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Li DY, Gao SJ, Sun J, Zhang LQ, Wu JY, Song FH, Liu DQ, Zhou YQ, Mei W. Targeting the nitric oxide/cGMP signaling pathway to treat chronic pain. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:996-1003. [PMID: 36254980 PMCID: PMC9827765 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) signaling has been shown to act as a mediator involved in pain transmission and processing. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway involved in chronic pain, including neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain, inflammatory pain, and morphine tolerance. The main process in the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in cells involves NO activating soluble guanylate cyclase, which leads to subsequent production of cGMP. cGMP then activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), resulting in the activation of multiple targets such as the opening of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The activation of NO/cGMP signaling in the spinal cord evidently induces upregulation of downstream molecules, as well as reactive astrogliosis and microglial polarization which participate in the process of chronic pain. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, natriuretic peptide binds to particulate guanylyl cyclase, generating and further activating the cGMP/PKG pathway, and it also contributes to the development of chronic pain. Upregulation of multiple receptors is involved in activation of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in various pain models. Notably the NO/cGMP signaling pathway induces expression of downstream effectors, exerting both algesic and analgesic effects in neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. These findings suggest that activation of NO/cGMP signaling plays a constituent role in the development of chronic pain, and this signaling pathway with dual effects is an interesting and promising target for chronic pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shao-Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Long-Qing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan-He Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Correspondence to: Wei Mei, ; Ya-Qun Zhou, .
| | - Wei Mei
- Correspondence to: Wei Mei, ; Ya-Qun Zhou, .
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Qian J, Lin X, Zhou Z. Skin/muscle incision and retraction regulates the persistent postoperative pain in rats by the Epac1/PKC-βII pathway. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:230. [PMID: 35850627 PMCID: PMC9290233 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent postoperative pain causes influence the life quality of many patients. The Epac/PKC pathway has been indicated to regulate mechanical hyperalgesia. The present study used skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) to induce postoperative pain in rats and evaluated the Epac/PKC pathway in postoperative pain. Mechanical allodynia was assessed by paw withdrawal threshold before and after incision. The levels of Epac, PKC, proinflammatory cytokines, and blood-nerve barrier-related proteins were assessed using Western blotting. We found that SMIR induced the activation of the Epac/PKC pathway, mechanical allodynia, and upregulation of Glut1, VEGF, and PGP9.5 proteins in dorsal root ganglia. Under the influence of agonists of Epac/PKC, normal rats showed mechanical allodynia and increased Glut1, VEGF, and PGP9.5 proteins. After inhibition of Epac1 in rats with SMIR, mechanical allodynia was alleviated, and proinflammatory cytokines and Glut1, VEGF, and PGP9.5 proteins were decreased. Moreover, dorsal root ganglia neurons showed abnormal proliferation under the activation of the Epac/PKC pathway. Using Captopril to protect vascular endothelial cells after SMIR had a positive effect on postoperative pain. In conclusion, SMIR regulates the persistent postoperative pain in rats by the Epac/PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University), No. 999 Donghai Avenue, Jiaojiang Economic Development Zone, Taizhou City, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuezheng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University), No. 999 Donghai Avenue, Jiaojiang Economic Development Zone, Taizhou City, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhili Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University), No. 999 Donghai Avenue, Jiaojiang Economic Development Zone, Taizhou City, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Jiang M, Chen X, Zhang L, Liu W, Yu X, Wang Z, Zheng M. Electroacupuncture suppresses glucose metabolism and GLUT-3 expression in medial prefrontal cortical in rats with neuropathic pain. Biol Res 2021; 54:24. [PMID: 34362470 PMCID: PMC8344173 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation could effectively alleviate neuropathic pain. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a vital part of the cortical representation of pain in the brain, and its glucose metabolism is mostly affected in the progression of pain. However, the central mechanism of EA analgesia remains unclear. Methods Fifty-four male SD rats were equally randomized into sham surgery (Sham) group, chronic constriction injury (CCI) group and EA stimulation (EA) group. The CCI model, involving ligature of the right sciatic nerve, was established in all animals except the Sham group. EA stimulation was applied on the right side acupoints of Huantiao (GB30) and Yanglingquan (GB34) in the EA group. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw thermal withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured. The 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was used to evaluate glucose metabolism changes in the mPFC. The expression of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT-3) in the mPFC was determined by immune histochemistry and ELISA. Results Comparing with CCI groups, EA treatment was obviously reversed CCI-induced mechanical allodynia (P < 0.01), thermal hyperalgesia (P < 0.01) and the increase of glucose metabolism in the left mPFC (P < 0.05). Furthermore, EA treatment significantly decreased the protein expression of GLUT-3 in the left mPFC (P < 0.01). Conclusions Our results indicate that EA analgesia effect may be related to suppressing the glucose metabolism and GLUT-3 expression in the mPFC. This study could provide a potential insight into the central mechanisms involved in the analgesic effect of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghong Jiang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Liangping Zhang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangmei Yu
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Zhifu Wang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China. .,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics & Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Meifeng Zheng
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
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Ding Y, Yao P, Hong T, Li H, Zhu Y, Han Z, Zhou G. The analgesic effect of early hyperbaric oxygen treatment in chronic constriction injury rats and its influence on nNOS and iNOS expression and inflammatory factor production. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918765837. [PMID: 29592784 PMCID: PMC5881973 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918765837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the analgesic effect of early hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats, and to analyze the influence of HBO on the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase and on the levels of inflammatory factors. Methods Rats were assigned into three groups randomly: sham, CCI, and HBO groups. The CCI rat model was established, and HBO treatment at 2.5 ATA (60 min) was given one day after surgery, lasting for five consecutive days. The pain behaviors of the rats were observed at predetermined time points, and the activation of astrocytes at dorsal horns as well as the changes of the synaptic ultrastructures were observed. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were detected by Western blot, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Rats in the CCI group developed hyperalgesia when compared with the sham group. Mechanical withdrawal threshold decreased and thermal withdrawal latency shortened in CCI group. Also, astrocytes at the dorsal horn were activated, the synaptic structure was disordered, the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were increased significantly, and the release of inflammatory factor (TNF-α and IL-1β) was up-regulated. However, with early initiation of HBO treatment, rats in the HBO group showed significantly alleviated hyperalgesia, increased mechanical withdrawal threshold, and prolonged thermal withdrawal latency. HBO treatment inhibited astrocyte expression and maintained normal synaptic structure. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were decreased in the dorsal horn, and the release of inflammatory factor (TNF-α and IL-1β) was reduced. Conclusions Early HBO treatment significantly improves hyperalgesia in rats with neuropathic pain. The decreased expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase and reduced levels of inflammatory factors are important mechanisms by which early HBO helps to alleviate neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ding
- 1 Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Yao
- 1 Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Hong
- 1 Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongxi Li
- 1 Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- 1 Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenkai Han
- 1 Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhu X, Liu Y, Huang H, Zhang Y, Huang S, Zhou W, Bian X, Shen S, Cao S. PKCβII-induced upregulation of PGP9.5 and VEGF in postoperative persistent pain in rats. J Pain Res 2018; 11:2095-2106. [PMID: 30310311 PMCID: PMC6166760 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s144852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Postoperative pain is a common clinical problem. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) in the progression of postoperative pain following skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) surgery. Materials and methods SMIR postoperative pain model was established in rats, akin to a clinical procedure. The expression level and location of p-PKCβII were observed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) or spinal cord from SMIR-operated rats by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. In addition, the effects of PKCβII on the expression of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed by using pharmacological activator and inhibitor of PKCβII. Moreover, mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was assessed before or after SMIR-operated rats were treated with inhibitor or activator of PKCβII. Results The expression of PKCβII in DRG and spinal cord was significantly increased after SMIR surgery (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) and expression of PKCβII was located in the neurons of the spinal cord, and magnocellular neurons, non-peptide neurons, and peptide neurons in DRG. Besides, compared with skin/muscle incision group, retraction caused a marked increase in the expression of PKCβII and a significant decrease of MWT (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The activator of PKCβII greatly increased the expression of PGP9.5 and VEGF (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and enhanced MWT (P < 0.001), while inhibitor of PKCβII decreased the expression of PGP9.5 and VEGF and attenuated MWT (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). Conclusion Activation of PKCβII signaling pathways might be an important mechanism in the progression of postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Hongfang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Saisai Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xiaocui Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Shiren Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Su Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China, ;
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Yuan SS, Li ML, Chen JS, Zhou L, Zhou W. Application of Mono- and Disaccharides in Drug Targeting and Efficacy. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:764-778. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si S. Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Mao L. Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jian S. Chen
- College of Horticulture; South China Agricultural University; 483 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Science; Hunan Agricultural University; Furong Road Changsha 410128 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
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Luongo E, Russo R, Avagliano C, Santoro A, Melisi D, Orefice NS, Raso GM, Meli R, Magliocca S, Nieddu M, Santiago GMP, Boatto G, Calignano A, Rimoli MG. Galactosyl prodrug of palmitoylethanolamide: synthesis, stability, cell permeation and cytoprotective activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:33-9. [PMID: 24854456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is emerging as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, PEA poorly reaches the central nervous system (CNS), after peripheral administration, since it is inactivated through intracellular hydrolysis by lipid amidases. Since prodrug approach is one of the most popular methods used to increase cell permeability, the aim of this paper consists in the synthesis of a new galactosyl prodrug of PEA, the palmitoylethanolamide-succinamyl-D-galactos-6'-yl ester (PEAGAL). Biological experiments both in neuroblastoma and in C6 glioma cells, together with quantitative analyses performed through a LC-MS-MS technique, demonstrate the better efficacy of PEAGAL compared to PEA and its higher cell permeation. Our results encourage further experiments in animal models of neuropathic pain and of neurological disorders and/or neurodegenerative diseases, in order to promote a more effective peripherally administrated derivative of PEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Luongo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Melisi
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gilvandete Maria Pinheiro Santiago
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro 1210, 60430-370 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Siniscalco D, Bradstreet JJ, Cirillo A, Antonucci N. The in vitro GcMAF effects on endocannabinoid system transcriptionomics, receptor formation, and cell activity of autism-derived macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:78. [PMID: 24739187 PMCID: PMC3996516 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system dysregulation is well-recognized in autism and thought to be part of the etiology of this disorder. The endocannabinoid system is a key regulator of the immune system via the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) which is highly expressed on macrophages and microglial cells. We have previously published significant differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cell CB2R gene expression in the autism population. The use of the Gc protein-derived Macrophage Activating Factor (GcMAF), an endogenous glycosylated vitamin D binding protein responsible for macrophage cell activation has demonstrated positive effects in the treatment of autistic children. In this current study, we investigated the in vitro effects of GcMAF treatment on the endocannabinoid system gene expression, as well as cellular activation in blood monocyte-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from autistic patients compared to age-matched healthy developing controls. METHODS To achieve these goals, we used biomolecular, biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. RESULTS GcMAF treatment was able to normalize the observed differences in dysregulated gene expression of the endocannabinoid system of the autism group. GcMAF also down-regulated the over-activation of BMDMs from autistic children. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first observations of GcMAF effects on the transcriptionomics of the endocannabinoid system and expression of CB2R protein. These data point to a potential nexus between endocannabinoids, vitamin D and its transporter proteins, and the immune dysregulations observed with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, via S, Maria di Costantinopoli, 16 - 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Sato KL, Johanek LM, Sanada LS, Sluka KA. Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:464-472. [PMID: 24361846 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is commonly used for neuropathic pain; the optimal variables and mechanisms of action are unclear. We tested whether modulation of SCS variables improved analgesia in animals with neuropathic pain by comparing 6-hour vs 30-minute duration and 50%, 75%, or 90% motor threshold (MT) intensity (amplitude). Furthermore, we examined whether maximally effective SCS reduced glial activation in the spinal cord in neuropathic animals. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received the spared nerve injury model and were implanted with an epidural SCS lead. Animals were tested for mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw before and 2 weeks after spared nerve injury, before and after SCS daily for 4 days, and 1, 4, and 9 days after SCS. Spinal cords were examined for the effects of SCS on glial cell activation. RESULTS The mechanical withdrawal threshold decreased, and glial immunoreactivity increased 2 weeks after spared nerve injury. For duration, 6-hour SCS significantly increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold when compared with 30-minute SCS or sham SCS; 30-minute SCS was greater than sham SCS. For intensity (amplitude), 90% MT SCS significantly increased the withdrawal threshold when compared with 75% MT SCS, 50% MT SCS, and sham SCS. Both 4 and 60 Hz SCS decreased glial activation (GFAP, MCP-1, and OX-42) in the spinal cord dorsal horn when compared with sham. CONCLUSIONS Six-hour duration SCS with 90% MT showed the largest increase in mechanical withdrawal threshold, suggesting that the variables of stimulation are important for clinical effectiveness. One potential mechanism for SCS may be to reduce glial activation at the level of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Sato
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Effects of selective and non-selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase on morphine- and endomorphin-1-induced analgesia in acute and neuropathic pain in rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:445-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Siniscalco D, Sapone A, Giordano C, Cirillo A, de Magistris L, Rossi F, Fasano A, Bradstreet JJ, Maione S, Antonucci N. Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2, but not Type 1, is Up-Regulated in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Children Affected by Autistic Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 43:2686-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Caraglia M, Luongo L, Salzano G, Zappavigna S, Marra M, Guida F, Lusa S, Giordano C, De Novellis V, Rossi F, Abbruzzese Saccardi A, De Rosa G, Maione S. Stealth Liposomes Encapsulating Zoledronic Acid: A New Opportunity To Treat Neuropathic Pain. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1111-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3006215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Montesano, 49,
80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Montesano, 49,
80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Lusa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Montesano, 49,
80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Montesano, 49,
80131 Naples, Italy
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The expression of caspases is enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of autism spectrum disorder patients. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 42:1403-10. [PMID: 21969075 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are heterogeneous complex neuro-developmental disorders characterized by dysfunctions in social interaction and communication skills. Their pathogenesis has been linked to interactions between genes and environmental factors. Consistent with the evidence of certain similarities between immune cells and neurons, autistic children also show an altered immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this study, we investigated the activation of caspases, cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases involved in apoptosis and several other cell functions in PBMCs from 15 ASD children compared to age-matched normal healthy developing controls. The mRNA levels for caspase-1, -2, -4, -5 were significantly increased in ASD children as compared to healthy subjects. Protein levels of Caspase-3, -7, -12 were also increased in ASD patients. Our data are suggestive of a possible role of the caspase pathway in ASD clinical outcome and of the use of caspase as potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools in ASD management.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2012; 6:109-25. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e328350f70c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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