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Selective delivery of pentamidine toward cancer cells by self-assembled nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122102. [PMID: 35961419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine (PTM) is an aromatic diamidine approved for the treatment of parasitic infections that has been recently proposed for possible repositioning as an anticancer drug. To this aim, efforts have been made to improve its therapeutic efficacy and reduce associated adverse effects through both covalent derivatization and association with nanocarriers. To efficiently encapsulate PTM into biocompatible nanoparticles and to enhance its selectivity toward cancer cells, a squalene (SQ) derivative (1,1',2-tris-norsqualenoic acid, SQ-COOH) was selected to prepare PTM-loaded nanocarriers. Indeed, SQ and its derivatives self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media. Furthermore, SQ-bioconjugates strongly interact with low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus favoring preferential accumulation in cells overexpressing the LDL receptor (LDLR). We report here the preparation of nanocarriers by ion-pairing between the negatively charged SQ-COOH and the positively charged PTM free base (PTM-B), which allowed the covalent grafting of SQ to PTM to be avoided. The nanoparticles were characterized (mean size < 200 nm and zeta potential < -20 mV for SQ-COOH/PTM-B 3:1 molar ratio) and molecular modelling studies of the SQ-COOH/PTM-B interaction confirmed the nanocarrier stability. Finally, the ability to indirectly target LDLR-overexpressing cancer cells was evaluated by in vitro cell viability assays and confirmed by LDLR silencing, serum privation and simvastatin treatment.
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Abstract
Pentamidine (PTM), which is a diamine that is widely known for its antimicrobial activity, is a very interesting drug whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. In recent years, PTM has been proposed as a novel potential drug candidate for the treatment of mental illnesses, myotonic dystrophy, diabetes, and tumors. Nevertheless, the systemic administration of PTM causes severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. In order to efficiently deliver PTM and reduce its side effects, several nanosystems that take advantage of the chemical characteristics of PTM, such as the presence of two positively charged amidine groups at physiological pH, have been proposed as useful delivery tools. Polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, and other types of nanocarriers have been reported in the literature for PTM delivery, and they are all in different development phases. The available approaches for the design of PTM nanoparticulate delivery systems are reported in this review, with a particular emphasis on formulation strategies and in vitro/in vivo applications. Furthermore, a critical view of the future developments of nanomedicine for PTM applications, based on recent repurposing studies, is provided. Created with BioRender.com.
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Nishi K, Kobayashi M, Kikuchi M, Mizutani A, Muranaka Y, Tamai I, Kawai K, Kudo T. Inhibition of the Hepatic Uptake of 99mTc-Tetrofosmin Using an Organic Cation Transporter Blocker. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071073. [PMID: 34371764 PMCID: PMC8309083 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of high levels of 99mTc-tetrofosmin (99mTc-TF) in the hepatobiliary system can lead to imaging artifacts and interference with diagnosis. The present study investigated the transport mechanisms of 99mTc-TF and attempted to apply competitive inhibition using a specific inhibitor to reduce 99mTc-TF hepatic accumulation. In this in vitro study, 99mTc-TF was incubated in HEK293 cells expressing human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, OATP2B1, organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2), organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), OCT2, and Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide with or without each specific inhibitor to evaluate the contribution of each transporter to 99mTc-TF transportation. In vivo studies, dynamic planar imaging, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) experiments with rats were performed to observe alterations to 99mTc-TF pharmacokinetics using cimetidine (CMT) as an OCT1 inhibitor. Time-activity curves in the liver and heart were acquired from dynamic data, and the 99mTc-TF uptake ratio was calculated from SPECT. From the in vitro study, 99mTc-TF was found to be transported by OCT1 and OCT2. When CMT-preloaded rats and control rats were compared, the hepatic accumulation of the 99mTc-TF was reduced, and the time to peak heart count shifted to an earlier stage. The hepatic accumulation of 99mTc-TF was markedly suppressed, and the heart-to-liver ratio increased 1.6-fold. The pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-TF were greatly changed by OCT1 inhibitor. Even in humans, the administration of OCT1 inhibitor before cardiac SPECT examination may reduce 99mTc-TF hepatic accumulation and contribute to the suppression of artifacts and the improvement of SPECT image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Nishi
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7103; Fax: +81-819-7104
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.); (Y.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Minori Kikuchi
- School of Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Asuka Mizutani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.); (Y.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuka Muranaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.); (Y.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keiichi Kawai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.); (Y.M.); (K.K.)
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
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