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Nor Nazli NA, Muthuraju S, Ahmad F, Mohamed Yusoff AA, Jaafar H, Shamsuddin S, Abdullah JM. Characterisation of Primary Human Hippocampal Astrocyte Cell Culture Following Exposure to Hypoxia. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:92-106. [PMID: 36875187 PMCID: PMC9984107 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to understand the characterisation of human hippocampal astrocyte following hypoxia exposure. Based on the preliminary screening, 15 min was chosen as the time point and the cells were exposed to different oxygen percentages. Methods The Trypan blue viability assay used to examine cell death. Immunofluorescence assay, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was used to portray the morphology of astrocytes. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) staining was performed to confirm hypoxia induced cell death and there was a dramatic expression of HIF-1α displayed in exposed astrocyte cells compared to the control. In molecular level, genes were chosen, such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), GFAP, HIF-1α and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and ran the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Microscope revealed a filamentous and clear nucleus appearance in a control whereas the rupture nuclei with no rigid structure of the cell were found in the 3% oxygen. The control and hypoxia cells were also stained with the annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (annexin V-FITC). Fluorescence microscope reveals astrocyte cells after hypoxia showed higher expression of nuclei but not in control. Merging PI and FITC showed the differences of nuclei expression between the control and hypoxia. In the molecular analysis, there were significant changes of GFAP, HIF-1α and Bcl-2 in hypoxia exposed cells when compared to the control group. Conclusion Cells that were exposed to hypoxia (3% oxygen for 15 min) clearly showed damage. General view of human hippocampal astrocyte genomic response to hypoxia was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atikah Nor Nazli
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sangu Muthuraju
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Farizan Ahmad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnan Jaafar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Hazarika H, Krishnatreyya H, Tyagi V, Islam J, Gogoi N, Goyary D, Chattopadhyay P, Zaman K. The fabrication and assessment of mosquito repellent cream for outdoor protection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2180. [PMID: 35140283 PMCID: PMC8828860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne infections like dengue, malaria, chikungunya, etc. are a nuisance and can cause profound discomfort to people. Due to the objectional side effects and toxicity associated with synthetic pyrethroids, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), N,N-diethyl phenylacetamide (DEPA), and N,N-di ethyl benzamide (DEBA) based mosquito repellent products, we developed an essential oil (EO) based mosquito repellent cream (EO-MRC) using clove, citronella and lemongrass oil. Subsequently, a formulation characterization, bio-efficacy, and safety study of EO-MRC were carried out. Expression of Anti-OBP2A and TRPV1 proteins on mosquito head parts were studied by western blotting. In-silico screening was also conducted for the specific proteins. An FT-IR study confirmed the chemical compatibility of the EOs and excipients used in EO-MRC. The thermal behaviour of the best EOs and their mixture was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GC-MS examination revealed various chemical components present in EOs. Efficacy of EO-MRC was correlated with 12% N,N-diethyl benzamide (DEBA) based marketed cream (DBMC). Complete protection time (CPT) of EO-MRC was determined as 228 min. Cytotoxicity study on L-132 cell line confirmed the non-toxic nature of EO-MRC upon inhalation. Acute dermal irritation study, acute dermal dose toxicity study, and acute eye irritation study revealed the non-toxic nature of EO-MRC. Non-target toxicity study on Danio rerio confirmed EO-MRC as safer for aquatic non-target animals. A decrease in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed in transfluthrin (TNSF) exposed Wistar rats. While EO-MRC did not alter the AChE concentrations in the exposed animals. Results from western blotting confirmed that Anti-OBP2A and TRPV1 proteins were inhibited in TNSF exposed mosquitoes. Mosquitoes exposed to EO-MRC showed a similar expression pattern for Anti-OBP2A and TRPV1 as the control group. In silico study revealed eight identified compounds of the EOs play significant roles in the overall repellency property of the developed product. The study emphasizes the mosquito repellent activity of EO-MRC, which could be an effective, eco-friendly, and safer alternative to the existing synthetic repellents for personal protection against mosquitoes during field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanga Hazarika
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Dekargaon, Tezpur, Assam, 784501, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
| | - Harshita Krishnatreyya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Dekargaon, Tezpur, Assam, 784501, India
| | - Varun Tyagi
- Eurofins Agroscience Services Pvt. Ltd., Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, 641603, India
| | - Johirul Islam
- Coromandel Int. Ltd., Shameerpet, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Neelutpal Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
| | - Kamaruz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
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Ranjan R, Amitabh, Prasad DN, Kohli E. Hypothermic preconditioning attenuates hypobaric hypoxia induced spatial memory impairment in rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113568. [PMID: 34499936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaric Hypoxia (HH) is known to cause oxidative stress in the brain that leads to spatial memory deficit and neurodegeneration. For decades therapeutic hypothermia is used to treat global and focal ischemia in preserving brain functions that proved to be beneficial in humans and rodents. Considering these previous reports, the present study was designed to establish the therapeutic potential of hypothermia preconditioning on HH induced spatial memory, biochemical and morphological changes in adult rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to HH (7620 m, ~ 282 mmHg) for 1, 3 and 7 days with and without hypothermic preconditioning. Spatial learning memory was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test along with evaluation of hippocampal pyramidal neuron damage by histological study. Oxidative stress was measured by studying the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG and GSH). Results of MWM test indicated prolonged path length and latency to reach the platform in HH groups that regained to normal in cold pre-treated groups. A likely neurodegeneration was evident in HH groups that lessen in the cold pre-treated groups. Hypothermic preconditioning prevented spatial memory impairment and neurodegeneration in animals subjected to HH via decreasing the NO, ROS and LPO compared to control animals. The GSH level and GSH/GSSG ratio was found to be higher in preconditioned animals as compared to respective HH exposed animals, indicative of redox scavenging and restoration of hippocampal neuronal structure as well as spatial memory. Therefore, hypothermic preconditioning improves spatial memory deficit by reducing HH induced oxidative stress and hippocampal neurodegeneration, hence can be used as a multi-target prophylactic measure to combat HH induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ranjan
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Amitabh
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Dipti N Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Ekta Kohli
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India.
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4
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Hambali A, Kumar J, Hashim NFM, Maniam S, Mehat MZ, Cheema MS, Mustapha M, Adenan MI, Stanslas J, Hamid HA. Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Centella asiatica. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712317. [PMID: 34721056 PMCID: PMC8551388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by the presence of extracellular beta-amyloid fibrillary plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tau tangles in the brain. Recurring failures of drug candidates targeting these pathways have prompted research in AD multifactorial pathogenesis, including the role of neuroinflammation. Triggered by various factors, such as hypoxia, neuroinflammation is strongly linked to AD susceptibility and/or progression to dementia. Chronic hypoxia induces neuroinflammation by activating microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, along with an increased in reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, features that are common to many degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Hence, interests are emerging on therapeutic agents and plant derivatives for AD that target the hypoxia-neuroinflammation pathway. Centella asiatica is one of the natural products reported to show neuroprotective effects in various models of CNS diseases. Here, we review the complex hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD and the potential application of Centella asiatica as a therapeutic agent in AD or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqilah Hambali
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Maniam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Manraj Singh Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Johnson Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Tualang Honey: A Decade of Neurological Research. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175424. [PMID: 34500857 PMCID: PMC8434576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tualang honey has been shown to protect against neurodegeneration, leading to improved memory/learning as well as mood. In addition, studies have also demonstrated its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, a substantial part of this research lacks systematization, and there seems to be a tendency to start anew with every study. This review presents a decade of research on Tualang honey with a particular interest in the underlying mechanisms related to its effects on the central nervous system. A total of 28 original articles published between 2011 and 2020 addressing the central nervous system (CNS) effects of Tualang honey were analysed. We identified five main categories, namely nootropic, antinociceptive, stress-relieving, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects of Tualang honey, and proposed the underlying mechanisms. The findings from this review may potentially be beneficial towards developing new therapeutic roles for Tualang honey and help in determining how best to benefit from this brain supplement.
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Bormann D, Stojanovic T, Cicvaric A, Schuld GJ, Cabatic M, Ankersmit HJ, Monje FJ. miRNA-132/212 Gene-Deletion Aggravates the Effect of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation on Synaptic Functions in the Female Mouse Hippocampus. Cells 2021; 10:1709. [PMID: 34359879 PMCID: PMC8306255 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia and its sequelae, which include memory impairment, constitute a leading cause of disability worldwide. Micro-RNAs (miRNA) are evolutionarily conserved short-length/noncoding RNA molecules recently implicated in adaptive/maladaptive neuronal responses to ischemia. Previous research independently implicated the miRNA-132/212 cluster in cholinergic signaling and synaptic transmission, and in adaptive/protective mechanisms of neuronal responses to hypoxia. However, the putative role of miRNA-132/212 in the response of synaptic transmission to ischemia remained unexplored. Using hippocampal slices from female miRNA-132/212 double-knockout mice in an established electrophysiological model of ischemia, we here describe that miRNA-132/212 gene-deletion aggravated the deleterious effect of repeated oxygen-glucose deprivation insults on synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus, a brain region crucial for learning and memory functions. We also examined the effect of miRNA-132/212 gene-deletion on the expression of key mediators in cholinergic signaling that are implicated in both adaptive responses to ischemia and hippocampal neural signaling. miRNA-132/212 gene-deletion significantly altered hippocampal AChE and mAChR-M1, but not α7-nAChR or MeCP2 expression. The effects of miRNA-132/212 gene-deletion on hippocampal synaptic transmission and levels of cholinergic-signaling elements suggest the existence of a miRNA-132/212-dependent adaptive mechanism safeguarding the functional integrity of synaptic functions in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bormann
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.B.); (T.S.); (G.J.S.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Department of Surgery, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Research Laboratories Vienna General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Stojanovic
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.B.); (T.S.); (G.J.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Ana Cicvaric
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Gabor J. Schuld
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.B.); (T.S.); (G.J.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Maureen Cabatic
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.B.); (T.S.); (G.J.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Department of Surgery, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Research Laboratories Vienna General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, Dresdner Straße 87/A 21, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J. Monje
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.B.); (T.S.); (G.J.S.); (M.C.)
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Kadam M, Perveen S, Kushwah N, Prasad D, Panjwani U, Kumar B, Khan N. Elucidating the role of hypoxia/reoxygenation in hippocampus-dependent memory impairment: do SK channels play role? Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1747-1763. [PMID: 33779792 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Professionals and mountaineers often face the problem of reperfusion injury due to re-oxygenation, upon their return to sea-level after sojourn at high altitude. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels) have a role in regulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity. However, the role of SK channels under hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) is unknown. The present study hypothesized that SK channels play a significant role in H/R induced cognitive dysfunction. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to simulated HH (25,000 ft) continuously for 7 days followed by reoxygenation periods 3, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h. It was observed that H/R exposure caused impairment in spatial memory as indicated by increased latency (p < 0.001) and pathlength (p < 0.001). The SK1 channel expression increased upon HH exposure (102.89 ± 7.055), which abrogated upon reoxygenation. HH exposure results in an increase in SK2 (CA3, 297.67 ± 6.69) and SK3 (CA1, 246 ± 5.13) channels which continued to increase gradually upon reoxygenation. The number of pyknotic cells (24 ± 2.03) (p < 0.01) and the expression of caspase-3 increased with HH exposure, which continued in the reoxygenation group (177.795 ± 1.264). Similar pattern was observed in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001), LDH activity (p < 0.001) and ROS production (p < 0.001). A positive correlation of memory, cell death and oxidative stress indicates that H/R exposure increases oxidative stress coupled with SK channel expression, which may play a role in H/R-induced cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kadam
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Saba Perveen
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Dipti Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Nilofar Khan
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Qaid EYA, Zakaria R, Mohd Yusof NA, Sulaiman SF, Shafin N, Othman Z, Ahmad AH, Abd Aziz CB, Muthuraju S. Tualang Honey Ameliorates Hypoxia-induced Memory Deficits by Reducing Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus of Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:555-564. [PMID: 33177938 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.32704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives A growing body of evidence indicates that hypoxia exposure causes learning and memory deficits. An effective natural therapeutic approach has, however, not been explored widely. Our previous studies found that Tualang honey administration protected learning and memory functions in ovariectomized rats. Therefore, the present study investigated its efficacy in ameliorating hypoxia-induced memory deficits in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods The rats were divided into four groups: i) Normoxia treated with sucrose (n=12), ii) Normoxia treated with Tualang honey (n=12), iii) Hypoxia treated with sucrose (n=12), and iv) Hypoxia treated with Tualang honey (n=12). Tualang honey (0.2 g/kg/BW) and sucrose (1 mL of 7.9%) supplementations were administered orally to the rats daily for 14 days. Then the hypoxia groups were exposed to hypoxia (~11%) for 7 days, while the normoxia groups were kept in normal conditions. Following exposure to hypoxia, the rats' memories were analyzed using a novel object recognition task and T-maze test. Results The data revealed that rats exposed to hypoxia showed significant impairment in short-term memory (STM), spatial memory (p<0.01), and long-term memory (LTM) when compared to the normoxia group. Hypoxia rats treated with Tualang honey showed significant improvement in STM, LTM, and spatial memory (p<0.05) compared with those treated with sucrose (p<0.05). Tualang honey also reduced neuronal damage in the hippocampus of adult male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to hypoxia. Conclusion It is suggested that Tualang honey pretreatment has protective effects against hypoxia-induced memory deficits, possibly through its antioxidant contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entesar Yaseen Abdo Qaid
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aiman Mohd Yusof
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Nazlahshaniza Shafin
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Che Badariah Abd Aziz
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Sangu Muthuraju
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Burgraff NJ, Neumueller SE, Buchholz KJ, Hodges MR, Pan L, Forster HV. Midbrain and cerebral inflammatory and glutamatergic adaptations during chronic hypercapnia in goats. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146437. [PMID: 31494104 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is associated with multiple human diseases that have in common chronic hypercapnia. However, the mechanisms leading to chronic hypercapnia-induced cognitive decline are not known. We have previously shown chronic hypercapnia through exposure to increased inspired CO2 (6% InCO2) in conscious goats caused an immediate (within hours) and sustained decline in cognitive performance during a shape discrimination test. Herein, within the same goats, we assessed markers of neuroinflammation and glutamate receptor expression/phosphorylation within CNS regions important for cognitive function following 24 hours (h) or 30 days (d) of chronic hypercapnia. Within 24 h, chronic hypercapnia increased expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, but at 30d IL-1β levels were not different relative to time-matched goats exposed to room-air. Additionally, Iba1 expression (a marker of microglial activation) was unaltered by chronic hypercapnia in all regions tested. Finally, levels of the total and phosphorylated AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 were reduced within the hippocampus at both 24 h and 30 d of hypercapnia, and reduced following 30 d within the anterior insular cortex. These data suggest that chronic hypercapnia leads to CNS site-dependent acute inflammatory responses and shifts in select glutamate receptor expression/phosphorylation in brain regions contributing to cognitive function. Such changes may be indicative of alterations in glutamatergic receptor-mediated signaling and neuronal dysfunction that contribute to declines in cognitive function associated with human diseases defined or marked by chronic CO2 retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Burgraff
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Suzanne E Neumueller
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Kirstyn J Buchholz
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Lawrence Pan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Hubert V Forster
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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10
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Ray K, Kishore K, Vats P, Bhattacharyya D, Akunov A, Maripov A, Sarybaev A, Singh SB, Kumar B. A Temporal Study on Learning and Memory at High Altitude in Two Ethnic Groups. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:236-244. [PMID: 31210541 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive function has been compromised during high-altitude (HA) exposure due to slowing of mental processing. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 Indian and 20 Kyrgyz soldiers were studied at 4111 m to assess cognitive function in two different ethnic groups. Paired associate learning, pattern recognition memory, spatial span (SSP), spatial working memory (SWM), choice reaction time (CRT), and simple reaction time (SRT) were evaluated at sea level and on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 of HA stay and on day 3 of deinduction. Results: All the parameters were significantly affected at HA. Indian soldiers were acclimatized by 7 days but Kyrgyz soldiers required 21 days for acclimatization. A slow impairment in SWM, CRT, and SRT was observed in Kyrgyz soldiers than in Indian soldiers and it continues throughout 21 days of HA stay, but for Indian soldiers the deterioration was maximum on day 7 and improvement in SWM, CRT, and SRT was observed on day 14 and close to baseline value on day 21. After deinduction, although Indian soldiers attained the normal value, Kyrgyz soldiers had higher value than baseline in SSP, SWM, CRT, and SRT. Conclusion: Difference in the cognitive performances of Indian and Kyrgyz soldiers may be due to the ethnogenetic diversity of these two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Ray
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kishore
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Vats
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Debojyoti Bhattacharyya
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Almaz Akunov
- Kyrgyz-Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Centre, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Akpay Sarybaev
- Kyrgyz-Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Centre, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
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Kumar R, Jain V, Kushwah N, Dheer A, Mishra KP, Prasad D, Singh SB. Role of DNA Methylation in Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Neurodegeneration and Spatial Memory Impairment. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:191-200. [PMID: 31000957 DOI: 10.1159/000490368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is a major stress factor that is associated with physiological, biochemical, molecular and genomic alterations. Brain is the organ that reacts sensitively to oxygen deprivation, which leads to oxidative stress and cognitive function impairment. Our previous studies have reported that downregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) leads to neurodegeneration and memory impairment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HH exposure on DNA methylation and its regulation in BDNF expression, neurodegeneration and spatial memory impairment. For this purpose, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to HH at a simulated altitude of 25,000 feet for 14 days. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for transcriptional expression of DNA Methyltransferases (DNMTs) including DNMT1, DNMT3a and -DNMT3b, and immunoblotting was used for the translational expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), pMeCP2 and BDNF in rat hippocampus. Additionally, neuronal morphology alteration and neurodegeneration in CA1 region of hippocampus were investigated though Cresyl violet (CV) staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining respectively. Results obtained suggested that HH exposure increased the expression of DNMT1 DNMT3b at the mRNA as well as protein level, whereas no significant change was observed in the level of DNMT3a. Furthermore, the level of pMeCP2 and BDNF were significantly decreased; however, the expression level of MeCP2 was significantly increased. The CV and Fluoro-Jade C-positive cells were significantly enhanced in the CA1 region of hippocampus in the HH exposed group as compared to unexposed rats. Thus, the present study concluded that HH decreases neuronal activation by the upregulation of DNA methylation and MeCP2 and decreased the expression of pMeCP2, which result in the downregulation of BDNF. The decreased BDNF expression is associated with neuronal loss and spatial memory impairment. This study highlights that DNMT inhibition could be an important therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIAPS), DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Jain
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIAPS), DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIAPS), DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIAPS), DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamla Prasad Mishra
- Directorate General Life Sciences, Defence research Development Organisation (DRDO), Government of India, DRDO Bhawan, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipti Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIAPS), DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Directorate General Life Sciences, Defence research Development Organisation (DRDO), Government of India, DRDO Bhawan, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi, India
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Inhibition of 12/15 LOX ameliorates cognitive and cholinergic dysfunction in mouse model of hypobaric hypoxia via. attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Neuroscience 2017; 359:308-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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de la Tremblaye PB, Bondi CO, Lajud N, Cheng JP, Radabaugh HL, Kline AE. Galantamine and Environmental Enrichment Enhance Cognitive Recovery after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury But Do Not Confer Additional Benefits When Combined. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1610-1622. [PMID: 27806662 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) enhances cognition after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Galantamine (GAL) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that also may promote benefits. Hence, the aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of GAL alone (standard [STD] housing) and in combination with EE in adult male rats after TBI. The hypothesis was that both therapies would confer motor, cognitive, and histological benefits when provided singly, but that their combination would be more efficacious. Anesthetized rats received a controlled cortical impact or sham injury, then were randomly assigned to receive GAL (1, 2, or 3 mg/kg; intraperitoneally [i.p.]) or saline vehicle (VEH; 1 mL/kg; i.p.) beginning 24 h after surgery and once daily for 21 days (experiment 1). Motor (beam-balance/walk) and cognitive (Morris water maze [MWM]) assessments were conducted on post-operative Days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. Cortical lesion volumes were quantified on Day 21. Sham controls were better versus all TBI groups. No differences in motor function or lesion volumes were observed among the TBI groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, GAL (2 mg/kg) enhanced MWM performance versus VEH and GAL (1 and 3 mg/kg; p < 0.05). In experiment 2, GAL (2 mg/kg) or VEH was combined with EE and the data were compared with the STD-housed groups from experiment 1. EE alone enhanced motor performance over the VEH-treated and GAL-treated (2 mg/kg) STD-housed groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, both EE groups (VEH or GAL) facilitated spatial learning and reduced lesion size versus STD + VEH controls (p < 0.05). No additional benefits were observed with the combination paradigm, which does not support the hypothesis. Overall, the data demonstrate that EE and once daily GAL (2 mg/kg) promote cognitive recovery after TBI. Importantly, the combined therapies did not negatively affect outcome and thus this therapeutic protocol may have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B de la Tremblaye
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corina O Bondi
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naima Lajud
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,6 Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center of Michoacán, Mexican Social Security Institute , Morelia, Mexico
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony E Kline
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,8 Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Kumar G, Chhabra A, Mishra S, Kalam H, Kumar D, Meena R, Ahmad Y, Bhargava K, Prasad DN, Sharma M. H2S Regulates Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Early Glio-Vascular Dysfunction and Neuro-Pathophysiological Effects. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:171-189. [PMID: 27211559 PMCID: PMC4856789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypobaric Hypoxia (HH) is an established risk factor for various neuro-physiological perturbations including cognitive impairment. The origin and mechanistic basis of such responses however remain elusive. We here combined systems level analysis with classical neuro-physiological approaches, in a rat model system, to understand pathological responses of brain to HH. Unbiased ‘statistical co-expression networks’ generated utilizing temporal, differential transcriptome signatures of hippocampus—centrally involved in regulating cognition—implicated perturbation of Glio-Vascular homeostasis during early responses to HH, with concurrent modulation of vasomodulatory, hemostatic and proteolytic processes. Further, multiple lines of experimental evidence from ultra-structural, immuno-histological, substrate-zymography and barrier function studies unambiguously supported this proposition. Interestingly, we show a significant lowering of H2S levels in the brain, under chronic HH conditions. This phenomenon functionally impacted hypoxia-induced modulation of cerebral blood flow (hypoxic autoregulation) besides perturbing the strength of functional hyperemia responses. The augmentation of H2S levels, during HH conditions, remarkably preserved Glio-Vascular homeostasis and key neuro-physiological functions (cerebral blood flow, functional hyperemia and spatial memory) besides curtailing HH-induced neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. Our data thus revealed causal role of H2S during HH-induced early Glio-Vascular dysfunction and consequent cognitive impairment. Glio-Vascular dysfunction temporally precedes Hypobaric Hypoxia (HH) induced neuro-pathological effects. Exposure to HH significantly lowers the levels of H2S in brain. Augmentation of H2S, utilizing its donor, preserves Glio-Vascular homeostasis and curtails HH-induced memory impairment.
The exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia (HH) environment (such as that encountered by humans at high altitude) culminates in cognitive impairment in an altitude- and duration-dependent manner. The mechanistic basis for such effects, however, remains elusive. Our present study showed that HH-induced neuro-pathological perturbations are temporally preceded by Glio-Vascular dysfunction and are concomitant with lowered levels of gaseous messenger, H2S, in brain. The maintenance of H2S levels (utilizing a specific donor, NaHS) during hypoxia curtailed HH-induced brain-vascular dysfunction and ensuing neuro-pathological effects (on spatial memory). Interestingly, identification of origin of disease in the present study effectively revealed a possible interventional strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Aastha Chhabra
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Shalini Mishra
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Haroon Kalam
- Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Ramniwas Meena
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Dipti N Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Manish Sharma
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India.
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15
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Goswami AR, Dutta G, Ghosh T. Naproxen, a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Can Affect Daily Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Alterations of Monoamine Levels in Different Areas of the Brain in Male Rats. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17:133-40. [PMID: 26894935 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Goswami, Ananda Raj, Goutam Dutta, and Tusharkanti Ghosh. Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug can affect daily hypobaric hypoxia-induced alterations of monoamine levels in different areas of the brain in male rats. High Alt Med Biol. 17:133-140, 2016.-The oxidative stress (OS)-induced prostaglandin (PG) release, in hypobaric hypoxic (HHc) condition, may be linked with the changes of brain monoamines. The present study intends to explore the changes of monoamines in hypothalamus (H), cerebral cortex (CC), and cerebellum (CB) along with the motor activity in rats after exposing them to simulated hypobaric condition and the role of PGs on the daily hypobaric hypoxia (DHH)-induced alteration of brain monoamines by administering, an inhibitor of PG synthesis, naproxen. The rats were exposed to a decompression chamber at 18,000 ft for 8 hours per day for 6 days after administration of vehicle or naproxen (18 mg/kg body wt.). The monoamine levels (epinephrine, E; norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA; and 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in CC, CB, and H were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection, and the locomotor behavior was measured by open field test. The NE and DA levels were decreased in CC, CB, and H of the rat brain in HHc condition. The E and 5-HT levels were decreased in CC, but in H and CB, they remained unaltered in HHc condition. These DHH-induced changes of monoamines in brain areas were prevented after administration of naproxen in HHc condition. The locomotor behavior remained unaltered in HHc condition and after administration of naproxen in HHc condition. The DHH-induced changes of monoamines in the brain in HHc condition are probably linked with PGs that may be induced by OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Raj Goswami
- Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta , Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Dutta
- Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta , Kolkata, India
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta , Kolkata, India
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Madhavadas S, Subramanian S. Combination of Spirulina with glycyrrhizin prevents cognitive dysfunction in aged obese rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 47:39-44. [PMID: 25821309 PMCID: PMC4375816 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.150327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the cognition enhancing effect of the combination of Spirulina and glycyrrhizin in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese aged rats. Materials and Methods: Obesity was induced in rats by administration of MSG (intraperitoneally, 4 mg/g body weight) for 14 consecutive days from day 1 after birth. Subsequently, the animals were allowed to grow for 18 months with food and water ad libitum. Hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, leptin resistance, were monitored in these animals. Cognitive status was assessed by Barne's maze task and hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. Further, the animals were treated with Spirulina (Sp) (oral route, 1 g/Kg body weight, for 30 days) alone or glycyrrhizin (Gly) alone (intraperitoneal route, 0.1 mg/Kg, on day 15 and day 21), or their combination (SpGly). Counting of the treatment days was done by considering first day of Sp administration as day 1. After the completion of 30 days of Spirulina treatment or 2 doses of Gly administration or the combination (SpGly) treatment, the animals were left for 3 weeks. They were then were assessed for their biochemical and cognitive changes. Results: The combination of Sp with Gly showed a significant reduction (P < 0.0001) in glucose, cholesterol, leptin levels in the serum with improvement in cognitive functions with concomitant reduction in AChE activity in the hippocampal tissue homogenates (P < 0.0001) of the obese rats. Conclusion: SpGly combination has a potential role in reversing cognitive dysfunctions associated with aging and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Madhavadas
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarada Subramanian
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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17
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Ma X, Jia Y, Zu S, Li R, Jia Y, Zhao Y, Xiao D, Dang N, Wang Y. Alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mediates nicotine-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Guerra-Narbona R, Delgado-García JM, López-Ramos JC. Altitude acclimatization improves submaximal cognitive performance in mice and involves an imbalance of the cholinergic system. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1705-16. [PMID: 23599398 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01298.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to reveal a hypothetical improvement of cognitive abilities in animals acclimatized to altitude and performing under ground level conditions, when looking at submaximal performance, once seen that it was not possible when looking at maximal scores. We modified contrasted cognitive tasks (object recognition, operant conditioning, eight-arm radial maze, and classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex), increasing their complexity in an attempt to find performance differences in acclimatized animals vs. untrained controls. In addition, we studied, through immunohistochemical quantification, the expression of choline acetyltransferase and acetyl cholinesterase, enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine, in the septal area, piriform and visual cortexes, and the hippocampal CA1 area of animals submitted to acute hypobaric hypoxia, or acclimatized to this simulated altitude, to find a relationship between the cholinergic system and a cognitive improvement due to altitude acclimatization. Results showed subtle improvements of the cognitive capabilities of acclimatized animals in all of the tasks when performed under ground-level conditions (although not before 24 h), in the three tasks used to test explicit memory (object recognition, operant conditioning in the Skinner box, and eight-arm radial maze) and (from the first conditioning session) in the classical conditioning task used to evaluate implicit memory. An imbalance of choline acetyltransferase/acetyl cholinesterase expression was found in acclimatized animals, mainly 24 h after the acclimatization period. In conclusion, altitude acclimatization improves cognitive capabilities, in a process parallel to an imbalance of the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guerra-Narbona
- Division of Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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An L, Yang Z, Zhang T. Melamine induced spatial cognitive deficits associated with impairments of hippocampal long-term depression and cholinergic system in Wistar rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 100:18-24. [PMID: 23231966 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that hippocampus was one of the target sites of melamine, by which the spatial cognition and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) could be impaired. The aim of present study was to investigate whether cognitive behavior impairment induced by melamine was associated with the alteration of hippocampal long-term depression (LTD), and try to interpret the potential underlying mechanism. Wistar rats were used to establish an animal model and melamine administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Water maze behavior and long-term depression (LTD) in hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway were measured, followed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), by which acetylcholine (ACh) level and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were determined. Results showed that learning and reversal learning abilities were significantly impaired by melamine. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slopes were significantly higher in melamine group compared to that in control group. Furthermore, the function of cholinergic system was damaged associated with decreased Ach level and enhanced AChE activity in melamine-treated rats. It suggested that melamine induced abnormal inhibitory effect on synaptic plasticity of hippocampus, which partly resulted in reduced LTD and further damaged cognitive flexibility. Melamine could also induce dysfunctional cholinergic system, which was associated with the poor performance of animals in MWM (Morris water maze) tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei An
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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20
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Sightings edited by John W. Severinghaus. High Alt Med Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2012.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Warrington JP, Csiszar A, Mitschelen M, Lee YW, Sonntag WE. Whole brain radiation-induced impairments in learning and memory are time-sensitive and reversible by systemic hypoxia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30444. [PMID: 22279591 PMCID: PMC3261195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is commonly used for treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors; however, cognitive impairment occurs in 40–50% of brain tumor survivors. The etiology of the cognitive impairment following WBRT remains elusive. We recently reported that radiation-induced cerebrovascular rarefaction within hippocampal subregions could be completely reversed by systemic hypoxia. However, the effects of this intervention on learning and memory have not been reported. In this study, we assessed the time-course for WBRT-induced impairments in contextual and spatial learning and the capacity of systemic hypoxia to reverse WBRT-induced deficits in spatial memory. A clinical fractionated series of 4.5Gy WBRT was administered to mice twice weekly for 4 weeks, and after various periods of recovery, behavioral analyses were performed. To study the effects of systemic hypoxia, mice were subjected to 11% (hypoxia) or 21% oxygen (normoxia) for 28 days, initiated 1 month after the completion of WBRT. Our results indicate that WBRT induces a transient deficit in contextual learning, disruption of working memory, and progressive impairment of spatial learning. Additionally, systemic hypoxia completely reversed WBRT-induced impairments in learning and these behavioral effects as well as increased vessel density persisted for at least 2 months following hypoxia treatment. Our results provide critical support for the hypothesis that cerebrovascular rarefaction is a key component of cognitive impairment post-WBRT and indicate that processes of learning and memory, once thought to be permanently impaired after WBRT, can be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie P. Warrington
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Matthew Mitschelen
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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