S-nitrosocaptopril interrupts adhesion of cancer cells to vascular endothelium by suppressing cell adhesion molecules via inhibition of the NF-кB and JAK/STAT signal pathways in endothelial cells

Fuyuan decoction prevents nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis by inhibiting circulating tumor cells/ endothelial cells interplay and enhancing anti-cancer immune response

Distant metastasis is a major cause of treatment failure in cancer patients and a key challenge to improving cancer care today. We hypothesized that enhancing anti-cancer immune response and inhibiting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) adhesion and transendothelial migration through synergistic multi-target approaches may effectively prevent cancer metastasis. "Fuyuan Decoction" (FYD) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound that is widely used to prevent postoperative metastasis in cancer patients, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we systematically elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by which FYD prevents cancer metastasis through multi-compound and multi-target synergies in vitro and in vivo. FYD significantly prevented cancer metastasis at non-cytotoxic concentrations by suppressing the adhesion of CTCs to endothelial cells and their subsequent transendothelial migration, as well as enhancing anti-cancer immune response. Mechanistically, FYD interrupts adhesion of CTCs to vascular endothelium by inhibiting TNF-α-induced CAMs expression via regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in endothelial cells. FYD inhibits invasion and migration of CTCs by suppressing EMT, PI3K/AKT and FAK signaling pathways. Moreover, FYD enhances the anti-cancer immune response by significantly increasing the population of Tc and NK cells in the peripheral immune system. In addition, the chemical composition of FYD was determined by UPLC-HRMS, and the results indicated that multiple compounds in FYD prevents cancer metastasis through multi-target synergistic treatment. This study provides a modern medical basis for the application of FYD in the prevention of cancer metastasis, and suggesting that multi-drug and multi-target synergistic therapy may be one of the most effective ways to prevent cancer metastasis.

Lung cancer treatment potential and limits associated with the STAT family of transcription factors

Lung cancer is one of the mortal cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with a cancer survival rate of fewer than 5% in developing nations. This low survival rate can be linked to things like late-stage detection, quick postoperative recurrences in patients receiving therapy, and chemoresistance developing against various lung cancer treatments. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors are involved in lung cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunological control, and treatment resistance. By interacting with specific DNA sequences, STAT proteins trigger the production of particular genes, which in turn result in adaptive and incredibly specific biological responses. In the human genome, seven STAT proteins have been discovered (STAT1 to STAT6, including STAT5a and STAT5b). Many external signaling proteins can activate unphosphorylated STATs (uSTATs), which are found inactively in the cytoplasm. When STAT proteins are activated, they can increase the transcription of several target genes, which leads to unchecked cellular proliferation, anti-apoptotic reactions, and angiogenesis. The effects of STAT transcription factors on lung cancer are variable; some are either pro- or anti-tumorigenic, while others maintain dual, context-dependent activities. Here, we give a succinct summary of the various functions that each member of the STAT family plays in lung cancer and go into more detail about the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacologically targeting STAT proteins and their upstream activators in the context of lung cancer treatment.

Fucoxanthin prevents breast cancer metastasis by interrupting circulating tumor cells adhesion and transendothelial migration

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death and a critical challenge in improving cancer treatment today. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) adhesion to and across the vascular endothelium are critical steps in the establishment of micrometastatic foci away from the primary tumor. Therefore, we believe that interrupting CTCs adhesion to endothelium and transendothelial migration may efficiently prevent cancer metastasis. Fucoxanthin (Fx) is an algal carotenoid widely distributed in brown algae, macroalgae, and diatoms. Previous studies have found that Fx has various pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antimalarial, anticancer, and so on. However, it remains unclear whether Fx has a preventive effect on cancer metastasis. Here, we found that Fx interrupts breast cancer cells MCF-7 adhesion to endothelium and transendothelial migration, thus inhibiting CTCs-based pulmonary metastasis in vivo. The hetero-adhesion assay showed that Fx significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory factor-induced cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and the resulting adhesion between MCF-7 cells and endothelial cells. The wound-healing and transwell assays showed that Fx significantly inhibited the motility, invasion, and transendothelial migration abilities of MCF-7 cells. However, the same concentration of Fx did not significantly alter the cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and ROS of breast cancer cells, thus excluding the possibility that Fx inhibits MCF-7 cell adhesion and transendothelial migration through cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, Fx inhibits the expression of CAMs on endothelial cells by inhibiting the NF-кB signaling pathway by down-regulating the phosphorylation level of IKK-α/β, IкB-α, and NF-кB p65. Fx inhibits transendothelial migration of MCF-7 cells by inhibiting Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), PI3K/AKT, and FAK/Paxillin signaling pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that Fx significantly inhibits the formation of lung micrometastatic foci in immunocompetent syngeneic mouse breast cancer metastasis models. We also showed that Fx enhances antitumor immune responses by substantially increasing the subsets of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the peripheral immune system. This new finding provides a basis for the application of Fx in cancer metastatic chemoprevention and suggests that interruption of the CTCs adhesion to endothelium and transendothelial migration may serve as a new avenue for cancer metastatic chemoprevention.

Optimization of S-Nitrosocaptopril Monohydrate Storage Conditions Based on Response Surface Method

From unstable crystals to relatively stable monohydrate crystals, many researchers have been working on S-nitrosocaptopril for more than two decades. S-nitrosocaptopril monohydrate (Cap-NO·H₂O) is a novel crystal form of S-nitrosocaptopril (Cap-NO), and is not only a nitric oxide (NO) donor, but also an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI). Yet, a method for long-term storage has never been reported. In order to determine the optimal storage conditions, Plackett–Burman (PB) design was performed to confirm the critical factors. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal Cap-NO·H₂O storage condition, based on the rough interval determined by the path of steepest ascent experiment. The optimized storage condition was denoted as nitrogen purity of 97%, temperature of −10 °C and 1.20 g deoxidizer. In this case, a final preservation rate of 97.91 ± 0.59% could be obtained. In specific storage conditions, Cap-NO·H₂O was found to be stable for at least 6 months in individual PE package, procreating a potentially applicable avenue.

Interleukin-22: a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease that is characterized by the accumulation of immune cells and lipids in the vascular wall. In this review, we focus on the latest advance regarding the regulation and signaling pathways of IL-22 and highlight its impacts on atherosclerosis.

MAIN BODY

IL-22, an important member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, is released by cells of the adaptive and innate immune system and plays a key role in the development of inflammatory diseases. The binding of IL-22 to its receptor complex can trigger a diverse array of downstream signaling pathways, in particular the JAK/STAT, to induce the expression of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines. Recently, numerous studies suggest that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulation of VSMC proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, inflammatory response, hypertension, and cholesterol metabolism.

CONCLUSION

IL-22 promotes the development of atherosclerosis by multiple mechanisms, which may be a promising therapeutic target in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Research trends for papillary thyroid carcinoma from 2010 to 2019: A systematic review and bibliometrics analysis

BACKGROUND

Thyroid carcinoma comprises the fastest rising incidence of carcinomas over the past decade. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most predominant type of thyroid carcinoma. This study aimed to assess the research trends in the field of PTC.

METHODS

Publications from January 2010 to December 2019 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database using Thompson Reuters. Searching strategies were determined according to Medical Subject Heading terms. Different kinds of bibliometrics software, such as HistCite and VOSviewer, and online bibliometrics analysis platforms were utilized to evaluate and visualize the results.

RESULTS

A total of 8102 publications across 93 countries were identified, with the annual number of publications showing an increasing trend. The United States, China, and South Korea showed their dominant position in PTC publication outputs, H-index, total citations, and international collaborations. Thyroid was the most productive journal. Akira Miyauchi published the most articles, and the most productive institution was Yonsei University. The hotspots keywords proliferation, invasion and metastasis, diagnoses and prognoses, therapeutic resistance, recurrence, and microcarcinomas appeared earlier and were sustained over the last 3 years.

CONCLUSIONS

This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive analysis delineating the scientific productivity, collaboration, and research hotspots within the PTC field, which will be very helpful when focusing on the direction of research over the next few years.

Transcriptomic analysis identifies organ-specific metastasis genes and pathways across different primary sites

Background

Metastasis is the most devastating stage of cancer progression and often shows a preference for specific organs.

Methods

To reveal the mechanisms underlying organ-specific metastasis, we systematically analyzed gene expression profiles for three common metastasis sites across all available primary origins. A rank-based method was used to detect differentially expressed genes between metastatic tumor tissues and corresponding control tissues. For each metastasis site, the common differentially expressed genes across all primary origins were identified as organ-specific metastasis genes.

Results

Pathways enriched by these genes reveal an interplay between the molecular characteristics of the cancer cells and those of the target organ. Specifically, the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and HIF-1 signaling pathway were found to have prominent roles in adapting to the target organ environment in brain and liver metastases, respectively. Finally, the identified organ-specific metastasis genes and pathways were validated using a primary breast tumor dataset. Survival and cluster analysis showed that organ-specific metastasis genes and pathways tended to be expressed uniquely by a subgroup of patients having metastasis to the target organ, and were associated with the clinical outcome.

Conclusions

Elucidating the genes and pathways underlying organ-specific metastasis may help to identify drug targets and develop treatment strategies to benefit patients.

Aberrant Methylation and Differential Expression of SLC2A1, TNS4, GAPDH, ATP8A2, and CASZ1 Are Associated with the Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is one of the leading triggers for cancer death worldwide. In this study, the relationship of the aberrantly methylated and differentially expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with cancer prognosis was investigated, and 5 feature genes were identified eventually. Specifically, we firstly downloaded the LUAD-related mRNA expression profile (including 57 normal tissue samples and 464 LUAD tissue samples) and Methy450 expression data (including 32 normal tissue samples and 373 LUAD tissue samples) from the TCGA database. The package "limma" was used to screen differentially expressed genes and aberrantly methylated genes, which were intersected for identifying the hypermethylated downregulated genes (DGs Hyper) and the hypomethylated upregulated genes (UGs Hypo). GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were further performed, and it was found that these DGs Hyper and UGs Hypo were predominantly activated in the biological processes and signaling pathways such as the regulation of vasculature development, DNA-binding transcription activator activity, and Ras signaling pathway, indicating that these genes play a vital role in the initiation and progression of LUAD. Additionally, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to find the genes significantly associated with LUAD prognosis. Five genes including SLC2A1, TNS4, GAPDH, ATP8A2, and CASZ1 were identified, with the former three highly expressed and the latter two poorly expressed in LUAD, indicating poor prognosis of LUAD patients as judged by survival analysis.

Prevention of early liver metastasis after pancreatectomy by perioperative administration of a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor in mice

BACKGROUND

Liver metastasis is a common problem after pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer. In pancreatic cancer cells, nuclear factor-κB is activated constitutively. Nuclear factor-κB activates matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, which plays an important role in cancer metastasis. Because the serine protease inhibitor FUT-175 suppresses nuclear factor-κB, we hypothesized that perioperative treatment with FUT-175 for pancreatic cancer may help to prevent liver metastasis.

METHODS

We compared in vitro cell viability, cell invasiveness, nuclear factor-κB signaling, and the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase signals between the control group (C group) and the FUT-175 group (F group) using the murine pancreatic cancer cells PAN02. In addition, we evaluated the in vivo effect of pretreatment with FUT-175 using an established model of liver metastasis in mice. Metastatic liver lesions were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. Liver recurrence and overall survival were evaluated. Also, the antimetastatic effect of systemic administration of FUT-175 was examined.

RESULTS

FUT-175 did not suppress the cell viability of PAN02 cells at or after 24 hours of treatment (P > .05); however, cell invasion was suppressed in the F group compared with the C group (P < .05). The levels of nuclear factor-κB activation, membrane type-1 (MT-1) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14), and matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) were lower in the F group compared with the C group. In vivo, both disease-free and overall survivals were prolonged in the F group compared with the C group. Systemic administration was also effective in suppressing the number of metastases.

CONCLUSION

Perioperative treatment with FUT-175 may help to prevent early liver metastasis after pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer.

HAMPT, A Novel Quadruple Drug Combination Designed for Cancer Metastatic Chemoprevention: From Hypothesis to Proof-of-concept

BACKGROUND

Highly Active Metastasis Preventing Therapy (HAMPT) is a quardruple drug combination consisting of mifepristone, aspirin, lysine and doxycycline.

OBJECTIVE

Based on our previous study, here, we further proved that HAMPT could effectively and safely prevent colon cancer metastasis.

METHODS

It was specifically designed for synergistically controlling key cancer metastatic pathways. The dose of HAMPT was designed at lower than the pharmaceutically-recommended dose, and thus the sub-healthy cancer survivors may take HAMPT safely and for a long time for metastasis chemoprevention.

RESULTS

HAMPT within its effective concentration range (1-50 µg/mL) showed no cytotoxicity to colon cancer cells HT-29 and CT-26, but significantly inhibited adhesion and invasion of these colon cancer cell lines to human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to Matrigel. HAMPT exhibits a good adhesion inhibited ratio, suggesting that it functions primarily by inhibiting adhesion of the cancer cells to HUVECs, rather than killing the cancer cells. At low concentrations, HAMPT also inhibited cancer cell migration. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that HAMPT had no significant effect on cell cycle, but inhibited IL-1β-induced expression of both E-selectin of HUVECs and Sialyl-Lewis X of HT-29. The in vivo experiment showed that HAMPT suppressed metastasis of CT-26 cells to mouse lungs in a dose-dependent manner. In the mouse model, HAMPT showed advantages in preventing metastasis over other combinations.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that HAMPT is a novel quadruple drug combination that can safely and effectively prevent cancer metastasis.

Simultaneous blocking of CD47 and PD-L1 increases innate and adaptive cancer immune responses and cytokine release

Background

Treatment multiple tumors by immune therapy can be achieved by mobilizing both innate and adaptive immunity. The programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1; or CD274, B7-H1) is a critical “don't find me” signal to the adaptive immune system. Equally CD47 is a critical “don't eat me” signal to the innate immune system and a regulator of the adaptive immune response.

Method

Both of CD47 and PD-L1 are overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells to enable to escape immune-surveillance. We designed EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule)-targeted cationic liposome (LPP-P4-Ep) containing si-CD47 and si-PD-L1 could target high-EpCAM cancer cells and knockdown both CD47 and PD-L1 proteins.

Findings

Efficient silencing of CD47 and PD-L1 versus single gene silencing in vivo by systemic administration of LPP-P4-Ep could significantly inhibited the growth of solid tumors in subcutaneous and reduced lung metastasis in lung metastasis model. Target delivery of the complexes LPP-P4-Ep increased anti-tumor T cell and NK cell response, and release various cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-6 in vivo and in vitro.

Interpretation

This multi-nanoparticles showed significantly high-EpCAM tumor targeting and lower toxicity, and enhanced immune therapeutic efficacy. Our data indicated that dual-blockade tumor cell-specific innate and adaptive checkpoints represents an improved strategy for tumor immunotherapy.

Fund

This research supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant number 2015CB931804); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant numbers 81703555, U1505225 and 81773063), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number 2017 M620268).

Circulation patterns and seed-soil compatibility factors cooperate to cause cancer organ-specific metastasis

Despite the recognition of the lethality of cancer metastasis and the importance of developing specific anti-metastasis therapies directed at the cancer metastatic cascade, the dynamics of cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the dynamics of circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival in the bloodstream using experimental mouse models. CTCs were arrested in the capillaries by adhesion to vascular endothelium within a few minutes after injection into the bloodstream. The loss of CTCs from the circulation followed a bi-phasic decay pattern, with the number of CTCs in the bloodstream being closely associated with the number of blood circulation cycles. The calculated in vivo Vd (apparent volume of distribution) of the CTC revealed organ specific binding of the CTCs. Moreover, confocal microscopy, in vivo fluorescence imaging in syngeneic mouse metastatic models and analysis of blood circulation patterns support the notion of organ-specific tumor metastasis. The present study suggests that organ-specific tumor metastasis is influenced by cooperation between blood circulation patterns and 'seed-soil' compatibility factors. These new findings provide further insights for optimized cancer metastatic prevention strategies such as by creating a hostile circulation microenvironment and targeting the organ-specific 'seed-soil' compatibility factors.

A novel S-nitrosocaptopril monohydrate for pulmonary arterial hypertension: H2O and -SNO intermolecular stabilization chemistry

S-nitrosocaptopril (CapNO) possesses dual capacities of both Captopril and an NO donor with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. CapNO crystals are difficult to make due to its unstable S-NO bond. Here, we report a novel stable S-nitrosocaptopril monohydrate (CapNO·H₂O) that is stabilized by intermolecular five-membered structure, where one H of H₂O forms a hydrogen bond with O^- of the stable resonance zwitterion Cap-S⁺=N-O^-, and the O in H₂O forms the dipole-dipole interaction with S⁺ through two unpaired electrons. With the chelation and common ion effect, we synthesized and characterized CapNO·H₂O that is stable at 4 °C for 180 days and thereafter without significant degradation. Compared to Captopril, CapNO showed direct vasorelaxation and beneficial effect on PAH rats, and could be self-assembled in rat stomach when Captopril and NaNO₂ were given separately. This novel CapNO·H₂O with low entropy paves an avenue for its clinical trials and commercialization.

S-Nitrosocaptopril prevents cancer metastasis in vivo by creating the hostile bloodstream microenvironment against circulating tumor cells

A perfect microenvironment facilitates the activated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to spark the adhesion-invasion-extravasation metastatic cascade in their premetastatic niche. Platelet-CTC interaction contributes to the progression of tumor malignancy by protecting CTCs from shear stress and immunological assault, aiding CTCs entrapment in the capillary bed, enabling CTCs to successfully exit the bloodstream and enter the tissue, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition (EMT), and assisting in the establishment of metastatic foci. To prevent the cascade from sparking, we show that, the multifunctional S-nitrosocaptopril (CapNO) acts on both CTCs and platelets to interrupt platelet/CTCs interplay and adhesion to endothelium, thus inhibiting CTC-based pulmonary metastasis in vivo. The activated platelets cloak cancer HT29 cells, resulting in HT29-exhibiting platelet biomarkers CD61 and P-selectin positive. CapNO inhibits both sialyl Lewis^x (Slex) expression on HT29 and ADP-induced activation of platelets through P-selectin- and GPIIb/IIIa-dependent mechanisms, confirmed by the corresponding antibody assay. CapNO inhibits platelet- or interleukin (IL)-1β-mediated adhesion between HT29 and endothelial cells, and micrometastatic formation in the lungs of immunocompetent syngeneic mouse models. CapNO have also shown the effects of vasodilation, anticoagulation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) expression on cancer cells, and inhibition of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) expression on vascular endothelium. Due to a series of the beneficial effects of CapNO, CTCs remain exposed to the hostile bloodstream environment and are vulnerable to death induced by shear stress and immune elimination. This new discovery provides a basis for CapNO used for cancer metastatic chemoprevention, and might suggest regulation of the CTCs bloodstream microenvironment as a new avenue for cancer metastatic prevention.

Metastatic cancer cells compensate for low energy supplies in hostile microenvironments with bioenergetic adaptation and metabolic reprogramming

Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related mortalities, and the complex processes of metastasis remain the least understood aspect of cancer biology. Metabolic reprogramming is associated with cancer cell survival and metastasis in a hostile envi-ronment with a limited nutrient supply, such as solid tumors. Little is known regarding the differences of bioenergetic adaptation between primary tumor cells and metastatic tumor cells in unfavorable microenvironments; to clarify these differences, the present study aimed to compare metabolic reprogramming of primary tumor cells and metastatic tumor cells. SW620 metastatic tumor cells exhibited stronger bioenergetic adaptation in unfavorable conditions compared with SW480 primary tumor-derived cells, as determined by the sustained elevation of glycolysis and regulation of the cell cycle. This remarkable glycolytic ability of SW620 cells was associated with high expression levels of hexokinase (HK)1, HK2, glucose transporter type 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Compared with SW480 cells, the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins was effectively inhibited in SW620 cells to sustain cell survival when there was a lack of energy. Furthermore, SW620 cells exhibited a stronger mesenchymal phenotype and stem cell characteristics compared with SW480 cells; CD133 and CD166 were highly expressed in SW620 cells, whereas expression was not detected in SW480 cells. These data may explain why metastatic cancer cells exhibit greater microenvironmental adaptability and survivability; specifically, this may be achieved by upregulating glycolysis, optimizing the cell cycle and reprogramming cell metabolism. The present study may provide a target metabolic pathway for cancer metastasis therapy.

The Evaluation of Animal Models in the Development of Anticancer Agents: From Preclinical to Clinical Tests

BACKGROUND

One of the main reasons for most of the anticancer drugs to fail in the late preclinical testing and early clinical trials is the differences in drug effects observed from animals and patients, and the challenge has been to find a balance to reduce the inherent differences from species.

OBJECTIVE

Predicting safe starting doses and dosing schedules for human clinical trials is the main purpose of toxicological studies of anticancer drugs.

METHODS

Relevant information and data were assimilated from manuscripts, congress publications, and online sources.

RESULTS

We systematically overview the cons and pros of animal models and briefed the ways to determine human clinical starting doses derived from animal toxicological studies for anticancer drugs.

CONCLUSION

This information helps smart select the suitable predictive model for anti-cancer drugs with the different mechanisms and emphasized the pharmaceutical challenges behind and ahead.

A Flavonoid Glycoside Compound from Murraya paniculata (L.) Interrupts Metastatic Characteristics of A549 Cells by Regulating STAT3/NF-κB/COX-2 and EGFR Signaling Pathways

Metastasis remains the leading cause of death from lung carcinoma. It is urgent to find safe and efficient pre-metastasis preventive agents for cancer survivors. We isolated a flavonoid glycoside, hexamethoxy flavanone-o-[rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-rhamnopyranoside (HMFRR), from the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Murraya paniculata (L.) that can effectively inhibit the adhesion, migration, and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vitro. Molecular and cellular studies demonstrated that HMFRR significantly downregulated the expressions of cell adhesion-related and invasion-related molecules such as integrin β1, EGFR, COX-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 proteins. Additionally, HMFRR effectively downregulated the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (N-cadherin and vimentin) and upregulated that of E-cadherin. Moreover, these inhibitions were mediated by interrupting STAT3/NF-κB/COX-2 and EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Furthermore, HMFRR counteracted the expressions of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin) stimulated by interleukin-1β in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). As a result, HMFRR interrupted the adhesion of A549 cells to HPMECs. Collectively, these results indicate that HMFRR may become a good candidate for cancer metastatic chemopreventive agents by interrupting the STAT3/NF-κB/COX-2 and EGFR signaling pathways.