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Debler RA, Madison CA, Hillbrick L, Gallegos P, Safe S, Chapkin RS, Eitan S. Selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators can act as antidepressants in obese female mice. J Affect Disord 2023; 333:409-419. [PMID: 37084978 PMCID: PMC10561895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese females are more likely to suffer from depression and are also more likely to be resistant to current medications. This study examined the potential antidepressant-like effects of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoic acid (DHNA), a selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulator (SAhRM), in obese female mice. METHODS Obesity was established by feeding C57BL/6N female mice a high fat diet (HFD) for 9-10 weeks. Subsequently, mice were subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) or remained unstressed. Daily administration of vehicle or 20 mg/kg DHNA began three weeks prior or on the third week of UCMS. Mice were examined for depression-like behaviors (sucrose preference, forced swim test (FST), splash and tape groom tests), anxiety (open-field test, light/dark test, novelty-induced hypophagia), and cognition (object location recognition, novel object recognition, Morris water maze). RESULTS UCMS did not alter, and DHNA slightly increased, weight gain in HFD-fed females. HFD decreased sucrose preference, increased FST immobility time, but did not alter splash and tape tests' grooming time. UCMS did not have additional effects on sucrose preference. UCMS further increased FST immobility time and decreased splash and tape tests' grooming time; these effects were prevented and reversed by DHNA treatment. HFD did not affect behaviors in the cognitive tests. UCMS impaired spatial learning; this effect was not prevented nor reversed by DHNA. CONCLUSIONS DHNA protected against UCMS-induced depression-like behaviors in HFD-fed female mice. DHNA neither improved nor worsened UCMS-induced impairment of spatial learning. Our findings indicate that DHNA has high potential to act as an antidepressant in obese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roanna A Debler
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Caitlin A Madison
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lauren Hillbrick
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paula Gallegos
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shoshana Eitan
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Incompatible effects of Panax ginseng and Veratrum nigrum on estrogen decline in rats using metabolomics and gut microbiota. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114442. [PMID: 34749105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng (PG) and Veratrum nigrum (VN) are the most representative incompatibility herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This theory is derived from long-term clinical practice and has been applied for thousands of years. However, its mechanism has not yet been clearly investigated. The purpose of this work is to examine the incompatible effects of PG and VN on estrogen decline in rats to better understand the adverse effects of inappropriate herbal combinations using metabolomics and gut microbiota. The ovariectomized rats were administered with PG, VN and their combination decoction decoction intragastrically. After the combination of PG and VN, the improvement of depression-like behavior, neurotransmitter of brain, serum estrogen levels on ovariectomized rats was decreased; the regulation of PG on eight metabolic biomarkers and four intestinal bacteria was reduced by metabolomic and gut microbiota analysis. In addition, the correlation analysis revealed that the above four gut flora showed a relative trend with the significant metabolites of Pantothenic acid, 4, 6-Dihydroxyquinoline, Chenodeoxycholic acid and Caprylic acid. They were involved in tryptophan metabolism, pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and primary bile acid biosynthesis. These results provide further insight into the pathway by which PG and VN combine to reduce the therapeutic effects of estrogen decline. It is helpful to comprehend the incompatible mechanisms of PG and VN.
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Rodrigues KC, Bortolatto CF, da Motta KP, de Oliveira RL, Paltian JJ, Krüger R, Roman SS, Boeira SP, Alves D, Wilhelm EA, Luchese C. The neurotherapeutic role of a selenium-functionalized quinoline in hypothalamic obese rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1937-1951. [PMID: 33740091 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Obesity is considered one of the major global health problems and increases the risk of several medical complications, such as diabetes and mental illnesses. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effect of 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl) quinoline (4-PSQ) on obesity parameters, behavioral and neurochemical alterations in hypothalamic obese rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats received subcutaneous neonatal injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG, 4g/kg) or saline. After the Lee Index evaluation, rats were divided into groups and treated with 4-PSQ (5 mg/kg, intragastric route) or canola oil once a day (post-natal days (PND) 60→76). Open-field, elevated plus-maze, forced swim task, object recognition/location memory, and stepdown inhibitory avoidance tasks were conducted from PND 66 to 74. On PND 76, rats were euthanized and epididymal fat, blood, cerebral cortex, andhippocampus were removed. Blood biochemical parameters and cortical/hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na /K -ATPase activities were assessed. RESULTS MSG increased the Lee Index characterizing the chemically induced hypothalamic obesity model. 4-PSQ reversed the increases of epididymal fat, blood glucose, and triglyceride levels caused by MSG exposure. 4-PSQ attenuated anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors induced by neonatal administrations of MSG. Memory deficits found in MSG-obese rats were reversed by treatment with 4-PSQ. Neurochemical alterations produced by MSG evidenced by stimulation ofNa+/K+-ATPase and AChE activities in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats were normalized by 4-PSQ treatment. CONCLUSIONS In brief, 4-PSQ therapy improved hypothalamic obesity-related parameters, as well as psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and neurochemical alterations found in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karline C Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiani F Bortolatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ketlyn P da Motta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Renata L de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Jaini J Paltian
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Roberta Krüger
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Silvane S Roman
- Universidade Regional Integrada, Campus Erechim, Erechim, RS, CEP 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana P Boeira
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ethel Antunes Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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Liu T, Zhou N, Cao Y, Xu R, Liu Z, Zheng X, Feng W. Investigating the basis for the antidepressant effects of Gleditsiae spina using an integrated metabolomic strategy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:524-530. [PMID: 34094035 PMCID: PMC8143708 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.51975.11781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gleditsiae spina (GS) is a natural antidepressant but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. In the present study, taxifolin (Tax) was selected to determine the role of flavonoids in the antidepressant effects of GS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine samples from C57BL/6 mice were analyzed based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). Then, we investigated the therapeutic effects of GS and Tax in depression models in vivo. An integrated metabolomic approach was used to examine the metabolic profiles of GS/Tax groups and corticosterone model groups (Cor). Metabolic networks in response to GS/Tax treatment were established for the comparison of antidepressant activities. RESULTS Corticosterone exposure significantly increased serum levels of corticosterone but decreased serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and sucrose consumption (P<0.01). Treatment with GS and Tax improved all measured variables compared to those of the corticosterone-exposed group (P< 0.01). The antidepressant effects of GS and Tax involved the regulation of pentose and glucuronate interconversions, arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and the citrate cycle. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that flavonoids form the pharmacodynamic basis of the antidepressant effects of GS. Moreover, our findings highlight that integrated metabolomics provides a powerful tool to study the mechanisms and material basis of Chinese herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruihao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, RP China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, RP China
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Du Toit EF, Tai WS, Cox A, O’Connor D, Griffith TA, Helman T, Wendt L, Peart JN, Stapelberg NJC, Headrick JP. Synergistic effects of low-level stress and a Western diet on metabolic homeostasis, mood, and myocardial ischemic tolerance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R347-R357. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00322.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
How low-level psychological stress and overnutrition interact in influencing cardiometabolic disease is unclear. Mechanistic overlaps suggest potential synergies; however, findings are contradictory. We test whether low-level stress and Western diet (WD) feeding synergistically influence homeostasis, mood, and myocardial ischemic tolerance. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed a control diet or WD (32%/57%/11% calories from fat/carbohydrates/protein) for 12 wk, with subgroups restrained for 30 min/day over the final 3 wk. Metabolism, behavior, tolerance of perfused hearts to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), and cardiac “death proteins” were assessed. The WD resulted in insignificant trends toward increased body weight (+5%), glucose (+40%), insulin (+40%), triglycerides (+15%), and cholesterol (+20%) and reduced leptin (−20%) while significantly reducing insulin sensitivity [100% rise in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), P < 0.05]. Restraint did not independently influence metabolism while increasing HOMA-IR a further 50% (and resulting in significant elevations in insulin and glucose to 60–90% above control) in WD mice ( P < 0.05), despite blunting weight gain in control and WD mice. Anxiogenesis with restraint or WD was nonadditive, whereas anhedonia (reduced sucrose consumption) only arose with their combination. Neuroinflammation markers (hippocampal TNF-α, Il-1b) were unchanged. Myocardial I/R tolerance was unaltered with stress or WD alone, whereas the combination worsened dysfunction and oncosis [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux]. Apoptosis (nucleosome accumulation) and death protein expression (BAK, BAX, BCL-2, RIP-1, TNF-α, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP) were unchanged. We conclude that mild, anxiogenic yet cardio-metabolically “benign” stress interacts synergistically with a WD to disrupt homeostasis, promote anhedonia (independently of neuroinflammation), and impair myocardial ischemic tolerance (independently of apoptosis and death protein levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene F. Du Toit
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wei Shan Tai
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dylan O’Connor
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tia A. Griffith
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tessa Helman
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren Wendt
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason N. Peart
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P. Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Jing Q, Ren L, Deng X, Zhang N, Fu M, Wang G, Jiang XR, Lin SR, Ming CR. Electroacupuncture Promotes Neural Proliferation in Hippocampus of Perimenopausal Depression Rats via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2020; 13:94-103. [PMID: 32278077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2020.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Perimenopausal depression is caused by the impaired function of the ovarium before menopause and with a series of symptoms. Electroacupuncture (EA) therapy has been demonstrated to improve clinically depression. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic activity remains unknown. This study aimed to investigat the effects of EA treatment on the hippocampal neural proliferation through Wnt signaling pathway. METHODS Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) were used to establish a rat model of perimenopausal depression. The open field test (OFT) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to assess depression-like behaviors in rats. ELISAs were used to measure estrogen (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in the serum. RT-PCR and Western blot assay were utilized for measuring the mRNA expressions and protein expressions of GSK-3β/β-catenin. RESULTS Four-week EA treatment at three points including "Shenshu" (BL23), "Baihui" (GV20) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP6) simultaneously ameliorated depression-like behaviors in rats with CUMS and OVX, whereas rescued the decreased serum level of E2 and prevented the increased serum levels of GnRH and LH. EA treatment ameliorated CUMS and OVX-induced alterations of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and β-catenin mRNA levels, β-catenin and phosphorylated β-catenin (p-β-catenin) protein levels. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that EA treatment promoted hippocampal neural proliferation in perimenopausal depression rats via activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, indicating that EA may represent an efficacious therapy for perimenopausal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xue Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Martin Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ge Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xi-Rong Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Ru Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cai-Rong Ming
- The State Key Laboratory of Chinese Educational Commission for Viscera Theory and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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7
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Antoniuk S, Bijata M, Ponimaskin E, Wlodarczyk J. Chronic unpredictable mild stress for modeling depression in rodents: Meta-analysis of model reliability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99:101-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Padilla KM, Quintanar‐Setephano A, López‐Vallejo F, Berumen LC, Miledi R, García‐Alcocer G. Behavioral changes induced through adenosine A2A receptor ligands in a rat depression model induced by olfactory bulbectomy. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00952. [PMID: 29761007 PMCID: PMC5943772 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorders are characterized by their severity and long-lasting symptoms, which make such disorders highly disabling illnesses. Unfortunately, 50% of major depressive patients experience relapses, perhaps partly because drug research has been performed only in animal models that screen for antidepressant drugs that appear to only ameliorate acute depression symptoms. The bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) animal model presents the advantage of mimicking the symptoms of chronic depression by means of brain surgery. Adenosine purinergic receptors A2A (A2AR) have been the target of interest in the field of psychiatric diseases. This study aimed to show which A2A receptor ligands exert antidepressive-like effects in the OBX rat model. Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: control, OBX + vehicle, OBX + ZM 241385, and OBX + adenosine groups. Pharmacological treatment was administered for 14 days, and the rats were examined via the forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Results The OBX + ZM 241385 group exhibited decreased immobility time in the FST, decreased isolation time in the OFT, and reversed anhedonia behavior in the SPT compared to the vehicle group. However, no significant differences for adenosine treatment were found. Conclusions ZM 241385 administration (2 mg/kg i.p.) restored behavioral changes associated with OBX-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres Quintanar‐Setephano
- Centro de Ciencias BásicasDepartamento de Fisiología y FarmacologíaUniversidad Autónoma de AguascalientesAguascalientesMéxico
| | - Fabian López‐Vallejo
- Facultad de CienciasDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | | | - Ricardo Miledi
- Instituto de NeurobiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoJuriquilla QuerétaroMéxico
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9
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Agustí A, García-Pardo MP, López-Almela I, Campillo I, Maes M, Romaní-Pérez M, Sanz Y. Interplay Between the Gut-Brain Axis, Obesity and Cognitive Function. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:155. [PMID: 29615850 PMCID: PMC5864897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity continues to be one of the major public health problems due to its high prevalence and co-morbidities. Common co-morbidities not only include cardiometabolic disorders but also mood and cognitive disorders. Obese subjects often show deficits in memory, learning and executive functions compared to normal weight subjects. Epidemiological studies also indicate that obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing depression and anxiety, and vice versa. These associations between pathologies that presumably have different etiologies suggest shared pathological mechanisms. Gut microbiota is a mediating factor between the environmental pressures (e.g., diet, lifestyle) and host physiology, and its alteration could partly explain the cross-link between those pathologies. Westernized dietary patterns are known to be a major cause of the obesity epidemic, which also promotes a dysbiotic drift in the gut microbiota; this, in turn, seems to contribute to obesity-related complications. Experimental studies in animal models and, to a lesser extent, in humans suggest that the obesity-associated microbiota may contribute to the endocrine, neurochemical and inflammatory alterations underlying obesity and its comorbidities. These include dysregulation of the HPA-axis with overproduction of glucocorticoids, alterations in levels of neuroactive metabolites (e.g., neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids) and activation of a pro-inflammatory milieu that can cause neuro-inflammation. This review updates current knowledge about the role and mode of action of the gut microbiota in the cross-link between energy metabolism, mood and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agustí
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria P García-Pardo
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Almela
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Campillo
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Sparling BA, DiMauro EF. Progress in the discovery of small molecule modulators of the Cys-loop superfamily receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3207-3218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kurhe Y, Mahesh R, Devadoss T. Novel 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist QCM-4 attenuates depressive-like phenotype associated with obesity in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1165-1179. [PMID: 28238069 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression associated with obesity remains an interesting area to study the biological mechanisms and novel therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES The present study investigates the effect of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist 3-methoxy-N-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide (QCM-4) on several pathogenic markers of depression associated with obesity such as plasma insulin resistance, hippocampal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin (5-HT) concentrations, hippocampal neuronal damage, and p53 protein expression in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice. METHODS Obesity was experimentally induced in mice by feeding with HFD for 14 weeks followed by administration of QCM-4 (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.)/standard escitalopram (ESC) (10 mg/kg, p.o.)/vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Behavioral assays such as sucrose preference test (SPT); forced swim test (FST); elevated plus maze (EPM); biochemical assays including oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), insulin, cAMP, BDNF, and 5-HT concentrations; and molecular assays mainly histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of p53 protein in the dentate gyrus (DG), CA1, and CA3 regions of hippocampus in HFD fed mice were performed. RESULTS Chronic treatment with QCM-4 in HFD-fed mice reversed the behavioral alterations in SPT, FST, and EPM. QCM-4 showed poor sensitivity for plasma glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, increased hippocampal cAMP, BDNF, and 5-HT concentrations. In the hippocampal DG, CA1, and CA3 regions, QCM-4 treatment improved the neuronal morphology in the histopathology and inhibited p53 protein expression in IHC assay in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSION QCM-4 attenuated the depressive-like phenotype in HFD-fed mice by improving behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations through serotonergic neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
| | - R Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Thangaraj Devadoss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of patients suffering from major depression could be highly challenging for psychiatrists. Intractability as well as relapse is commonly seen among these patients, leading to functional impairment and poor quality of life. The present review discusses some of the novel investigational drugs that are under pre-clinical or clinical phases in the treatment of major depression. Areas covered: Molecules belonging to different classes such as triple reuptake inhibitors, opioid receptors, ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and neurotrophin in the treatment of major depression are covered in this article. Expert opinion: Although the historical discovery of earlier antidepressant molecules (iproniazid and imipramine) is through serendipitous discovery, the present research focuses on discovering novel molecules based on our current pathophysiological knowledge of the disease condition. The fast-acting antidepressant property of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor molecules, including ketamine is an exciting area of research. Other drug molecules such as amitifadine (triple reuptake inhibitor), ALKS-5461 (kappa receptor antagonist and mu opioidergic receptor agonist), rapastinel (NMDA glutamatergic receptor modulator) are under Phase-III clinical trials and could be approved in the near future for the treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- a Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
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Gupta D, Prabhakar V, Radhakrishnan M. 5HT3 receptors: Target for new antidepressant drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:311-25. [PMID: 26976353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
5HT3 receptors (5HT3Rs) have long been identified as a potential target for antidepressants. Several studies have reported that antagonism of 5HT3Rs produces antidepressant-like effects. However, the exact role of 5HT3Rs and the mode of antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists still remain a mystery. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of 5HT3Rs: (a) regional and subcellular distribution of 5HT3Rs in discrete brain regions, (b) preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the antidepressant effect of 5HT3R antagonists, and (c) neurochemical, biological and neurocellular signaling pathways associated with the antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists. 5HT3Rs located on the serotonergic and other neurotransmitter interneuronal projections control their release and affect mood and emotional behavior; however, new evidence suggests that apart from modulating the neurotransmitter functions, 5HT3R antagonists have protective effects in the pathogenic events including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis hyperactivity, brain oxidative stress and impaired neuronal plasticity, pointing to hereby unknown and novel mechanisms of their antidepressant action. Nonetheless, further investigations are warranted to establish the exact role of 5HT3Rs in depression and antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Visakh Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Mahesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Kurhe Y, Mahesh R. Mechanisms linking depression co-morbid with obesity: An approach for serotonergic type 3 receptor antagonist as novel therapeutic intervention. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 17:3-9. [PMID: 26243683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite of the enormous research, therapeutic treatment for depression has always been a serious issue. Even though depression and obesity are individual abnormal health conditions, each act as a triggering factor for the other. Obese individuals are twice prone to develop depression than that of non-obese persons. The exact mechanism how obesity increases the risk for depression still remains an area of interest for research in neuropsychopharmacology. Depression and obesity share some common pathological pathways such as hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, dysregulation of oxidant/antioxidant system balance, higher level of inflammatory cytokines, leptin resistance, altered plasma glucose, insulin resistance, reduced neuronal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and decreased serotonergic neurotransmission in various regions of brain. The antidepressant-like effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists through allosteric modulation of serotonergic pathways is well evident from several research investigations belonging to our and some in other laboratories. Furthermore, serotonin regulates diet intake, leptin, corticosterone, inflammatory mechanisms, altered plasma glucose, insulin resistance and BDNF concentration in brain. The present review deals with various biological mechanisms involved in depression co-morbid with obesity and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists by modulation of serotonergic system as a therapeutic target for such co-morbid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Kurhe Y, Mahesh R. Ondansetron attenuates co-morbid depression and anxiety associated with obesity by inhibiting the biochemical alterations and improving serotonergic neurotransmission. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 136:107-16. [PMID: 26188166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In our earlier study we reported the antidepressant activity of ondansetron in obese mice. The present study investigates the effect of ondansetron on depression and anxiety associated with obesity in experimental mice with biochemical evidences. Male Swiss albino mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 14weeks to induce obesity. Then the subsequent treatment with ondansetron (0.5 and 1mg/kg, p.o.), classical antidepressant escitalopram (ESC) (10mg/kg, p.o.) and vehicle (distilled water 10ml/kg, p.o.) was given once daily for 28days. Behavioral assay for depression including sucrose preference test, forced swim test (FST) and anxiety such as light dark test (LDT) and hole board test (HBT) were performed in obese mice. Furthermore, in biochemical estimations oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), plasma leptin, insulin, corticosterone, brain oxidative stress marker malonaldehyde (MDA), antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) and serotonin assays were performed. Results indicated that HFD fed obese mice showed severe depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Chronic treatment with ondansetron inhibited the co-morbid depression and anxiety in obese mice by increasing sucrose consumption in sucrose preference test and reducing the immobility time in FST, increasing time and transitions of light chamber in LDT, improving head dip and crossing scores in HBT compared to HFD control mice. Ondansetron in obese mice inhibited glucose sensitivity in OGTT, improved plasma leptin and insulin sensitivity, reversed hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity by reducing the corticosterone concentration, restored brain pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance by inhibiting MDA and elevating GSH concentrations and facilitated serotonergic neurotransmission. In conclusion, ondansetron reversed the co-morbid depression and anxiety associated with obesity in experimental mice by attenuating the behavioral and biochemical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Kurhe Y, Mahesh R, Devadoss T. QCM-4, a 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist ameliorates plasma HPA axis hyperactivity, leptin resistance and brain oxidative stress in depression and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:74-9. [PMID: 25446100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several preclinical studies have revealed antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. In our earlier study, we have reported the antidepressive-like effect of 3-methoxy-N-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide (QCM-4) in obese mice subjected to chronic stress. The present study deals with the biochemical mechanisms associated with depression co-morbid with obesity. Mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks, further subjected for treatment with QCM-4 (1 and 2mg/kg p.o.) and standard antidepressant escitalopram (ESC) (10mg/kg p.o.) for 28 days. Behavioral assays for depression such as sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swim test (FST) and for anxiety such as light and dark test (LDT) and hole board test (HBT) were performed in obese mice. Biochemical assessments including plasma leptin and corticosterone concentration followed by brain oxidative stress parameters malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were performed. Results confirmed that QCM-4 exhibits antidepressive effect by increasing the sucrose consumption in SPT, reducing immobility time in FST and anxiolytic effect by increasing transitions and time in light chamber in LDT, increasing head dip and crossing score in HBT. Furthermore, QCM-4 attenuated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity by reducing the plasma corticosterone, reversing altered plasma leptin, restoring the imbalance of brain MDA and GSH concentration. In conclusion, QCM-4 showed antidepressive and anxiolytic effect by reversing the behavioral alterations that were supported by biochemical estimations in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Thangaraj Devadoss
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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