation of HDACs in spinal glial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:213. [PMID: 29096654 PMCID: PMC5668986 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone cancer pain (BCP) severely compromises the quality of life, while current treatments are still unsatisfactory. Here, we tested the antinociceptive effects of triptolide (T10), a substance with considerable anti-tumor efficacies on BCP, and investigated the underlying mechanisms targeting the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). Methods Intratibial inoculation of Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells was used to establish a BCP model in rats. T10 was intrathecally injected, and mechanical allodynia was tested by measuring the paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs). In mechanism study, the activation of microglia, astrocytes, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the SDH were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining or Western blot analysis of Iba-1, GFAP, p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK. The expression and cellular localization of histone deacetylases (HDACs) 1 and 2 were also detected to investigate molecular mechanism. Results Intrathecal injection of T10 inhibited the bone cancer-induced mechanical allodynia with an ED50 of 5.874 μg/kg. This effect was still observed 6 days after drug withdrawal. Bone cancer caused significantly increased expression of HDAC1 in spinal microglia and neurons, with HDAC2 markedly increased in spinal astrocytes, which were accompanied by the upregulation of MAPK pathways and the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SDH. T10 reversed the increase of HDACs, especially those in glial cells, and inhibited the glial activation. Conclusions Our results suggest that the upregulation of HDACs contributes to the pathological activation of spinal glial cells and the chronic pain caused by bone cancer, while T10 help to relieve BCP possibly via inhibiting the upregulation of HDACs in the glial cells in the SDH and then blocking the neuroinflammation induced by glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Tamgue O, Lei M. Triptolide Promotes Senescence of Prostate Cancer Cells Through Histone Methylation and Heterochromatin Formation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2519-2526. [PMID: 28952292 PMCID: PMC5720660 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.9.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triptolide is a medicinal herb-derived diterpene triepoxide with potent anti-tumor activity, mainly, correlated with its ability to inhibit and inactivate subunits of RNA polymerase II, thereby suppressing global gene transcription. Epigenetic imbalance including histone methylation are well known to play important roles in prostate cancer (PCa) onset and progression. The goal of this study was to investigate whether triptolide might exert anti-PCa influence by reshaping the histone methylation landscape. Methods: Triptolide-treated PCa cell lines were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blotting for expression of histone demethylases and associated markers. Detection of senescence was achieved using senescence associated β-galactosidase staining and analyses of apoptosis and cell cycle were performed by flow cytometry. Senescence–associated heterochromatin foci were detected by immunofluorescence while chromatin immunoprecipitation associated with qPCR (CHIP-qPCR) was applied to assess accumulation of histone markers on promoters of target genes. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Results: We found triptolide to enhance H3K27me3 levels by down-regulating JMJD3 and UTX and also H3K9me3 through up-regulation of SUV39H1. Furthermore, it up-regulated expression of HP1α. Thereby, heterochromatin formation and deposition on promoters of E2F1-target genes was promoted, correlating with suppression of gene transcription, decreased cell viability and induction of a senescence-like phenotype in PCa cells. Conclusions: Our results indicate that triptolide exerts anti-tumor effects including PCa cell senescence at least partially through increasing the levels of repressive histone H3 methylation and formation of a repressive chromatin state in PCa cells. Further studies of its potential as an epigenetic anti-PCa drug appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Tamgue
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, China.
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13
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Shahabipour F, Caraglia M, Majeed M, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Sahebkar A. Naturally occurring anti-cancer agents targeting EZH2. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:325-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chan SF, Chen YY, Lin JJ, Liao CL, Ko YC, Tang NY, Kuo CL, Liu KC, Chung JG. Triptolide induced cell death through apoptosis and autophagy in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and promoting immune responses in WEHI-3 generated leukemia mice in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:550-568. [PMID: 26990902 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine, obtained from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties. We investigated the potential efficacy of triptolide on murine leukemia by measuring the triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that triptolide induced cell morphological changes and induced cytotoxic effects through G0/G1 phase arrest, induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric assays showed that triptolide increased the production of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ release and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ), and activations of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Triptolide increased protein levels of Fas, Fas-L, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, Endo G, Apaf-1, PARP, caspase-3 but reduced levels of AIF, ATF6α, ATF6β, and GRP78 in WEHI-3 cells. Triptolide stimulated autophagy based on an increase in acidic vacuoles, monodansylcadaverine staining for LC-3 expression and increased protein levels of ATG 5, ATG 7, and ATG 12. The in vitro data suggest that the cytotoxic effects of triptolide may involve cross-talk between cross-interaction of apoptosis and autophagy. Normal BALB/c mice were i.p. injected with WEHI-3 cells to generate leukemia and were oral treatment with triptolide at 0, 0.02, and 0.2 mg/kg for 3 weeks then animals were weighted and blood, liver, spleen samples were collected. Results indicated that triptolide did not significantly affect the weights of animal body, spleen and liver of leukemia mice, however, triptolide significant increased the cell populations of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), monocytes (CD11b), and macrophage (Mac-3). Furthermore, triptolide increased the phagocytosis of macrophage from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not effects from peritoneum. Triptolide promoted T and B cell proliferation at 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg treatment when cells were pretreated with Con A and LPS stimulation, respectively; however, triptolide did not significant affect NK cell activities in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 550-568, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Chen
- Department of Chinese-Western Medicine Integration, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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Rajajeyabalachandran G, Kumar S, Murugesan T, Ekambaram S, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. Therapeutical potential of deregulated lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 as a safe target for novel anticancer agents. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:145-157. [PMID: 28019723 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1272580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SET and MYND domain containing-3 (SMYD3) is a member of the lysine methyltransferase family of proteins, and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Proper functioning of SMYD3 is very important for the target molecules to determine their different roles in chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and cell cycle control. Due to the abnormal expression of SMYD3 in tumors, it is projected as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Areas covered: Here we elaborate on the general information, structure and the pathological role of SMYD3 protein. We summarize the role of SMYD3-mediated protein interactions in oncology pathways, mutational effects and regulation of SMYD3 in specific types of cancer. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of currently available SMYD3 small molecule inhibitors are also addressed. Expert opinion: The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that aberrant levels of SMYD3 protein exert tumorigenic effects by altering the epigenetic regulation of target genes. The partial involvement of SMYD3 in some distinct pathways provides a vital opportunity in targeting cancer effectively with fewer side effects. Further, identification and co-targeting of synergistic oncogenic pathways is suggested, which could provide much more beneficial effects for the treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swetha Kumar
- a Bioinformatics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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16
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Herviou L, Cavalli G, Cartron G, Klein B, Moreaux J. EZH2 in normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2284-96. [PMID: 26497210 PMCID: PMC4823035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of the Polycomb repressive complex 2, inhibits gene expression through methylation on lysine 27 of histone H3. EZH2 regulates normal hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. EZH2 also controls normal B cell differentiation. EZH2 deregulation has been described in many cancer types including hematological malignancies. Specific small molecules have been recently developed to exploit the oncogenic addiction of tumor cells to EZH2. Their therapeutic potential is currently under evaluation. This review summarizes the roles of EZH2 in normal and pathologic hematological processes and recent advances in the development of EZH2 inhibitors for the personalized treatment of patients with hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Herviou
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Giacomo Cavalli
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier, France.,Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Klein
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier, France
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Li J, Zhu S, Ke XX, Cui H. Role of several histone lysine methyltransferases in tumor development. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:293-299. [PMID: 26998265 PMCID: PMC4774316 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cancer epigenetics has been evolving rapidly in recent decades. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Histone modifications are important markers of function and chromatin state. Aberrant histone methylation frequently occurs in tumor development and progression. Multiple studies have identified that histone lysine methyltransferases regulate gene transcription through the methylation of histone, which affects cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and invasion, and other biological characteristics. Histones have variant lysine sites for different levels of methylation, catalyzed by different lysine methyltransferases, which have numerous effects on human cancers. The present review focused on the most recent advances, described the key function sites of histone lysine methyltransferases, integrated significant quantities of data to introduce several compelling histone lysine methyltransferases in various types of human cancers, summarized their role in tumor development and discussed their potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Li
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Ke
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
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18
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Chauhan L, Jenkins GD, Bhise N, Feldberg T, Mitra-Ghosh T, Fridley BL, Lamba JK. Genome-wide association analysis identified splicing single nucleotide polymorphism in CFLAR predictive of triptolide chemo-sensitivity. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:483. [PMID: 26121980 PMCID: PMC4485866 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triptolide is a therapeutic diterpenoid derived from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. Triptolide has been shown to induce apoptosis by activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, inhibiting NFkB and c-KIT pathways, suppressing the Jak2 transcription, activating MAPK8/JNK signaling and modulating the heat shock responses. Results In the present study, we used lymphoblast cell lines (LCLs) derived from 55 unrelated Caucasian subjects to identify genetic markers predictive of cellular sensitivity to triptolide using genome wide association study. Our results identified SNPs on chromosome 2 associated with triptolide IC50 (p < 0.0001). This region included biologically interesting genes as CFLAR, PPIl3, Caspase 8/10, NFkB and STAT6. Identification of a splicing-SNP rs10190751, which regulates CFLAR alternatively spliced isoforms predictive of the triptolide cytotoxicity suggests its role in triptolides action. Our results from functional studies in Panc-1 cell lines further demonstrate potential role of CFLAR in triptolide toxicity. Analysis of gene-expression with cytotoxicity identified JAK1 expression to be a significant predictor of triptolide sensitivity. Conclusions Overall out results identified genetic factors associated with triptolide chemo-sensitivity thereby opening up opportunities to better understand its mechanism of action as well as utilize these biomarkers to predict therapeutic response in patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1614-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Gregory D Jenkins
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Neha Bhise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Tanya Feldberg
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Taraswi Mitra-Ghosh
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Jatinder K Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Morishita M, Mevius D, di Luccio E. In vitro histone lysine methylation by NSD1, NSD2/MMSET/WHSC1 and NSD3/WHSC1L. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:25. [PMID: 25494638 PMCID: PMC4280037 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-014-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Histone lysine methylation has a pivotal role in regulating the chromatin. Histone modifiers, including histone methyl transferases (HMTases), have clear roles in human carcinogenesis but the extent of their functions and regulation are not well understood. The NSD family of HMTases comprised of three members (NSD1, NSD2/MMSET/WHSC1, and NSD3/WHSC1L) are oncogenes aberrantly expressed in several cancers, suggesting their potential to serve as novel therapeutic targets. However, the substrate specificity of the NSDs and the molecular mechanism of histones H3 and H4 recognition and methylation have not yet been established. Results Herein, we investigated the in vitro mechanisms of histones H3 and H4 recognition and modifications by the catalytic domain of NSD family members. In this study, we quantified in vitro mono-, di- and tri- methylations on H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36, H3K79, and H4K20 by the carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) of NSD1, NSD2 and NSD3, using histone as substrate. Next, we used a molecular modelling approach and docked 6-mer peptides H3K4 a.a. 1-7; H3K9 a.a. 5-11; H3K27 a.a. 23-29; H3K36 a.a. 32-38; H3K79 a.a. 75-81; H4K20 a.a. 16-22 with the catalytic domain of the NSDs to provide insight into lysine-marks recognition and methylation on histones H3 and H4. Conclusions Our data highlight the versatility of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 for recognizing and methylating several histone lysine marks on histones H3 and H4. Our work provides a basis to design selective and specific NSDs inhibitors. We discuss the relevance of our findings for the development of NSD inhibitors amenable for novel chemotherapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-014-0025-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Morishita
- Kyungpook National University, School of Applied Biosciences, Life Sciences and Agriculture building #3, room 309, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu, Buk-gu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Damiaan Mevius
- Kyungpook National University, School of Applied Biosciences, Life Sciences and Agriculture building #3, room 309, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu, Buk-gu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eric di Luccio
- Kyungpook National University, School of Applied Biosciences, Life Sciences and Agriculture building #3, room 309, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu, Buk-gu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Chen RH, Tian YJ. Enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of aspirin combined with triptolide in cervical cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3041-4. [PMID: 23803076 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.5.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes. Recent studies have shown that aspirin could be used as an anti-tumor drug. Triptolide, the major compound extracted from the Chinese herb Tripteryglum wilfordii Hook.f, has now been shown that it can inhibit tumor growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the anti-tumor efficiency of aspirin and triptolide in cervical cancer cells. METHODS Viability of cervical cancer cell lines was assessed by the MTT method at various concentrations of aspirin and triptolide. Siha and HeLa cell apoptotic analysis was performed by flow cytometry. Real time-PCR and Western Blotting were used to analyze the expression of Bcl-2/Bax, Cyclin D1 and p16. RESULTS Viability in the combination group was significantly decreased as compared with either drug used alone. Expression change of Bcl-2/Bax, CyclinD1 and p16 appeared to play an important role in the synergistic killing effect on cervical cancer cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Aspirin and triptolide combination treatment may have synergistic anti-tumor effects on cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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21
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Dong S, Zhang P. [Advances of histone methyltransferase SMYD3 in tumors]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 17:689-94. [PMID: 25248712 PMCID: PMC6000504 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangwen Dong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China;Tianjin Lung Cancer Research Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
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Role of NSD1 in H2O2-induced GSTM3 suppression. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2757-64. [PMID: 25193115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) has been proved to act as a histone methyltransferase and a transcription co-factor to regulate gene expression. However, the role of NSD1 in oxidative stress remains poorly understood. In the present study, we focused on the NSD1 regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene glutathione S-transferase M3 (GSTM3) expression in response to oxidative stress. H2O2 treatment caused the decrease of both NSD1 and GSTM3 expression, and the depletion of NSD1 expression by specific siRNA reversed the H2O2-reduced GSTM3 expression. Furthermore, we investigated NSD1 modulating the transcription of GSTM3 promoter with -63A/C polymorphism closed to TATA box in response to H2O2 by luciferase and in vitro or in vivo DNA-protein binding assays. The promoter activity of GSTM3 with -63A was higher than -63C, and was increased or decreased by the overexpression or depletion of NSD1, but -63C was not influenced. H2O2 repressed the promoter activity of GSTM3 with -63A more than -63C, and the depletion of NSD1 expression weakened H2O2 inhibition on the -63A promoter, but augmented H2O2 inhibition on the -63C promoter. In addition, NSD1 interacted with RNAPII and bound to GSTM3 -63A/C TATA box, with higher binding affinity to -63A than to -63C. These data indicated that NSD1 implicated in H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and H2O2-induced NSD1 suppression resulted in the decrease of GSTM3 expression through the -63A/C TATA box.
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Li XJ, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY. Triptolide: progress on research in pharmacodynamics and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:67-79. [PMID: 24933225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Tripterygium wilfordii), also known as Huangteng and gelsemium elegan, is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been marketed in China as Tripterygium wilfordii glycoside tablets. Triptolide (TP), an active component in Tripterygium wilfordii extracts, has been used to treat various diseases, including lupus, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and nephritic syndrome. This review summarizes recent developments in the research on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacy and toxicology of TP, with a focus on its novel mechanism of reducing toxicity. This review provides insight for future studies on traditional Chinese medicine, a field that is both historically and currently important. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included studies published primarily within the last five years that were available in online academic databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, SciFinder and Web of Science). RESULTS TP has a long history of use in China because it displays multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-rheumatism, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective properties. It has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, nephritic syndrome, lupus, Behcet׳s disease and central nervous system diseases. Recently, numerous breakthroughs have been made in our understanding of the pharmacological efficacy of TP. Although TP has been marketed as a traditional Chinese medicine, its multi-organ toxicity prevents it from being widely used in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Triptolide, a biologically active natural product extracted from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii, has shown promising pharmacological effects, particularly as an anti-tumor agent. Currently, in anti-cancer research, more effort should be devoted to investigating effective anti-tumor targets and confirming the anti-tumor spectrum and clinical indications of novel anti-tumor pro-drugs. To apply TP appropriately, with high efficacy and low toxicity, the safety and non-toxic dose range for specific target organs and diseases should be determined, the altered pathways and mechanisms of exposure need to be clarified, and an early warning system for toxicity needs to be established. With further in-depth study of the efficacy and toxicity of TP, we believe that TP will become a promising multi-use drug with improved clinical efficacy and safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiaoyang Li
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lu-yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Tamgue O, Chai CS, Hao L, Zambe JCD, Huang WW, Zhang B, Lei M, Wei YM. Triptolide Inhibits Histone Methyltransferase EZH2 and Modulates the Expression of Its Target Genes in Prostate Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5663-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Xu Z, Wu G, Wei X, Chen X, Wang Y, Chen L. Celastrol induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in human rheumatoid fibroblast-like synovial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:615-28. [PMID: 23711145 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol is one of the principal active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., a toxic Chinese medical herb traditionally prescribed for controlling pain and inhibiting inflammation in various chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Resistance to apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes is considered a major characteristic of RA. In this study, we test celastrol's cytotoxic effect and potential mechanisms in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RA-FLS). In the cytotoxic assay, we found that celastrol dose-dependently decreased RA-FLS viability and increased LDH release. The apoptotic nuclear morphology was observed after celastrol treatment as determined by DAPI fluorescence staining. Flow cytometry analysis with PI and Annexin V revealed that celastrol induced RA-FLS cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis. Furthermore, celastrol dramatically increased expression of Bax/Bcl-2, proteolytic cleavage of Caspase-3, -9, PARP, and decreased expression of FasR. In addition, celastrol treatment resulted in DNA damage. Collectively, we concluded that celastrol inhibits RA-FLS proliferation by inducing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in vitro, which might provide data for its application in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengtao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Cherblanc FL, Davidson RWM, Di Fruscia P, Srimongkolpithak N, Fuchter MJ. Perspectives on natural product epigenetic modulators in chemical biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:605-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Zheng Y, Zhang WJ, Wang XM. Triptolide with potential medicinal value for diseases of the central nervous system. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:76-82. [PMID: 23253124 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (TWHF) has a long history as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb that aids in treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The major bioactive component of TWHF is triptolide, which has been recognized to possess a broad spectrum of biological profiles including antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, antifertility, and antitumor activities, as well as neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Limitation of triptolide, such as poor water solubility and severe systemic toxicity, has postponed clinical development and trials; however, the wide range of medicinal value of triptolide has been drawing intensive worldwide attention. In particular, triptolide has been shown to have significant effects on central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord and brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic role of triptolide on CNS diseases, and discusses the structural features, potential modifications, and the other pharmacological activities of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing
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Cao W, Feng Z, Cui Z, Zhang C, Sun Z, Mao L, Chen W. Up-regulation of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is associated positively with cyclin D1 overexpression and poor clinical outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2012; 118:2858-71. [PMID: 21989926 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors previously observed that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) overexpression was associated significantly with the development of oral cancer. In the current study, they investigated whether EZH2 can function as a prognostic predictor for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Expression levels of EZH2 in HNSCC cells were detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analyses. In addition, the effects of EZH2 ablation on the proliferation and invasion of HNSCC cells were investigated through small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate EZH2 and cyclin D1 expression in 46 HNSCC samples, and the expression levels also were re-evaluated in 124 independent samples by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS EZH2 expression was elevated remarkably in HNSCC specimens and cell lines. Upon EZH2 silencing, the proliferation and invasion of HNSCC cells were remarkably suppressed. EZH2 expression frequently was correlated with cyclin D1 expression (P = .034) and tumor differentiation (P = .020). In addition, both EZH2 messenger RNA levels and EZH2 protein levels were strongly associated with signs of histologic severity (P = .012 and P = .032, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that high EZH2 expression was associated with worse overall survival (P = .001) and disease-free survival (P = .002). The combined expression of EZH2 and cyclin D1 had superior prognostic ability for patients with HNSCC than the expression of either marker alone. In multivariate analysis, EZH2 expression was identified as an independent predictor of overall and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that EZH2 is an independent prognostic indicator for patients with HNSCC. In addition, an analysis of the combined expression of EZH2 and cyclin D1 can serve as a more powerful prognostic predictor for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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29
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High expression of trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1425-35. [PMID: 22406368 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and histone modifications are important determinants in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and represent promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Locus-specific trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me) is a well-known modification linked to the enhanced transcriptional expression of many genes activated in HCC. Our aim was to assess the cellular expression pattern of H3K4me3 in HCC and its association with clinicopathologic variables and outcome. Expression of H3K4me3 and the histone methyltransferase (HMT) SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) was studied by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in cell lines and tumor tissue microarray from a well-characterized series of HCC patients (n = 168). The optimal cut-point of H3K4me3 expression for prognosis was determined by the X-tile program. The prognostic significance was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and log-rank tests. Tumor tissue microarray from another independent HCC patients cohort (n = 147) was used for validation studies. Expression of H3K4me3 and SMYD3 were enhanced in HCC cell lines. In tumor specimens, enhanced expression of H3K4me3 was correlated with reduced overall survival (P < .0001), especially in early-stage HCC patients (TNM I/II). Furthermore, both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that H3K4me3 level was a significant and independent predictor of poor survival (hazard ratio, 3.592; 95% confidence interval, 2.302-5.605). In addition, H3K4m3 expression was positively correlated with SMYD3 expression in both testing and validation cohorts (P < .0001). In conclusion, H3K4me3 level defines unrecognized subsets of HCC patients with distinct epigenetic phenotype and clinical outcome and can thus be a novel predictor for poor prognosis of HCC patients, especially at TNM I/II stage.
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Hou L, Zhang X, Wang D, Baccarelli A. Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:79-105. [PMID: 22253299 PMCID: PMC3304523 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year more than 13 million deaths worldwide are due to environmental pollutants, and approximately 24% of diseases are caused by environmental exposures that might be averted through preventive measures. Rapidly growing evidence has linked environmental pollutants with epigenetic variations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Environ mental chemicals and epigenetic changes All of these mechanisms are likely to play important roles in disease aetiology, and their modifications due to environmental pollutants might provide further understanding of disease aetiology, as well as biomarkers reflecting exposures to environmental pollutants and/or predicting the risk of future disease. We summarize the findings on epigenetic alterations related to environmental chemical exposures, and propose mechanisms of action by means of which the exposures may cause such epigenetic changes. We discuss opportunities, challenges and future directions for future epidemiology research in environmental epigenomics. Future investigations are needed to solve methodological and practical challenges, including uncertainties about stability over time of epigenomic changes induced by the environment, tissue specificity of epigenetic alterations, validation of laboratory methods, and adaptation of bioinformatic and biostatistical methods to high-throughput epigenomics. In addition, there are numerous reports of epigenetic modifications arising following exposure to environmental toxicants, but most have not been directly linked to disease endpoints. To complete our discussion, we also briefly summarize the diseases that have been linked to environmental chemicals-related epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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31
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Zhou ZL, Yang YX, Ding J, Li YC, Miao ZH. Triptolide: structural modifications, structure-activity relationships, bioactivities, clinical development and mechanisms. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:457-75. [PMID: 22270059 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a principal bioactive ingredient of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has attracted extensive exploration due to its unique structure of a diterpenoid triepoxide and multiple biological activities. This review will focus on the structural modifications, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology, and clinical development of triptolide in the last forty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Li Zhou
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
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Triptolide induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cells in vitro via altering expression of histone demethylase LSD1 and JMJD2B. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:109-19. [PMID: 22120968 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the relationship between triptolide-induced changes in histone methylation and its antitumor effect on human multiple myeloma (MM) cells in vitro. METHODS Human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 was used. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin-V-FITC/PI-labeled flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle distribution of the apoptotic cells. The presence of the LSD1, JMJD2B, H3K4me2, H3K9me2, and H3K36me2 proteins was verified by Western blot analysis. Semi-quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression of LSD1 and JMJD2B. RESULTS Triptolide (10-160 nmol/L) suppressed the proliferation of MM cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 99.2 ± 9.0 nmol/L at 24 h. Triptolide (50 nmol/L) induced G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest in MM cells. The agent (50-150 nmol/L) induced apoptosis of MM cells in a dose-dependent manner. The same concentrations of triptolide suppressed the expression of dimethylated H3K4, dimethylated H3K9 and dimethylated H3K36 by altering the expression of histone demethylase LSD1 and JMJD2B without affecting the expression of histone demethylase LSD1. CONCLUSION Triptolide potently inhibits the growth of MM cells via regulating the expression of histone demethylase LSD1 and JMJD2B, which lead to abnormal histone methylation.
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33
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Tan W, Lu J, Huang M, Li Y, Chen M, Wu G, Gong J, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Dang Y, Guo J, Chen X, Wang Y. Anti-cancer natural products isolated from chinese medicinal herbs. Chin Med 2011. [PMID: 21777476 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6- 27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of natural products isolated from Chinese herbs have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, suppress angiogenesis, retard metastasis and enhance chemotherapy, exhibiting anti-cancer potential both in vitro and in vivo. This article summarizes recent advances in in vitro and in vivo research on the anti-cancer effects and related mechanisms of some promising natural products. These natural products are also reviewed for their therapeutic potentials, including flavonoids (gambogic acid, curcumin, wogonin and silibinin), alkaloids (berberine), terpenes (artemisinin, β-elemene, oridonin, triptolide, and ursolic acid), quinones (shikonin and emodin) and saponins (ginsenoside Rg3), which are isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. In particular, the discovery of the new use of artemisinin derivatives as excellent anti-cancer drugs is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Rd., Binjiang Dist., Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1 Huatuo Rd., Shangjie University Town, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuanye Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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Morishita M, di Luccio E. Structural insights into the regulation and the recognition of histone marks by the SET domain of NSD1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:214-9. [PMID: 21806967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of epigenetic therapies fuels cancer hope. DNA-methylation inhibitors, histone-deacetylase and histone-methyltransferase (HMTase) inhibitors are being developed as the utilization of epigenetic targets is emerging as an effective and valuable approach to chemotherapy as well as chemoprevention of cancer. The nuclear receptor binding SET domain (NSD) protein is a family of three HMTases, NSD1, NSD2/MMSET/WHSC1, and NSD3/WHSC1L1 that are critical in maintaining the chromatin integrity. A growing number of studies have reported alterations or amplifications of NSD1, NSD2, or NSD3 in numerous carcinogenic events. Reducing NSDs activity through specific lysine-HMTase inhibitors appears promising to help suppressing cancer growth. However, little is known about the NSD pathways and our understanding of the histone lysine-HMTase mechanism is partial. To shed some light on both the recognition and the regulation of epigenetic marks by the SET domain of the NSD family, we investigate the structural mechanisms of the docking of the histone-H4 tail on the SET domain of NSD1. Our finding exposes a key regulatory and recognition mechanism driven by the flexibility of a loop at the interface of the SET and postSET region. Finally, we prospect the special value of this regulatory region for developing specific and selective NSD inhibitors for the epigenetic therapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Morishita
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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35
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Tan W, Lu J, Huang M, Li Y, Chen M, Wu G, Gong J, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Dang Y, Guo J, Chen X, Wang Y. Anti-cancer natural products isolated from chinese medicinal herbs. Chin Med 2011; 6:27. [PMID: 21777476 PMCID: PMC3149025 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of natural products isolated from Chinese herbs have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, suppress angiogenesis, retard metastasis and enhance chemotherapy, exhibiting anti-cancer potential both in vitro and in vivo. This article summarizes recent advances in in vitro and in vivo research on the anti-cancer effects and related mechanisms of some promising natural products. These natural products are also reviewed for their therapeutic potentials, including flavonoids (gambogic acid, curcumin, wogonin and silibinin), alkaloids (berberine), terpenes (artemisinin, β-elemene, oridonin, triptolide, and ursolic acid), quinones (shikonin and emodin) and saponins (ginsenoside Rg3), which are isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. In particular, the discovery of the new use of artemisinin derivatives as excellent anti-cancer drugs is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Rd., Binjiang Dist., Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1 Huatuo Rd., Shangjie University Town, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuanye Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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Morishita M, di Luccio E. Cancers and the NSD family of histone lysine methyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:158-63. [PMID: 21664949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and epigenetic alterations are responsible for the stepwise initiation and progression of cancers. Only epigenetic aberrations can be reversible, allowing the malignant cell population to revert to a more benign phenotype. The epigenetic therapy of cancers is emerging as an effective and valuable approach to both the chemotherapy and the chemoprevention of cancer. The utilization of epigenetic targets that include histone methyltransferase (HMTase), Histone deacetylatase, and DNA methyltransferase, are emerging as key therapeutic targets. The nuclear receptor binding SET domain (NSD) protein is a family of three HMTases, NSD1, NSD2/MMSET/WHSC1, and NSD3/WHSC1L1, and plays a critical part in chromatin integrity as evidenced by a growing number of conditions linked to the alterations and/or amplification of NSD1, NSD2, and/or NSD3. NSD1, NSD2 and NSD3 are associated with multiple cancers. The amplification of either NSD1 or NSD2 triggers the cellular transformation and thus is key in the early carcinogenesis events. In most cases, reducing the levels of NSD proteins would suppress cancer growth. NSD1 and NSD2 were isolated as genes linked to developmental diseases, such as Sotos syndrome and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, respectively, implying versatile aspects of the NSD proteins. The NSD pathways, however, are not well understood. It is noteworthy that the NSD family is phylogenetically distinct compared to other known lysine-HMTases, Here, we review the current knowledge on NSD1/NSD2/NSD3 in tumorigenesis and prospect their special value for developing novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Morishita
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
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Patra HK, Dasgupta AK, Sarkar S, Biswas I, Chattopadhyay A. Dual role of nanoparticles as drug carrier and drug. Cancer Nanotechnol 2011; 2:37-47. [PMID: 26069483 PMCID: PMC4451630 DOI: 10.1007/s12645-010-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of human malignancies are directed nonspecifically against both malignant and nonmalignant cells, often limiting their efficacy with having serious side effects. Recent development of drug delivery vehicles has opened up the possibility of targeted drug delivery systems with the potential of achieving maximum efficacy with minimal toxicity. The possibility of using a nanomaterial as a combinational drug component is intuitively evident as it would compensate the toxicity level by enhancing drug delivery efficiency. Additionally, cell-specific cytotoxicity (reported earlier by our group) of the nanovehicle itself may potentiate a more effective targeted cell killing. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using gold nanoparticles playing the dual role of an anticancer agent and a carrier of a chemotherapeutic drug. This is demonstrated using vincristine sulfate (VS), salt of an alkaloid often used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), and U266 as a test MM cell line. The drug VS shows the expected G2-M-phase arrest of cells. Notably, bare gold nanoparticle shows arrest of the S phase cells that may be particularly important in case of slow-growing malignancies like MM where most of the cells remain in G1 phase of the cell cycle. The VS conjugated gold retains the activity of both gold nanoparticle and VS leading to a synergistic rise of the apoptotic cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Kumar Patra
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Anjan Kr. Dasgupta
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Sounik Sarkar
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
- />Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, MCH Building (2nd floor), Medical College 88 College Street, Kolkata, 700073 India
| | - Indranil Biswas
- />Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, MCH Building (2nd floor), Medical College 88 College Street, Kolkata, 700073 India
| | - Arnab Chattopadhyay
- />Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, MCH Building (2nd floor), Medical College 88 College Street, Kolkata, 700073 India
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