Inhibition of MDM2 expression by rosmarinic acid in TSLP-stimulated mast cell

A Review of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Inflammatory Diseases

Inflammatory diseases are caused by abnormal immune responses and are characterized by an imbalance of inflammatory mediators and cells. In recent years, the anti-inflammatory activity of natural products has attracted wide attention. Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a water-soluble phenolic compound that is an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid. It is discovered in many plants, like those of the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae families. RosA has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of RosA have been revealed through in vitro and in vivo studies of various inflammatory diseases like arthritis, colitis, and atopic dermatitis. This article mainly describes the preclinical research of RosA on inflammatory diseases and depicts a small amount of clinical research data. The purpose of this review is to discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of RosA in inflammatory diseases and its underlying mechanism.

Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review

Naturally occurring food-derived active ingredients have received huge attention for their chemopreventive and chemotherapy capabilities in several diseases. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a caffeic acid ester and a naturally-occurring phenolic compound in a number of plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, such as Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) from which it was formerly isolated. RA intervenes in carcinogenesis through different ways, including in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and inflammation. On the other hand, it also exerts powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and even antidepressant, anti-aging effects. The present review aims to provide an overview on anticancer activities of RA and to deliberate its therapeutic potential against a wide variety of diseases. Given the current evidence, RA may be considered as part of the daily diet in the treatment of several diseases, with pre-determined doses avoiding cytotoxicity.

Anti-inflammatory activities and potential mechanisms of phenolic acids isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba roots in THP-1 macrophages

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba (Lamiaceae) (RSMA) are used as the Danshen, a traditional Chinese medicine, to treat the vascular diseases at local clinics, especially for the remedy of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) more than 100 years. Phenolic acids are one of the major effective constituents of RSMA, and some studies have linked phenolic acids with anti-inflammatory functions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this research was to isolate phenolic acids from RSMA and investigate their anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine already known compounds were obtained from RSMA. Their structures were elucidated through the spectroscopic analysis and comparing the reported data. The anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanisms were investigated in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells, using salvianolic acid B (SalB) as the positive control. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to determine the secretory protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). And quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the mRNA levels of these inflammatory cytokines. The expression of TLR4, p65, p-p65, IκBα, and p-IκBα were measured using western blot.

RESULTS

All these compounds, except for rosmarinic acid (5) and isosalvianolic acid (6) for IL-6 protein levels, rosmarinic acid-o-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) for IL-6 mRNA, and rosmarinic acid-o-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), rosmarinic acid (5) and isosalvianolic acid (6) for TNF-α mRNA levels, remarkably inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 at the concentration of 5 and 25 μM in the mRNA and protein levels. Lithospermic acid (7) showed the strongest inhibitory effect among them and was similar to that of SalB. In particular, lithospermic acid (7) and SalB markedly downregulated the expressions of TLR4, p-p65, and p-IκBα induced by LPS in THP-1 macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

All the phenolic acids displayed anti-inflammatory properties and the potential mechanisms involved the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Results of this study indicate that phenolic acids may be effective constituents of RSMA to treat vascular diseases associated with inflammation.

Inhibitory effect of naringenin via IL-13 level regulation on thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced inflammatory reactions

Naringenin (NG) has various beneficial properties, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) induces mast cell proliferation and inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of NG on TSLP-induced mast cell proliferation and inflammatory reactions using human mast cell line (HMC-1) cells. HMC-1 cells were pre-treated with NG and then treated with TSLP. HMC-1 cells proliferation was determined by quantifying bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Levels of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors were analyzed by western blot analysis. The productions and mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-13 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were analyzed by ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR. We found that NG significantly attenuated HMC-1 cells proliferation and Ki-67 mRNA expression promoted by TSLP. NG significantly suppressed mRNA expression of TSLP receptor and IL-7 receptor α in TSLP-treated HMC-1 cells. NG significantly down-regulated levels of phosphorylated-signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 and murine double-minute 2 in TSLP-treated HMC-1 cells, up-regulated levels of cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase and p53 in TSLP-treated HMC-1 cells. Furthermore, NG significantly decreased the productions and mRNA expressions of IL-13 and TNF-α in TSLP-treated HMC-1 cells. These results suggest NG has an inhibitory effect on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory reactions.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Artemisia scoparia and its active constituent, 3,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid against activated mast cells

OBJECTIVES

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. (AS) has been used to treat inflammation, urticaria and hepatitis. However, the scientific studies of AS and its active compound for inflammatory reactions in activated human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells have not yet been elucidated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Here, we isolated 3,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (DEQA) from AS butanol fraction. The anti-inflammatory effect of AS and its new active compound, DEQA was examined in HMC-1 cells by studying the following markers: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 secretion and mRNA expression by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Furthermore, mechanism related to anti-inflammatory was examined by Western blotting.

RESULTS

We reported that AS and its new active compound, DEQA significantly reduced TSLP, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production levels through the reduction of caspase-1 activity. The mRNA expression of these inflammatory cytokine was also reduced via blocking nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation by AS and DEQA. In addition, AS significantly reduced phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase level and DEQA significantly reduced both phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase and -p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, these results indicated that AS and its active compound, DEQA may improve mast cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Aloin promotes A549 cell apoptosis via the reactive oxygen species‑mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway and p53 phosphorylation

Aloin has the potential to be a novel anticancer agent in cancer therapies. However, the detailed anticancer effect of Aloin remains to be fully elucidated. The present study analyzed the p53‑dependent mechanisms in response to Aloin treatment. Using the p53‑proficient A549 cells, an Aloin‑induced apoptotic cell model was established, which was used to evaluate the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that 200, 300 and 400 µM Aloin induced intrinsic cell apoptosis, which was further confirmed by disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and activation of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) homologous antagonist killer, Bcl‑2 X‑associated protein, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis and phorbol‑12‑myristate‑13‑acetate‑induced protein 1. Aloin‑induced apoptosis was also accompanied by the induction of p53 phosphorylation on Serine (Ser)15, Threonine 18, Ser20 and Ser392; however, there were no significant differences in the expression of p53 and mouse double minute 2 homolog. Aloin‑induced apoptosis was reactive oxygen species (ROS)‑ and c‑Jun/p38‑dependent, as specific inhibitors for ROS, phosphorylated (p)‑c‑Jun and p‑p38 may attenuate Aloin‑induced A549 cell proliferating inhibition. In conclusion, these results suggested that Aloin may induce apoptosis in A549 cells via the ROS‑mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway, with p53 phosphorylation. These results implicate Aloin as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer.