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Jayaraman S, Reid JM, Hawse JR, Goetz MP. Endoxifen, an Estrogen Receptor Targeted Therapy: From Bench to Bedside. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6364076. [PMID: 34480554 PMCID: PMC8787422 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator, tamoxifen, is the only endocrine agent with approvals for both the prevention and treatment of premenopausal and postmenopausal estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer as well as for the treatment of male breast cancer. Endoxifen, a secondary metabolite resulting from CYP2D6-dependent biotransformation of the primary tamoxifen metabolite, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDT), is a more potent antiestrogen than either NDT or the parent drug, tamoxifen. However, endoxifen's antitumor effects may be related to additional molecular mechanisms of action, apart from its effects on ER. In phase 1/2 clinical studies, the efficacy of Z-endoxifen, the active isomer of endoxifen, was evaluated in patients with endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer as well as in patients with gynecologic, desmoid, and hormone-receptor positive solid tumors, and demonstrated substantial oral bioavailability and promising antitumor activity. Apart from its potent anticancer effects, Z-endoxifen appears to result in similar or even greater bone agonistic effects while resulting in little or no endometrial proliferative effects compared with tamoxifen. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical studies evaluating endoxifen in the context of breast and other solid tumors, the potential benefits of endoxifen in bone, as well as its emerging role as an antimanic agent in bipolar disorder. In total, the summarized body of literature provides compelling arguments for the ongoing development of Z-endoxifen as a novel drug for multiple indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel M Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Correspondence: Matthew P. Goetz, MD, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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de Freitas REM, Medeiros PHQS, Rodrigues FADP, Clementino MADF, Fernandes C, da Silva AVA, Prata MDMG, Cavalcante PA, Lima AÂM, Havt A. Retinoids delay cell cycle progression and promote differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells exposed to nutrient deprivation. Nutrition 2020; 85:111087. [PMID: 33545543 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin A is commonly recommended as a treatment for diarrhea and undernutrition; however, little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of cell cycle by vitamin A derivatives (retinyl palmitate or retinol) in undernourished intestinal epithelial crypts (IEC-6). METHODS IEC-6 cells were exposed to nutrient deprivation (no serum and no glutamine) and supplemented with retinyl palmitate or retinol at a range of 2 to 20 μM. Proliferation, apoptosis/necrosis, cell cycle process, and gene transcription were assessed. RESULTS Nutrient deprivation for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h decreased cell proliferation, and retinyl palmitate further decreased it after 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis rates were reduced by undernourishment and further reduced by retinyl palmitate after 48 h; whereas necrosis rates were unaltered. Undernourishment induced overall cell quiescence, increased percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase and decreased percentage of cells in S phase after 12 h and in G2/M phases at 6, 12, and 24 h after treatment. Both retinoids also showed cell quiescence induction with less cells in G2/M phases after 48 h, whereas only retinol showed significant modulation of G0/G1 and S phases. Both retinoids also increased markers of cell differentiation Fabp and Iap gene transcriptions in about fivefold rates after 42 h. Furthermore, specific gene transcriptions related to MAP kinase signaling pathway regulation of cell differentiation and cell cycle regulation were triggered by retinoids in undernourished IEC-6, with higher levels of expression for Atf2 and C-jun genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that both vitamin A derivatives induce further survival mechanisms in undernourished intestinal epithelial crypt cells. These mechanisms include increased cell quiescence, decreased apoptosis, increased cell differentiation, and transcription of genes related to MAP kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Elayne Marques de Freitas
- Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Fernandes
- Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Vinicios Alves da Silva
- Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Mara de Moura Gondim Prata
- Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Bogush TA, Polezhaev BB, Mamichev IA, Bogush EA, Polotsky BE, Tjulandin SA, Ryabov AB. Tamoxifen Never Ceases to Amaze: New Findings on Non-Estrogen Receptor Molecular Targets and Mediated Effects. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:211-220. [PMID: 29727200 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1453933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a first targeted drug that continues to be the gold standard in treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer for almost 50 years. The current review is an update of the paper published in 2012. We provide the new data on the tamoxifen targets that are the key points of signaling cascades activating cellular proliferation, which determines aggressiveness of disease and chemotherapy resistance or sensitivity. Some inspiring clinical cases dealing with tamoxifen efficiency in treatment of different tumors are discussed. Additionally, the review includes data on antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Anatolievna Bogush
- a N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Tumor Therapy , Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow , Russia
| | - Boris Borisovich Polezhaev
- b Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Department of General Medicine , Leninskie Gory, Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ivan Andreevich Mamichev
- a N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Tumor Therapy , Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow , Russia
| | - Elena Alexandrovna Bogush
- a N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Tumor Therapy , Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow , Russia
| | - Boris Evseevich Polotsky
- a N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Tumor Therapy , Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow , Russia
| | - Sergei Alexeevich Tjulandin
- a N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Tumor Therapy , Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrey Borisovich Ryabov
- c N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow , Russia
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Orally administered endoxifen inhibits tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:3. [PMID: 29308069 PMCID: PMC5751858 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoxifen, an active metabolite of tamoxifen, has been shown to be an effective anti-estrogenic agent in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients. In melanoma, estrogen receptor expression is shown to be associated with disease progression. However, the therapeutic benefit of endoxifen in melanoma has not yet been evaluated. Here, we present the first demonstration of the anti-melanogenic activity of endoxifen in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of endoxifen was tested using a cell viability assay. The in vivo anti-melanogenic activity was evaluated in B16F10 cell-bearing C57BL/6 mice, a mouse melanoma model. The general toxicity was tested in Swiss albino mice. Endoxifen exhibited greater activity against melanoma cell lines. Treatment of B16F10 mouse and SK-MEL-5 human melanoma cell lines with 10 μM of endoxifen for 48 h respectively resulted in 93.6 and 92.5% cell death. Orally administered endoxifen, at dose levels of 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight/day for 20 consecutive days, respectively reduced metastatic melanoma nodules in the lungs by 26.7 and 82.7%. Endoxifen was found to be a safe and effective anti-melanogenic agent in animal studies.
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Ribeiro MPC, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. The activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) inhibits the proliferation of mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:176-184. [PMID: 28947257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) by its specific agonist G-1 inhibits prostate cancer and 17β-estradiol-stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation. Tamoxifen (TAM), which also activates the GPER, decreases melanoma cell proliferation, but its action mechanism remains controversial. Here we investigated the expression and the effects of GPER activation by G-1, TAM and its key metabolite endoxifen (EDX) on melanoma cells. Mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cells expressed GPER and G-1 reduced cell biomass, and the number of viable cells, without increasing cell death. Rather, G-1 decreased cell division by blocking cell cycle progression in G2. Likewise, TAM and EDX exhibited an antiproliferative activity in melanoma cells due to decreased cell division. Both G-1 and the antiestrogens showed a trend to decrease the levels of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 after 1 h treatment, although only EDX, the most potent antiproliferative antiestrogen, induced significant effects. Importantly, the targeting of GPER with siRNA abolished the cytostatic activity of both G-1 and antiestrogens, suggesting that the antitumor actions of antiestrogens in melanoma cells involve GPER activation. Our results unveil a new target for melanoma therapy and identify GPER as a key mediator of antiestrogen antiproliferative effects, which may contribute to select the patients that benefit from an antiestrogen-containing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhao J, Zeng X, Song P, Wu X, Shi H. AKT1 as the PageRank hub gene is associated with melanoma and its functional annotation is highly related to the estrogen signaling pathway that may regulate the growth of melanoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2087-93. [PMID: 27573172 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to detect the disease-associated genes and their gene interaction function and association with melanoma mechanisms, we identified a total of 1,310 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database GSE3189 with FDR <0.01 and |logFC| >2 using the R package. After constructing the gene interaction network by STRING with the selected DEGs, we applied a statistical approach to identify the topological hub genes with PageRank score. Forty-four genes were identified in this network and AKT1 was selected as the most important hub gene. The AKT1 gene encodes a serine‑threonine protein kinase (AKT). High expression of AKT is involved in the resistance of cell apoptosis as well as adaptive resistance to treatment in melanoma. Our results indicated that AKT1 with a higher expression in melanoma showed enriched binding sites in the negative regulation of response to external stimulus, which enables cells to adapt to changes in external stimulation for survival. Another finding was that AKT regulated the lipid metabolic process and may be involved in melanoma progression and promotion of tumor growth through gene enrichment function analysis. Two highlighted pathways were detected in our study: i) the estrogen signaling pathway modulates the immune tolerance and resistance to cell apoptosis, which contributes to the growth of melanoma and ii) the RAP1 signaling pathway which regulates focal adhesion (FA) negative feedback to cell migration and invasion in melanoma. Our studies highlighted the top differentially expressed gene AKT1 and its correlation with the estrogen signaling and RAP1 signaling pathways to alter the proliferation and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Analysis of the enrichment functions of genes associated with melanoma will help us find the exact mechanism of melanoma and advance the full potential of newly targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of the Chinese Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of the Chinese Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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Xia Y, Chen J, Gong C, Chen H, Sun J. α-Mangostin, a Natural Agent, Enhances the Response of NRAS Mutant Melanoma to Retinoic Acid. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1360-7. [PMID: 27104669 PMCID: PMC4844330 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification and use of novel compounds alone or in combination hold promise for the fight against NRAS mutant melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS We screened a kinase-specific inhibitor library through combining it with α-Mangostin in NRAS mutant melanoma cell line, and verified the enhancing effect of α-Mangostin through inhibition of the tumorigenesis pathway. RESULTS Within the kinase inhibitors, retinoic acid showed a significant synergistic effect with α-Mangostin. α-Mangostin also can reverse the drug resistance of retinoic acid in RARa siRNA-transduced sk-mel-2 cells. Colony assay, TUNEL staining, and the expressions of several apoptosis-related genes revealed that a-Mangostin enhanced the effect of retinoic acid-induced apoptosis. The combination treatment resulted in marked induction of ROS generation and inhibition of the AKT/S6 pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the combination of these novel natural agents with retinoid acid may be clinically effective in NRAS mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Chongwen Gong
- Department of Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Ribeiro MPC, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. Rethinking tamoxifen in the management of melanoma: New answers for an old question. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:372-378. [PMID: 26165763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of the antiestrogen tamoxifen in melanoma therapy is controversial due to the unsuccessful outcomes and a still rather unclarified mechanism of action. It seemed that the days of tamoxifen in malignant melanoma therapy were close to an end, but new evidence may challenge this fate. On one hand, it is now believed that metabolism is a major determinant of tamoxifen clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients, which is a variable that has yet to be tested in melanoma patients, since the tamoxifen active metabolite endoxifen demonstrated superior cytostatic activity over the parent drug in melanoma cells; on the other hand, new evidence has emerged regarding estrogen-mediated signaling in melanoma cells, including the methylation of the estrogen receptor-α gene promoter and the expression of the G protein coupled estrogen receptor. The expression of estrogen receptor-α and G protein coupled estrogen receptor, as well as the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 genotype, may be used as predictive biomarkers to select the patients that may respond to antiestrogens based on specific traits of their tumors. This review focused on these new evidences and how they may contribute to shed new light on this long-lasting controversy, as well as their possible implications for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Yang L, Yuan X, Wang J, Gu C, Zhang H, Yu J, Liu F. Radiosensitization of human glioma cells by tamoxifen is associated with the inhibition of PKC-ι activity in vitro. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:473-478. [PMID: 26171054 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the radiosensitizing effects of tamoxifen (TAM), a non-steroidal anti-estrogen drug, in human glioma A172 and U251 cells in vitro. A colony-forming assay revealed that TAM enhances radiosensitivity in A172 and U251 cells. Treatment with TAM also increased the percentage of apoptotic cells subsequent to ionizing radiation, and increased the expression of apoptotic markers, including cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Ionizing radiation induced G2/M phase arrest, which was alleviated within 24 h when the radiation-induced DNA damage was repaired. However, flow cytometry analysis revealed that TAM treatment delayed the recovery of cell cycle progression. Additional examination demonstrated that TAM-mediated protein kinase C-ι (PKC-ι) inhibition may lead to the activation of pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2-associated death promoter, and the dephosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 7, resulting in increased cell apoptosis and sustained G2/M phase arrest following exposure to radiation. The present data indicate that the radiosensitizing effects of TAM on glioma cells are partly due to the inhibition of PKC-ι activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Yuan
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Gu
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jiahua Yu
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Fenju Liu
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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Ribeiro MPC, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. Mitochondria: the gateway for tamoxifen-induced liver injury. Toxicology 2014; 323:10-8. [PMID: 24881593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is routinely used in the treatment of breast carcinoma. TAM-induced liver injury remains a major concern, as TAM causes hepatic steatosis in a significant number of patients, which can progress toward steatohepatitis. Liver toxicity is generally believed to involve mitochondrial dysfunction and TAM exerts multiple deleterious effects on mitochondria, which may account for the hepatotoxicity observed in patients treated with TAM. Endoxifen (EDX), a key active metabolite of TAM that is being investigated as an alternative to TAM in breast cancer therapy, slightly affects mitochondria in comparison with TAM and this demonstration well correlates with the absence of alterations in the clinical parameters of individuals taking EDX. The steady-state plasma concentrations of TAM and its active metabolites EDX and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTAM) in patients taking TAM are highly variable, reflecting genetic variants of CYP2D6 involved in TAM metabolism. Besides de genetic polymorphisms, the intake of drugs that influence the enzymatic activity of CYP2D6 compromises the therapeutic efficiency of TAM. The knowledge of the impact of the variability of TAM metabolism in the breast cancer treatment explains the discrepant outcomes observed in patients taking TAM, as well as the individual variability of idiosyncratic liver injury and other sides effects observed. Therefore, and contrarily to the clinical use of EDX, the need of therapeutic drug monitoring and a regular assessment of liver function biomarkers should be considered in patients under therapies with TAM. In this review we focus on the mitochondrial effects of TAM and its metabolites and on the role played by mitochondria in the initiating events leading to TAM-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chinembiri TN, du Plessis LH, Gerber M, Hamman JH, du Plessis J. Review of natural compounds for potential skin cancer treatment. Molecules 2014; 19:11679-721. [PMID: 25102117 PMCID: PMC6271439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most anti-cancer drugs are derived from natural resources such as marine, microbial and botanical sources. Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with a high mortality rate. Various treatments for malignant melanoma are available, but due to the development of multi-drug resistance, current or emerging chemotherapies have a relatively low success rates. This emphasizes the importance of discovering new compounds that are both safe and effective against melanoma. In vitro testing of melanoma cell lines and murine melanoma models offers the opportunity for identifying mechanisms of action of plant derived compounds and extracts. Common anti-melanoma effects of natural compounds include potentiating apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation and inhibiting metastasis. There are different mechanisms and pathways responsible for anti-melanoma actions of medicinal compounds such as promotion of caspase activity, inhibition of angiogenesis and inhibition of the effects of tumor promoting proteins such as PI3-K, Bcl-2, STAT3 and MMPs. This review thus aims at providing an overview of anti-cancer compounds, derived from natural sources, that are currently used in cancer chemotherapies, or that have been reported to show anti-melanoma, or anti-skin cancer activities. Phytochemicals that are discussed in this review include flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, vitamins, sulforaphane, some polyphenols and crude plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawona N Chinembiri
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Lissinda H du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Minja Gerber
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Josias H Hamman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Jeanetta du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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12
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Ribeiro MPC, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. Interplay between estrogen and retinoid signaling in breast cancer--current and future perspectives. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:17-24. [PMID: 25042865 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) is a promising agent for breast cancer treatment, but it induces several adverse effects and the few clinical trials performed up to now in breast cancer patients have provided disappointing results. The combination of RA and antiestrogenic compounds, such as tamoxifen, synergistically decreases the proliferation of breast cancer cells and an interplay between retinoid and estrogen signaling has begun to be unraveled, turning these combinations into an appealing strategy for breast cancer treatment. This review focus on the current knowledge regarding the interplay between retinoid and estrogen signaling in breast cancer and the combinations of RA with antiestrogens, aiming their future utilization in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Ribeiro MPC, Nunes-Correia I, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. The combination of glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 with tamoxifen and its active metabolites potentiates their antiproliferative activity in mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:288-96. [PMID: 24240127 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade by MK-801 decreases tumor growth. Thus, we investigated whether other ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists were also able to modulate the proliferation of melanoma cells. On the other hand, the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) decreases the proliferation of melanoma cells, and is included in combined therapies for melanoma. As the efficacy of TAM is limited by its metabolism, we investigated the effects of the NMDAR antagonist MK-801 in combination with TAM and its active metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTAM) and endoxifen (EDX). The NMDAR blockers MK-801 and memantine decreased mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cell proliferation. In contrast, the NMDAR competitive antagonist APV and the AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist NBQX did not affect cell proliferation, suggesting that among the iGluR antagonists only the NMDAR channel blockers inhibit melanoma cell proliferation. The combination of antiestrogens with MK-801 potentiated their individual effects on cell biomass due to diminished cell proliferation, since it decreased the cell number and DNA synthesis without increasing cell death. Importantly, TAM metabolites combined with MK-801 promoted cell cycle arrest in G1. Therefore, the data obtained suggest that the activity of MK-801 and antiestrogens in K1735-M2 cells is greatly enhanced when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Nunes-Correia
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Flow Cytometry Unit, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Ribeiro MP, Santos AE, Santos MS, Custódio JB. Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid on the permeability transition and bioenergetic functions of rat liver mitochondria in combination with endoxifen. Life Sci 2013; 93:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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