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Upadhayay S, Kumar P. Mitochondrial targeted antioxidants as potential therapy for huntington's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:693-713. [PMID: 38982016 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion in CAG repeat on huntington (Htt) gene, leading to a degeneration of GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species, and decrease antioxidant activity. These pathophysiological alterations impair mitochondrial functions, leading to an increase in involuntary hyperkinetic movement. However, researchers investigated the neuroprotective effect of antioxidants using various animal models. Still, their impact is strictly limited to curtailing oxidative stress and increasing the antioxidant enzyme in the brain, which is less effective in HD. Meanwhile, researchers discovered Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MTAXs) that can improve mitochondrial functions and antioxidant activity through the modulation of mitochondrial signaling pathways, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-coactivator 1 (PGC-1α), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1), and Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1), showing neuroprotective effects in HD. The present review discusses the clinical and preclinical studies that investigate the neuroprotective effect of MTAXs (SS31, XJB-5-131, MitoQ, bezafibrate, rosiglitazone, meldonium, coenzyme Q10, etc.) in HD. This brief literature review will help to understand the relevance of MTAXs in HD and enlighten the importance of MTAXs in future drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Upadhayay
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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Vuu YM, Kadar Shahib A, Rastegar M. The Potential Therapeutic Application of Simvastatin for Brain Complications and Mechanisms of Action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:914. [PMID: 37513826 PMCID: PMC10385015 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are common drugs that are clinically used to reduce elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Based on their solubility, statins are considered to be either hydrophilic or lipophilic. Amongst them, simvastatin has the highest lipophilicity to facilitate its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Recent studies have suggested that simvastatin could be a promising therapeutic option for different brain complications and diseases ranging from brain tumors (i.e., medulloblastoma and glioblastoma) to neurological disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease). Specific mechanisms of disease amelioration, however, are still unclear. Independent studies suggest that simvastatin may reduce the risk of developing certain neurodegenerative disorders. Meanwhile, other studies point towards inducing cell death in brain tumor cell lines. In this review, we outline the potential therapeutic effects of simvastatin on brain complications and review the clinically relevant molecular mechanisms in different cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Association between Genetically Proxied Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase and Age at Onset of Huntington’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111551. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have found that statins may play a potential role in the age at onset (AAO) of Huntington’s disease (HD). We performed this Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the association between genetically proxied inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with age at onset of HD. Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HMG-CoA reductase associated with LDL cholesterol in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis were used. The summary data of residual AAO of HD were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis (n = 9064 HD patients). MR estimates representing lifelong inhibition of drug targets were generated using random-effects inverse-variance weighted analysis. Results: Genetically proxied plasma LDL cholesterol (β = 0.039, 95% CI = −0.454 to 0.531) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition equivalent to a 1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dL) reduction in LDL cholesterol (β = −2.228, 95% CI = −4.830 to 0.374) were not associated with age at onset of HD. Conclusion: The plasma LDL cholesterol levels and the reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol levels by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (i.e., statins) were not associated with the age of HD onset.
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Protective effect of 3-n-butylphthalide against intrastriatal injection of malonic acid-induced neurotoxicity and biochemical alteration in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113664. [PMID: 36095961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities and a defective expression of neurotrophic factors contribute to neuronal damage in Huntington's disease (HD). HD patients showed a reduction in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels in the peripheral blood and in cortical neurons. 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is first isolated from the seeds of celery, treats ischemic stroke in China. NBP could attenuate cognitive and motor impairments in the experimental models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress and increase the expression of TGF-β1 in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. To our knowledge, the effect of NBP on Huntington's disease has not been reported. We proposed the hypothesis that whether NBP could protect mitochondria and regulate TGF-β1 and its downstream signaling in a HD animal model, further prevents motor dysfunction. Malonic acid is a reversible inhibitor of mitochondrial enzyme complex-II, induces energy crisis and free radical generation. In this study, we used intrastriatal injections of malonic acid in rats to mimic mitochondrial abnormalities and the other HD like symptoms. We found that treatment with NBP significantly attenuated malonic acid-induced motor and cognitive dysfunction in locomotor behaviour test, rotarod test, novel object recognition test and morris water maze test, prevented neurotoxicity and mitochondrial damage, activated TGF-β1/Akt/Wnt/β-Catenin pathway in striatum, but didn't regulate mitochondrial fusion and fission. The above effect was partly reversed by a PI3K/Akt inhibitor. Our data support NBP as a potential candidate for the treatment of HD.
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Yang X, Zhang H, Qu T, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Yan Y, Ji X, Chi T, Liu P, Zou L. Tolfenamic acid inhibits ROS-generating oxidase Nox1-regulated p53 activity in intrastriatal injection of malonic acid rats. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:15. [PMID: 35850611 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that wild-type p53-induced gene 1 (Wig1), which is downstream of p53, regulates the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) in Huntington's disease (HD) patients and transgenic mouse brains. Intrastriatal injection of malonic acid in rats is often used as a model to study the pathological changes of Huntington's disease, and this model has the advantages of a fast preparation and low cost. Therefore, in this study, we used intrastriatal injections of 6 μM malonic acid in rats to evaluate the effect of tolfenamic acid on motor and cognitive deficits and the effect of 6 mg/kg and 32 mg/kg tolfenamic acid on p53 and its downstream targets, such as Wig1. The results showed that 32 mg/kg tolfenamic acid attenuated motor and spatial memory dysfunction, prevented Nox1-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and downregulated the activity of p53 by increasing the phosphorylation level at the Ser378 site and decreasing the acetylation level at the Lys382 site. Tolfenamic acid reduced mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2), phosphatase and tensin homologue (Pten), P53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma) and Bcl2-associated X (Bax) at the mRNA level to inhibit apoptosis and downregulated sestrin 2 (Sesn2) and hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (Hif-1α) mRNA levels to exert antioxidative stress effects. In addition, 32 mg/kg tolfenamic acid played a role in neuroprotection by decreasing the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cell numbers. However, there was no difference in the Wig mRNA level among all groups, and tolfenamic acid could not decrease the protein level of Wig1. In conclusion, tolfenamic acid inhibited the ROS-generating oxidase Nox1-regulated p53 activity and attenuated motor and spatial memory deficits in malonic acid-injected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Heling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Tong Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongxian Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuchen Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiayan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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Bhat A, Dalvi H, Jain H, Rangaraj N, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Perspective insights of repurposing the pleiotropic efficacy of statins in neurodegenerative disorders: An expository appraisal. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100012. [PMID: 34909647 PMCID: PMC8663947 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders which affects a larger population pose a great clinical challenge. These disorders impact the quality of life of an individual by damaging the neurons, which are the unit cells of the brain. Clinicians are faced with the grave challenge of inhibiting the progression of these diseases as available treatment options fail to meet the clinical demand. Thus, treating the disease/disorder symptomatically is the Hobson's choice. The goal of the researchers is to introduce newer therapies in this segment and introducing a new molecule will take long years of development. Hence, drug repurposing/repositioning can be a better substitute in comparison to time consuming and expensive drug discovery and development cycle. Presently, a paradigm shift towards the re-purposing of drugs can be witnessed. Statins which have been previously approved as anti-hyperlipidemic agents are in the limelight of research for re-purposed drugs. Owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nature, statins act as neuroprotective in several brain disorders. Further they attenuate the amyloid plaques and protein aggregation which are the triggering factors in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's respectively. In case of Huntington disease and Multiple sclerosis they help in improving the psychomotor symptoms and stimulate remyelination thus acting as neuroprotective. This article reviews the potential of statins in treating neurodegenerative disorders along with a brief discussion on the safety concerns associated with use of statins and human clinical trial data linked with re-tasking statins for neurodegenerative disorders along with the regulatory perspectives involved with the drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harshita Dalvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harsha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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Li W, Sun M, Yin X, Lao L, Kuang Z, Xu S. The effect of acupuncture on depression and its correlation with metabolic alterations: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22752. [PMID: 33120777 PMCID: PMC7581113 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment has antidepressant effect and when patients were treated with EA and antidepressants, the effect could be maintained for a longer time. However, the effect of EA combined with antidepressants based on metabolism is still in the initial observation stage, which requires further research. METHODS A total of 60 patients with moderate depression were assigned into 2 groups at a ratio of 1:1, the EA group (receiving EA and antidepressants) and the control group (taking antidepressants only) in this randomized controlled pilot trial. The EA treatment was performed 3 times a week for 8 consecutive weeks and then follow up for 4 weeks. The patients' depressive mood was measured by the Hamilton Depression scale (HAMD) at baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12. Before and after 8-week treatment, morning urine samples from all patients were analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to find possible metabolic markers of depression and of EA treatment related changes. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the EA group showed more significant improvements in depressive symptoms measured by HAMD at week 4 (16.89 ± 5.74 vs 25.58 ± 7.03, P < .001), week 8 (9.59 ± 5.13 vs 25.04 ± 7.49, P < .001) and week 12 (11.07 ± 6.85 vs 27.25 ± 7.14, P < .001). The significant differences in urinary specific metabolites before and after EA treatment were malonic acid (fatty acid biosynthesis), cysteine (glutamate metabolism), glutathione (glutamate metabolism), tryptophan (tryptophan metabolism), proline (glutamate metabolism), and N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine. These metabolites are involved in tryptophan metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. CONCLUSION EA treatment combined with antidepressants is more effective in improving depressive symptoms than antidepressants alone. EA may treat depression by acting on tryptophan metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-2000030786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Manqin Sun
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Yin
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Virginia University of Integrative Medicine, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Zaoyuan Kuang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou
| | - Shifen Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Portela JL, Bianchini MC, Roos DH, de Ávila DS, Puntel RL. Caffeic acid and caffeine attenuate toxicity associated with malonic or methylmalonic acid exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:227-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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González-Guevara E, Cárdenas G, Pérez-Severiano F, Martínez-Lazcano JC. Dysregulated Brain Cholesterol Metabolism Is Linked to Neuroinflammation in Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1113-1127. [PMID: 32410324 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon-1 of the huntingtin gene. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism and distribution have been reported in Huntington's disease, including abnormal interactions between mutant huntingtin and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, decreased levels of apolipoprotein E/cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein receptor complexes, and alterations in the synthesis of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholestrol, a key intermediary in cholesterol metabolism and a possible marker in neurodegenerative diseases, decreased proportionally to the degree of caudate nucleus atrophy. The interaction of mutant huntingtin with sterol regulatory element-binding proteins is of particular interest given that sterol regulatory element-binding proteins play a dual role: They take part in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, but also in the inflammatory response that induces immune cell migration as well as toxic effects, particularly in astrocytes. This work summarizes current evidence on the metabolic and immune implications of sterol regulatory element-binding protein dysregulation in Huntington's disease, highlighting the potential use of drugs that modulate these alterations. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología y Enfermedades Neuro-Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Schultz JL, Nopoulos PC, Killoran A, Kamholz JA. Statin use and delayed onset of Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 34:281-285. [PMID: 30576007 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence to suggest that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) may be beneficial in Huntington's disease (HD). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if statin use was associated with delayed motor diagnosis in participants with premotor HD. METHODS Among premotor HD participants from the Enroll-HD database, statin users were propensity score matched with statin nonusers based on cytosine-adenine-guanine-age product score, cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat length, baseline age, sex, and region. A Cox regression survival analysis compared the annualized hazard ratio (HR) of receiving a motor diagnosis between the 2 groups. RESULTS The annualized HR of progressing to an HD motor diagnosis was lower in the statin users (n = 89) when compared with the statin nonusers (n = 89; HR = 0.27 [95% CI 0.18-0.50], P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with premotor HD, statin use was associated with a delayed motor diagnosis of HD. Further studies are warranted to investigate if statins would be an effective disease-modifying therapy for HD. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Care, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Peg C Nopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Annie Killoran
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Veteran's Affair Medical Center of Iowa City, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John A Kamholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Liu P, Li Y, Liu D, Ji X, Chi T, Li L, Zou L. Tolfenamic Acid Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Biochemical Alteration in Mice. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1938-1946. [PMID: 30120653 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (TA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, shows neuroprotective effects and alleviates cognitive deficits in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. However, whether TA can prevent the biochemical alterations induced by intraperitoneal injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in mice is still unknown. In this study, the striatal lesion area was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Glutamate, SDH and ATP levels were tested using colorimetric assay kits. The neuroinflammatory cytokine levels were tested by ELISA kits. The expression of synaptic proteins and the subtypes of the NMDA receptor were tested by western blotting. TA was orally administered 10 days before 3-NP injection (pretreatment) or on the same day as 3-NP injection (co-treatment). TA pretreatment showed the strongest neuroprotective effects: pretreatment significantly attenuated the 3-NP-induced muscular weakness in the forelimb and alterations in glutamate level, mitochondrial function, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the brains of mice. These results suggest that TA has preventive and protective effects on 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinjie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun Street, Xuanwu, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Cui J, Liu Y, Hu Y, Tong J, Li A, Qu T, Qin X, Du G. NMR-based metabonomics and correlation analysis reveal potential biomarkers associated with chronic atrophic gastritis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 132:77-86. [PMID: 27697573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is one of the most important pre-cancerous states with a high prevalence. Exploring of the underlying mechanism and potential biomarkers is of significant importance for CAG. In the present work, 1H NMR-based metabonomics with correlative analysis was performed to analyze the metabolic features of CAG. 19 plasma metabolites and 18 urine metabolites were enrolled to construct the circulatory and excretory metabolome of CAG, which was in response to alterations of energy metabolism, inflammation, immune dysfunction, as well as oxidative stress. 7 plasma biomarkers and 7 urine biomarkers were screened to elucidate the pathogenesis of CAG based on the further correlation analysis with biochemical indexes. Finally, 3 plasma biomarkers (arginine, succinate and 3-hydroxybutyrate) and 2 urine biomarkers (α-ketoglutarate and valine) highlighted the potential to indicate risks of CAG in virtue of correlation with pepsin activity and ROC analysis. Here, our results paved a way for elucidating the underlying mechanisms in the development of CAG, and provided new avenues for the diagnosis of CAG and presented potential drug targets for treatment of CAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Yinghuan Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jiayu Tong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Aiping Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tingli Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China; Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Obeidat M, Fishbane N, Nie Y, Chen V, Hollander Z, Tebbutt SJ, Bossé Y, Ng RT, Miller BE, McManus B, Rennard S, Paré PD, Sin DD. The Effect of Statins on Blood Gene Expression in COPD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140022. [PMID: 26462087 PMCID: PMC4604084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is currently the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Statins are lipid lowering agents with documented cardiovascular benefits. Observational studies have shown that statins may have a beneficial role in COPD. The impact of statins on blood gene expression from COPD patients is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Identify blood gene signature associated with statin use in COPD patients, and the pathways underpinning this signature that could explain any potential benefits in COPD. METHODS Whole blood gene expression was measured on 168 statin users and 451 non-users from the ECLIPSE study using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.1 ST microarray chips. Factor Analysis for Robust Microarray Summarization (FARMS) was used to process the expression data. Differential gene expression analysis was undertaken using the Linear Models for Microarray data (Limma) package adjusting for propensity score and surrogate variables. Similarity of the expression signal with published gene expression profiles was performed in ProfileChaser. RESULTS 25 genes were differentially expressed between statin users and non-users at an FDR of 10%, including LDLR, CXCR2, SC4MOL, FAM108A1, IFI35, FRYL, ABCG1, MYLIP, and DHCR24. The 25 genes were significantly enriched in cholesterol homeostasis and metabolism pathways. The resulting gene signature showed correlation with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and acute myeloid leukemia gene signatures. CONCLUSION The blood gene signature of statins' use in COPD patients was enriched in cholesterol homeostasis pathways. Further studies are needed to delineate the role of these pathways in lung biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma’en Obeidat
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nick Fishbane
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yunlong Nie
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Virginia Chen
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Hollander
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott J. Tebbutt
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Raymond T. Ng
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruce E. Miller
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bruce McManus
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Rennard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Paré
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D. Sin
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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PARP-1 Inhibition Is Neuroprotective in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134482. [PMID: 26252217 PMCID: PMC4529170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that is involved in physiological processes as DNA repair, genomic stability, and apoptosis. Moreover, published studies demonstrated that PARP-1 mediates necrotic cell death in response to excessive DNA damage under certain pathological conditions. In Huntington’s disease brains, PARP immunoreactivity was described in neurons and in glial cells, thereby suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in HD. In this study, we sought to determine if the PARP-1 inhibitor exerts a neuroprotective effect in R6/2 mutant mice, which recapitulates, in many aspects, human HD. Transgenic mice were treated with the PARP-1 inhibitor INO-1001 mg/Kg daily starting from 4 weeks of age. After transcardial perfusion, histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed. We found that INO 1001-treated R6/2 mice survived longer and displayed less severe signs of neurological dysfunction than the vehicle treated ones. Primary outcome measures such as striatal atrophy, morphology of striatal neurons, neuronal intranuclear inclusions and microglial reaction confirmed a neuroprotective effect of the compound. INO-1001 was effective in significantly increasing activated CREB and BDNF in the striatal spiny neurons, which might account for the beneficial effects observed in this model. Our findings show that PARP-1 inhibition could be considered as a valid therapeutic approach for HD.
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Hyperlipidemia and statins affect neurological outcome in lumbar spine injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:402-13. [PMID: 25568970 PMCID: PMC4306869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The disabling pathophysiologic effects of lipid and neuroprotective effects of statins have recently been demonstrated for acute spinal cord injuries in animal models. This large scale population-based study aimed to investigate the effect hyperlipidemia and the use of statins in patients with lumbar spine injury. The National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan was used to identify patients with lumbar spine injury. A total of 2844 patients were grouped into three: no hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia using low-dose of statins (≤90 of the defined daily dosage (DDD)), and severe hyperlipidemia using high-dose of statins (>90 DDD). A Cox multiple regression model was used to compare the incidence rates of disability among the three groups. The results showed that patients with hyperlipidemia appeared a higher risk of permanent disability (adjusted HR = 1.38, p = 0.28). In subgroup analysis, patients with severe hyperlipidemia had a higher risk of disability (adjusted HR = 3.1, p < 0.004), whereas hyperlipidemia using low-dose statins had a similar risk of permanently disability (adjusted HR = 0.83, p = 0.661). Hyperlipidemia adversely affected the neurological outcomes of lumbar spinal injury. Statins may have the potential to reverse this higher risk of disability. However, this beneficiary effect of statins only existed in patients using a lower dose (≤90 DDD).
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Mishra J, Kumar A. Improvement of mitochondrial NAD(+)/FAD(+)-linked state-3 respiration by caffeine attenuates quinolinic acid induced motor impairment in rats: implications in Huntington's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:1148-55. [PMID: 25443748 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic quinolinic acid (QA) lesions in rats closely resemble Huntington's disease like conditions. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have long been implicated in the neurotoxic effects of QA acting through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Reports suggest that inhibition of adenosine A2A receptor function elicits neuroprotective effect in QA induced neurotoxicity in rats. Caffeine, a preferential A2A receptor antagonist imitates antioxidant like actions and exerts neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of caffeine against QA induced neurotoxicity in rats. METHODS In the present study, QA (200nmol/2μl saline) has been administered bilaterally to the striatum of rats followed by chronic caffeine (10, 20 and 40mg/kg) administration for 21 days. Motor performance of the animals was evaluated in weekly intervals and subsequently after 21 days, the animals were sacrificed and measurement of mitochondrial complexes activity, respiration rate and endogenous antioxidant levels were carried out in the striatal region. RESULTS Single intrastriatal QA administration resulted in drastic reduction in body weight, marked motor impairment (decreased total locomotor activity in actophotometer and impaired grip strength in rotarod), increased oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial complexes activities and decreased state 3 respiration (NAD(+)/FAD(+)-linked) in rats. However, chronic treatment of caffeine for 21 days significantly attenuated the QA induced behavioural, biochemical and mitochondrial alterations displaying neuroprotective efficacy. CONCLUSION The study highlights the possible involvement of A2A receptor antagonism in the neuroprotective effect of caffeine against QA induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendriya Mishra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Mishra J, Kumar A. Improvement of Mitochondrial Function by Paliperidone Attenuates Quinolinic Acid-Induced Behavioural and Neurochemical Alterations in Rats: Implications in Huntington’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:363-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mishra J, Chaudhary T, Kumar A. Rosiglitazone synergizes the neuroprotective effects of valproic acid against quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats: targeting PPARγ and HDAC pathways. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:130-51. [PMID: 24566814 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects medium spiny GABAergic neurons mainly in the striatum. Oxidative damage, neuro-inflammation, apoptosis, protein aggregation, and signaling of neurotrophic factors are some of the common cellular pathways involved in HD. Quinolinic acid (QA) causes excitotoxicity by stimulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors via calcium overload leading to neurodegeneration. Neuroprotective potential of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been well documented in experimental models of neurodegenerative disorders; however, their exact mechanisms are not clear. Therefore, present study has been designed to explore possible neuroprotective mechanism of valproic acid (VPA) and its interaction with rosiglitazone against QA induced HD-like symptoms in rats. Single bilateral intrastriatal QA (200 nmol/2 μl saline) administration significantly caused motor incoordination, memory impairment, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction (complex I, II, II and IV), cellular alterations [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), caspase-3, brain derived neurotrophic factor, acetylcholinesterase], and striatal neurodegeneration as compared to sham group. Treatment with rosiglitazone (5, 10 mg/kg) and VPA (100, 200 mg/kg) for 21 days significantly attenuated these behavioral, biochemical, and cellular alterations as compared to control (QA 200 nmol) group. However, VPA (100 mg/kg) treatment in combination with rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg) for 21 days synergized their neuroprotective effect, which was significant as compared to their effects per se in QA-treated animals. The present study provides an evidence of possible interplay of PPARγ agonists and HDAC inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendriya Mishra
- Pharmacology Division, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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