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Wypych D, Barańska J. Cross-Talk in Nucleotide Signaling in Glioma C6 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:35-65. [PMID: 32034708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The chapter is focused on the mechanism of action of metabotropic P2Y nucleotide receptors: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y12, P2Y14 and the ionotropic P2X7 receptor in glioma C6 cells. P2Y1 and P2Y12 both respond to ADP, but while P2Y1 links to PLC and elevates cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, P2Y12 negatively couples to adenylate cyclase, maintaining cAMP at low level. In glioma C6, these two P2Y receptors modulate activities of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling and the effects depend on physiological conditions of the cells. During prolonged serum deprivation, cell growth is arrested, the expression of the P2Y1 receptor strongly decreases and P2Y12 becomes a major player responsible for ADP-evoked signal transduction. The P2Y12 receptor activates ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation (a known cell proliferation regulator) and stimulates Akt activity, contributing to glioma invasiveness. In contrast, P2Y1 has an inhibitory effect on Akt pathway signaling. Furthermore, the P2X7 receptor, often responsible for apoptotic fate, is not involved in Ca2+elevation in C6 cells. The shift in nucleotide receptor expression from P2Y1 to P2Y12 during serum withdrawal, the cross talk between both receptors and the lack of P2X7 activity shows the precise self-regulating mechanism, enhancing survival and preserving the neoplastic features of C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wypych
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Barańska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Hamajima K, Hamamura K, Chen A, Yokota H, Mori H, Yo S, Kondo H, Tanaka K, Ishizuka K, Kodama D, Hirai T, Miyazawa K, Goto S, Togari A. Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2-adrenergic receptors. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:407-416. [PMID: 29725523 PMCID: PMC5920467 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is known to regulate osteoclast development. However, the involvement of α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs) in osteoclastogenesis is not well understood. In the present study, their potential role in osteoclastogenesis was investigated. Guanabenz, clonidine and xylazine were used as agonists of α2-ARs, while yohimbine and idazoxan were employed as antagonists. Using RAW264.7 pre-osteoclast and primary bone marrow cells, the mRNA expression of the osteoclast-related genes nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K was evaluated following induction with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). TRAP staining was also conducted to assess effects on osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cells in vitro. Administration of 5–20 µM guanabenz (P<0.01, for RANKL-only treatment), 20 µM clonidine (P<0.05, for RANKL-only treatment) and 20 µM xylazine (P<0.05, for RANKL-only treatment) attenuated RANKL-induced upregulation of NFATc1, TRAP and cathepsin K mRNA. Furthermore, the reductions in these mRNAs by 10 µM guanabenz and 20 µM clonidine in the presence of RANKL were attenuated by 20 µM yohimbine or idazoxan (P<0.05). The administration of 5–20 µM guanabenz (P<0.01, for RANKL-only treatment) and 10–20 µM clonidine (P<0.05, for RANKL-only treatment) also decreased the number of TRAP-positive multi-nucleated osteoclasts. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that α2-ARs may be involved in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hamajima
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hironori Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Shoyoku Yo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hisataka Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kodama
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takao Hirai
- Laboratory of Medical Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Akifumi Togari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
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Gómez-Villafuertes R, Pintor J, Miras-Portugal MT, Gualix J. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activity in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells: changes in expression associated with neuronal differentiation. J Neurochem 2014; 131:290-302. [PMID: 24947519 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells display an ectoenzymatic hydrolytic activity capable of degrading diadenosine polyphosphates. The Apn A-cleaving activity has been analysed with the use of the fluorogenic compound BODIPY FL guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) thioester. Hydrolysis of this dinucleotide analogue showed a hyperbolic kinetic with a Km value of 4.9 ± 1.3 μM. Diadenosine pentaphosphate, diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine triphosphate, and the nucleoside monophosphate AMP behaved as an inhibitor of BODIPY FL guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) thioester extracellular degradation. Ectoenzymatic activity shared the typical characteristics of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family, as hydrolysis reached maximal activity at alkaline pH and was dependent on the presence of divalent cations, being strongly inhibited by EDTA and activated by Zn(2+) ions. Both NPP1 and NPP3 isozymes are expressed in N2a cells, their expression levels substantially changing when cells differentiate into a neuronal-like phenotype. In this sense, it is relevant to point the expression pattern of the NPP3 protein, whose levels were drastically reduced in the differentiated cells, being almost completely absent after 24 h of differentiation. Enzymatic activity assays carried out with differentiated N2a cells showed that NPP1 is the main isozyme involved in the extracellular degradation of dinucleotides in these cells, this enzyme reducing its activity and changing its subcellular location following neuronal differentiation. We described the presence of an ectoenzymatic activity able to hydrolyse diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA) in N2a cells. This activity displays biochemical features that are typical of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) family members, as demonstrated by the use of the fluorogenic compound BODIPY-FL-GTPγS. Both NPP1 and NPP3 ectoenzymes are expressed in N2a cells, their levels dramatically changing when cells differentiate into a neuronal-like phenotype. Activity assays in differentiated cells showed that the ApnA-hydrolytic activity largely depends on the NPP1 isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Lee SY, Müller CE. Large-volume sample stacking with polarity switching for monitoring of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) reactions by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:855-63. [PMID: 24431193 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) is a membrane glycoprotein involved in the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides. Its main substrate is ATP yielding AMP and pyrophosphate. NPP1 has been proposed as a novel drug target, for diabetes type 2 and the treatment of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease leading to inflammatory arthritis. The monitoring of NPP1 reactions is difficult because its velocity is very slow requiring highly sensitive analytical procedures. In this study, a method of large-volume sample stacking with polarity switching was developed, and separations were optimized. Large sample volumes were loaded by hydrodynamic injection (5 psi, 13 s) followed by removal of a large plug of sample matrix from the capillary using polarity switching (-10 kV). The stacked analytes were subsequently separated in phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 9.2) at 20 kV. The validated method was found to be linear (R(2) = 0.9927) in the concentration range of 0.05-50 μM of AMP, with high accuracy and precision. The determined LOD and LOQ of AMP were 18 nM and 60 nM, respectively. Compared to a previously reported CE procedure using sweeping technique, a fivefold improvement of sensitivity was achieved. Moreover, the new technique was faster, and reproducibility of migration times was improved (RSD value = 1.2%). Importantly, adenine nucleotide analogs and derivatives tested as NPP1 inhibitors could be completely separated from the substrate ATP and the enzymatic product AMP. The method was applied to NPP1 inhibition assays investigating nucleotide-derived inhibitors in the presence of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wypych D, Barańska J. Cross-talk in nucleotide signaling in glioma C6 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:31-59. [PMID: 22879063 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chapter is focused on the mechanism of action of metabotropic P2Y nucleotide receptors: P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(12), P2Y(14) and the ionotropic P2X(7) receptor in glioma C6 cells. P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) both respond to ADP, but while P2Y(1) links to PLC and elevates cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, P2Y(12) negatively couples to adenylate cyclase, maintaining cAMP at low level. In glioma C6, these two P2Y receptors modulate activities of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling and the effects depend on physiological conditions of the cells. During prolonged serum deprivation, cell growth is arrested, the expression of the P2Y(1) receptor strongly decreases and P2Y(12) becomes a major player responsible for ADP-evoked signal transduction. The P2Y(12) receptor activates ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation (a known cell proliferation regulator) and stimulates Akt activity, contributing to glioma invasiveness. In contrast, P2Y(1) has an inhibitory effect on Akt pathway signaling. Furthermore, the P2X(7) receptor, often responsible for apoptotic fate, is not involved in Ca(2+)elevation in C6 cells. The shift in nucleotide receptor expression from P2Y(1) to P2Y(12) during serum withdrawal, the cross talk between both receptors and the lack of P2X(7) activity shows the precise self-regulating mechanism, enhancing survival and preserving the neoplastic features of C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wypych
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, PL 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Lee SY, Lévesque SA, Sévigny J, Müller CE. A highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis method using p-nitrophenyl 5'-thymidine monophosphate as a substrate for the monitoring of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activities. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 911:162-9. [PMID: 23217320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis method has been developed to monitor the activity of nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) and screen for NPP inhibitors. In this method, p-nitrophenyl 5'-thymidine monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP) was used as an artificial substrate, and separation of reaction products was performed on a dynamically coated capillary. We found that the optimal capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions were as follows: fused-silica capillary (20cm effective length×75.5μm (id)), electrokinetic injection for 60s, 70mM phosphate buffer containing polybrene 0.002%, pH 9.2, constant current of -80μA, constant capillary temperature of 15°C and detection at 400nm. To allow precise quantification, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinitrocresol) was applied as an internal standard. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 137 and 415nM, respectively. This new method was shown to be over 8-fold more sensitive than the conventional spectrophotometric assays and 16-fold more than the previously reported CE procedure, and the results (K(m) values for NPP1 and NPP3, K(i) values for standard inhibitors) obtained were in accordance with previous literature data. Therefore, this new method is an improvement of actual techniques and could be used as a quick and standard analytical technique for the identification and characterization of NPP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Aerts I, Van Ostade X, Slegers H. NO-induced activation of cyclic GMP-dependent pathway down regulates ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) protein in rat C6 glioma. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:1-6. [PMID: 21414308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In rat C6 glioma cells, the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1), a modulator of purinergic receptor signaling, is down regulated after an increase in intracellular cAMP by addition of dibutyryl cAMP, a membrane-permeable cAMP-analog, or by activation of the β-adrenoceptor receptor with (-)-isoproterenol (Aerts et al., 2011, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 654, 1-9). In this communication we studied the effect of nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP, a pathway also affecting purinergic receptor signaling, on the level of NPP1 protein. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, reduces NPP1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. A combination of SNP and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, demonstrated that NO-dependent down regulation of NPP1 was caused by NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. Treatment with Rp-pCPT-cGMPS, an inhibitor of protein kinase G (PKG), showed that PKG is not involved in the down regulation of NPP1. In addition, we have shown that the cAMP- and cGMP-dependent decrease in NPP1 expression is unrelated. These results indicate that NO/cGMP regulates the level of NPP1 protein by a pathway that differs from the cAMP-induced decrease in NPP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Aerts
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cellular Biochemistry, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory Proteinscience, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Slegers
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cellular Biochemistry, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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