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Monoaminergic mediation of hyperalgesic and analgesic descending control of nociception in mice. Pain 2022; 164:1096-1105. [PMID: 36448969 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Descending control of nociception (DCN; also known as conditioned pain modulation [CPM], the behavioral correlate of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls) is the phenomenon whereby pain inhibits pain in another part of the body and is the subject of increasing study because it may represent a biomarker of chronic pain. We recently discovered that pain modulation upon application of a DCN paradigm involving low-intensity test stimuli occurs in the direction of hyperalgesia in healthy mice and rats, whereas the use of high-intensity stimuli produces analgesia. To elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying hyperalgesic DCN, we administered agonists and antagonists of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) receptors, key neurochemical players in the production of analgesic DCN. We find that three different monoamine reuptake inhibitors-the NE-selective reboxetine, the 5-HT-selective fluoxetine, and the dual NE/5-HT agonist duloxetine-all abolish hyperalgesic DCN when administered into the spinal cord (but not systemically), with no effect on heat or mechanical pain sensitivity. Reboxetine's attenuation of hyperalgesic DCN is mediated by α 2 -adrenergic receptors (i.e., blocked by atipamezole), and fluoxetine's effect is mediated by 5-HT 7 receptors (i.e., blocked by SB269970). In contrast, analgesic DCN was found to be reversed by atipamezole and SB269970 themselves, with no effect of reboxetine or fluoxetine. Thus, hyperalgesic DCN appears to be the neurochemical opposite to analgesic DCN. These data further validate and help elucidate a pre-clinical paradigm that mimics dysfunctional CPM, and thus may form the basis of translational experiments that aim to reveal preventative pharmacological strategies for individuals predisposed to persistent pain.
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Kourounakis AP, Xanthopoulos D, Tzara A. Morpholine as a privileged structure: A review on the medicinal chemistry and pharmacological activity of morpholine containing bioactive molecules. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:709-752. [PMID: 31512284 DOI: 10.1002/med.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a heterocycle featured in numerous approved and experimental drugs as well as bioactive molecules. It is often employed in the field of medicinal chemistry for its advantageous physicochemical, biological, and metabolic properties, as well as its facile synthetic routes. The morpholine ring is a versatile and readily accessible synthetic building block, it is easily introduced as an amine reagent or can be built according to a variety of available synthetic methodologies. This versatile scaffold, appropriately substituted, possesses a wide range of biological activities. There are many examples of molecular targets of morpholine bioactive in which the significant contribution of the morpholine moiety has been demonstrated; it is an integral component of the pharmacophore for certain enzyme active-site inhibitors whereas it bestows selective affinity for a wide range of receptors. A large body of in vivo studies has demonstrated morpholine's potential to not only increase potency but also provide compounds with desirable drug-like properties and improved pharamacokinetics. In this review we describe the medicinal chemistry/pharmacological activity of morpholine derivatives on various therapeutically related molecular targets, attempting to highlight the importance of the morpholine ring in drug design and development as well as to justify its classification as a privileged structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Xanthopoulos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Wang HC, Cheng KI, Chen PR, Tseng KY, Kwan AL, Chang LL. Glycine receptors expression in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in prostaglandin E2 intrathecal injection models. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:72. [PMID: 30413143 PMCID: PMC6230273 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are involved in the development of spinal pain sensitization. The GlyRα3 subunit has recently emerged as a key factor in inflammatory pain pathways in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH). Our study is to identify the extent of location and cell types expressing different GlyR subunits in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). To tease out the possible actions of GlyRs on pain transmission, we investigate the effects produced by GlyRs on acute inflammatory pain by behavioral testing using prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) intrathecal injection models. Furthermore, we investigate the changes of GlyR expression in DRGs and spinal cord in rats after the induction of acute inflammatory pain. Results Compared to the vehicle administration, the PGE2 intrathecal injection model produced significantly higher hyperalgesia, which started 3 h after PGE2 injection and lasted more than 5 h. PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 protein expressions in the L5 DH at 1 h and lasted to 5 h, and similar results were observed in the L5 DRG at 5 h. Confocal microscopic images showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 immunoreactivity (IR) throughout the gray matter of the spinal cord, mainly in DH laminae I–III neurons and in ventral horn neurons. It also showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 IR in DRG neurons. Conclusions In this study, PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased protein expression of gephyrin, GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 in spinal cord DH and DRG. The gephyrin and GlyRα3 were localized on neuron cells both in the DH and DRG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-018-0470-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-I Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yi Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Li Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Murai N, Hiyama H, Kiso T, Sekizawa T, Watabiki T, Oka H, Aoki T. Analgesic effects of novel lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 antagonist AS2717638 in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:97-107. [PMID: 28859883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that acts via at least six G protein-coupled receptors, LPA receptors 1-6 (LPA1-6), for various physiological functions. We examined (1) whether LPA5 is involved in pain signaling in the spinal cord; and (2) the pharmacological effects of a novel LPA5 antagonist on intrathecal prostaglandin (PG)- and (S)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-induced allodynia, and neuropathic and inflammatory pain in rodents. Intrathecal injection of a selective LPA5 agonist, geranylgeranyl diphosphate, and a non-selective agonist, LPA, induced allodynia in wild type, but not in LPA5 knockout mice. These novel results suggest that LPA5 is important for pain signal transmission in the spinal cord. AS2717638 (6,7-dimethoxy-2-(5-methyl-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)-4-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)isoquinolin-1(2H)-one) bound to the LPA-binding site on LPA5 and selectively inhibited LPA-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in human LPA5-but not LPA1-, 2-, or 3-expressing cells. Further, oral administration of AS2717638 inhibited LPA5 agonist-induced allodynia in mice. AS2717638 also significantly improved PGE2-, PGF2α-, and AMPA-induced allodynia, while both pregabalin and duloxetine alleviated only PGE2-induced allodynia in mice. Similarly, AS2717638 significantly ameliorated static mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rat models of chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain. AS2717638 also showed analgesic effects in a rat model of inflammatory pain. These findings suggest that LPA5 antagonists elicit broad analgesic effects against both neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Accordingly, pharmacological LPA5 antagonists are attractive development candidates for potential novel pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Murai
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hiyama
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kiso
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sekizawa
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonari Watabiki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Oka
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Aoki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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Piccinelli AC, Morato PN, Dos Santos Barbosa M, Croda J, Sampson J, Kong X, Konkiewitz EC, Ziff EB, Amaya-Farfan J, Kassuya CAL. Limonene reduces hyperalgesia induced by gp120 and cytokines by modulation of IL-1 β and protein expression in spinal cord of mice. Life Sci 2016; 174:28-34. [PMID: 27888114 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have investigated the antihyperalgesic effects of limonene in mice that received intrathecal injection of gp120. MAIN METHODS Male Swiss mice received gp120, IL-1β or TNF-α intrathecally or sterile saline as a control. A mechanical sensitivity test was performed at 2 and 3h after the injection. Spinal cord and blood samples were isolated for protein quantification. KEY FINDINGS Intrathecal administration of gp120 increased mechanical sensitivity measured with an electronic Von Frey apparatus, at 2 and 3h after the injections. Limonene administered orally prior to gp120 administration significantly decreased this mechanical sensitivity at 3h after the gp120 injection. In addition, intrathecal injection of gp120 increased IL-1β and IL-10 in serum, and limonene prevented the ability of gp120 to increase these cytokines. Limonene also inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Western blot assay demonstrated limonene was capable of increasing SOD expression in the cytoplasm of cells from spinal cord at 4h after intrathecal IL-1β injection. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that gp120 causes mechanical hyperalgesia and a peripheral increase in IL-1β and IL-10, and that prior administration of limonene inhibits these changes. Also limonene modulates the activation of SOD expression in the spinal cord after spinal IL-1β application. The ability of limonene to inhibit the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by gp120, TNF-α and IL-1β emphasizes the anti-inflammatory action of limonene, specifically its ability to inhibit cytokine production and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Neder Morato
- Federal University of Grande Dourados, College of Health Science, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Croda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jared Sampson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Edward B Ziff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jaime Amaya-Farfan
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), Brazil
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Murai N, Fushiki H, Honda S, Murakami Y, Iwashita A, Irie M, Tamura S, Nagakura Y, Aoki T. Relationship between serotonin transporter occupancies and analgesic effects of AS1069562, the (+)-isomer of indeloxazine, and duloxetine in reserpine-induced myalgia rats. Neuroscience 2015; 289:262-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Murai N, Takeshita N, Nishigaki F, Irie M, Tamura S, Aoki T, Matsuoka N. AS1069562, the (+)-isomer of indeloxazine, exerts analgesic effects in rat models of nociceptive pain. Neurol Res 2015; 37:525-30. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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