1
|
Shao Y, Cai Y, Chen T, Hao K, Luo B, Wang X, Guo W, Su X, Lv L, Yang Y, Li W. Impaired erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular B receptors signaling in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus following maternal immune activation in male rats. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12863. [PMID: 37575018 PMCID: PMC10733575 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
An environmental risk factor for schizophrenia (SZ) is maternal infection, which exerts longstanding effects on the neurodevelopment of offspring. Accumulating evidence suggests that synaptic disturbances may contribute to the pathology of the disease, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular B (EphB) receptor signaling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the formation and maturation of dendritic spines and regulating excitatory neurotransmission. We examined whether EphB receptors and downstream associated proteins are susceptible to environmental risk factors implicated in the etiology of synaptic disturbances in SZ. Using an established rodent model, which closely imitates the characteristics of SZ, we observed the behavioral performance and synaptic structure of male offspring in adolescence and early adulthood. We then analyzed the expression of EphB receptors and associated proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Maternal immune activation offspring showed significantly progressive cognitive impairment and pre-pulse inhibition deficits together with an increase in the expression of EphB2 receptors and NMDA receptor subunits. We also found changes in EphB receptor downstream signaling, in particular, a decrease in phospho-cofilin levels which may explain the reduced dendritic spine density. Besides, we found that the AMPA glutamate, another glutamate ionic receptor associated with cofilin, decreased significantly in maternal immune activation offspring. Thus, alterations in EphB signaling induced by immune activation during pregnancy may underlie disruptions in synaptic plasticity and function in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus associated with behavioral and cognitive impairment. These findings may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Shao
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yaqi Cai
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Keke Hao
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Binbin Luo
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Weiyun Guo
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Stem Cell and Biological Treatment Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and TechnologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xi Su
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental DisorderXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental DisorderXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental DisorderXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Henan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of HenanXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental DisorderXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu YH, Luo Y, Cao JB, Liu YH, Song YX, Zhang XY, Fu Q, Mi WD, Li H. lncRNA BDNF-AS Attenuates Propofol-Induced Apoptosis in HT22 Cells by Modulating the BDNF/TrkB Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3504-3511. [PMID: 35338452 PMCID: PMC9148285 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is widely used as an intravenous anesthetic in clinical practice. Previous studies have indicated that propofol induces apoptosis in neurons. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophic factor, is associated with neuronal apoptosis. BDNF-AS, a relatively conserved long non-coding RNA, can reverse the transcription of BDNF. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of BDNF-AS in propofol-induced apoptosis in HT22 cells. HT22 cells were treated with various concentrations of propofol at different time points. BDNF-AS was silenced using BDNF-AS-targeting siRNA. TrkB was antagonized by the TrkB inhibitor, ANA-12. Flow cytometry, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and western blotting were performed to analyze apoptosis and the expression of genes and proteins, respectively. In propofol-treated HT22 cells, BDNF-AS was upregulated, and BDNF was downregulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. BDNF-AS downregulation mediated by siRNA mitigated apoptosis, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and downregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3, 7, and 9. ANA-12 downregulated the expression of Bcl-2, upregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3, 7, and 9, and increased apoptosis. Our study implied that inhibition of BDNF-AS can decrease propofol-induced apoptosis by activating the BDNF/TrkB pathway. Thus, the BDNF-AS-BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway may be a valuable target for treating propofol-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hai Xu
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
- Air Force Medical Center, PLA, 30th Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Air Force Medical Center, PLA, 30th Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Jiang-Bei Cao
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yu-Xiang Song
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Wei-Dong Mi
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Hao Li
- Present Address: 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bleeser T, Van Der Veeken L, Fieuws S, Devroe S, Van de Velde M, Deprest J, Rex S. Effects of general anaesthesia during pregnancy on neurocognitive development of the fetus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2021; 126:1128-1140. [PMID: 33836853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US Food and Drug Administration warned that exposure of pregnant women to general anaesthetics may impair fetal brain development. This review systematically evaluates the evidence underlying this warning. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception until April 3, 2020. Preclinical and clinical studies were eligible. Exclusion criteria included case reports, in vitro models, chronic exposures, and exposure only during delivery. Meta-analyses were performed on standardised mean differences. The primary outcome was overall effect on learning/memory. Secondary outcomes included markers of neuronal injury (apoptosis, synapse formation, neurone density, and proliferation) and subgroup analyses. RESULTS There were 65 preclinical studies included, whereas no clinical studies could be identified. Anaesthesia during pregnancy impaired learning and memory (standardised mean difference -1.16, 95% confidence interval -1.46 to -0.85) and resulted in neuronal injury in all experimental models, irrespective of the anaesthetic drugs and timing in pregnancy. Risk of bias was high in most studies. Rodents were the most frequently used animal species, although their brain development differs significantly from that in humans. In a minority of studies, anaesthesia was combined with surgery. Monitoring and strict control of physiological homeostasis were below preclinical and clinical standards in many studies. The duration and frequency of exposure and anaesthetic doses were often much higher than in clinical routine. CONCLUSION Anaesthesia-induced neurotoxicity during pregnancy is a consistent finding in preclinical studies, but translation of these results to the clinical situation is limited by several factors. Clinical observational studies are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018115194.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bleeser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lennart Van Der Veeken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffen Fieuws
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Devroe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van de Velde
- Department of Anaesthesiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steffen Rex
- Department of Anaesthesiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Postconditioning with Sevoflurane or Propofol Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation but Exerts Dissimilar Effects on the NR2B Subunit and Cognition. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4251-4267. [PMID: 33970453 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation can cause cognitive deficits, and preexisting neuroinflammation is observed frequently in the clinic after trauma, surgery, and infection. Patients with preexisting neuroinflammation often need further medical treatment under general anesthesia. However, the effects of postconditioning with general anesthetics on preexisting neuroinflammation have not been determined. In this study, adult rats were posttreated with sevoflurane or propofol after intracerebroventricular administration of lipopolysaccharide. The effects of sevoflurane or propofol postconditioning on neuroinflammation-induced recognition memory deficits were detected. Our results found that postconditioning with sevoflurane but not propofol reversed the selective spatial recognition memory impairment induced by neuroinflammation, and these differential effects did not appear to be associated with the similar anti-neuroinflammatory responses of general anesthetics. However, postconditioning with propofol induced a selective long-lasting upregulation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the dorsal hippocampus, which downregulated the cAMP response element-binding signaling pathway and impaired spatial recognition memory. Additionally, the NR2B antagonists memantine and Ro25-6981 reversed this neurotoxicity induced by propofol postconditioning. Taken together, these results indicate that under preexisting neuroinflammation, postconditioning with sevoflurane can provide reliable neuroprotection by attenuating lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and neuronal loss and eventually improving spatial recognition deficits. However, although posttreatment with propofol also has the same anti-neuroinflammatory effects, the neurotoxicity caused by propofol postconditioning following neuroinflammation warrants further consideration.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Yi J, Pan M, Hu B, Duan H. Edaravone alleviated propofol-induced neural injury in developing rats by BDNF/TrkB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4974-4987. [PMID: 33932098 PMCID: PMC8178254 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a variety of free radical scavenger, edaravone has shown its potential in producing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in various disease models. However, the underlying mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects of edaravone remained unclear. This study is aimed at determining the effects of edaravone on neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory through a propofol-induced neural injury rat model. Firstly, an observation was made of apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of developing under the influence of propofol. It was found out that propofol could produce inflammatory effects in the hippocampus by enhancing the astrogliosis (GFAP) activation and elevating the level of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Meanwhile, the increase of apoptosis cells and the decrease of neurons (NeuN) were speculated to aggravate neural injury. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that edaravone intervention can reverse the neural apoptosis and inflammation. Additionally, the intraperitoneal injection of edaravone, the intraperitoneal injection of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mimicking small compound (7,8 dihydroxyflavone) and the intracranial injection of the exogenous BDNF were all respectively effective in alleviating the propofol-induced neural apoptosis and inflammation in the hippocampus. It was also found out that edaravone-activated downstream signalling through tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) receptors in astrocyte, microglia and neuron. However, the neural injury of propofol had no impact on long-term learning and memory, except causing a short-term neurotoxicity. In conclusion, edaravone could alleviate the propofol-induced neural injury in developing rats through BDNF/TrkB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangliang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhi Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoji Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han XM, Huang F, Jiao ML, Liu HR, Zhao ZH, Zhan HQ, Guo SY. Antidepressant Activity of Euparin: Involvement of Monoaminergic Neurotransmitters and SAT1/NMDAR2B/BDNF Signal Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1490-1500. [PMID: 32788507 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most significant risk factor for suicide, yet the causes are complex and disease mechanism remains unclear. The incidence and disability rate of depression are very high and the efficacy of some traditional antidepressants is not completely satisfactory. Recently, some studies have found that benzofurans have anti-oxidation and anti-monoamine oxidase properties, which are related to depression. Euparin is a monomer compound of benzofuran, previous work by our team found that it improves the behavior of depressed mice. However, additional antidepressant effects and mechanisms of Euparin have not been reported. In this study, the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) model of mice was used to further investigate the effect and mechanism of Euparin on depression. Results showed that Euparin (8, 16 and 32 mg/kg) reduced depression-like behavior in mice compared with the model group. Meanwhile, all doses of Euparin were found to increase the contents of monoamine neurotransmitter and decrease monoamine oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in brain of depression mice. Additionally, Euparin restored CUMS-induced decrease of Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NMDAR2B) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. These findings demonstrate that Euparin has antidepressant properties, and its mechanism involves the SAT1/NMDAR2B/BDNF signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Meng Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Ming-Li Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Hui-Ru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Zheng-Hang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
| | - He-Qin Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Furukawa T, Nikaido Y, Shimoyama S, Ogata Y, Kushikata T, Hirota K, Kanematsu T, Hirata M, Ueno S. Phospholipase C-related inactive protein type-1 deficiency affects anesthetic electroencephalogram activity induced by propofol and etomidate in mice. J Anesth 2019; 33:531-542. [PMID: 31332527 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The general anesthetics propofol and etomidate mainly exert their anesthetic actions via GABA A receptor (GABAA-R). The GABAA-R activity is influenced by phospholipase C-related inactive protein type-1 (PRIP-1), which is related to trafficking and subcellular localization of GABAA-R. PRIP-1 deficiency attenuates the behavioral reactions to propofol but not etomidate. However, the effect of these anesthetics and of PRIP-1 deficiency on brain activity of CNS are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of propofol and etomidate on the electroencephalogram (EEG). METHODS The cortical EEG activity was recorded in wild-type (WT) and PRIP-1 knockout (PRIP-1 KO) mice. All recorded EEG data were offline analyzed, and the power spectral density and 95% spectral edge frequency of EEG signals were compared between genotypes before and after injections of anesthetics. RESULTS PRIP-1 deficiency induced increases in EEG absolute powers, but did not markedly change the relative spectral powers during waking and sleep states in the absence of anesthesia. Propofol administration induced increases in low-frequency relative EEG activity and decreases in SEF95 values in WT but not in PRIP-1 KO mice. Following etomidate injection, low-frequency EEG power was increased in both genotype groups. At high frequency, the relative power in PRIP-1 KO mice was smaller than that in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The lack of PRIP-1 disrupted the EEG power distribution, but did not affect the depth of anesthesia after etomidate administration. Our analyses suggest that PRIP-1 is differentially involved in anesthetic EEG activity with the regulation of GABAA-R activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaihu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nikaido
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaihu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaihu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ogata
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaihu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kushikata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hirota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- School of Dental Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaihu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan. .,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|