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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M, Riederer P. Toxic interactions between dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, and genes in mitochondria of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:639-661. [PMID: 38196001 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by its distinct pathological features; loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accumulation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites containing modified α-synuclein. Beneficial effects of L-DOPA and dopamine replacement therapy indicate dopamine deficit as one of the main pathogenic factors. Dopamine and its oxidation products are proposed to induce selective vulnerability in dopamine neurons. However, Parkinson's disease is now considered as a generalized disease with dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenic factors include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein accumulation, programmed cell death, impaired proteolytic systems, neuroinflammation, and decline of neurotrophic factors. This paper presents interactions among dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, its inhibitors, and related genes in mitochondria. α-Synuclein inhibits dopamine synthesis and function. Vice versa, dopamine oxidation by monoamine oxidase produces toxic aldehydes, reactive oxygen species, and quinones, which modify α-synuclein, and promote its fibril production and accumulation in mitochondria. Excessive dopamine in experimental models modifies proteins in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and inhibits the function. α-Synuclein and familiar Parkinson's disease-related gene products modify the expression and activity of monoamine oxidase. Type A monoamine oxidase is associated with neuroprotection by an unspecific dose of inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, rasagiline and selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline prevent α-synuclein fibrillization, modulate this toxic collaboration, and exert neuroprotection in experimental studies. Complex interactions between these pathogenic factors play a decisive role in neurodegeneration in PD and should be further defined to develop new therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 320-0195, Japan.
| | - Wakako Maruyama
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 320-0195, Japan
| | - Masayo Shamoto-Nagai
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 320-0195, Japan
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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2
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Khashab R, Gutman-Sharabi N, Shabtai Z, Landau R, Halperin R, Fay-Karmon T, Leibowitz A, Sharabi Y. Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde Lowering Treatment Improves Locomotor and Neurochemical Abnormalities in the Rat Rotenone Model: Relevance to the Catecholaldehyde Hypothesis for the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12522. [PMID: 37569897 PMCID: PMC10419703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The catecholaldehyde hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease centers on accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in dopaminergic neurons. To test the hypothesis, it is necessary to reduce DOPAL and assess if this improves locomotor abnormalities. Systemic administration of rotenone to rats reproduces the motor and central neurochemical abnormalities characterizing Parkinson's disease. In this study, we used the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) deprenyl to decrease DOPAL production, with or without the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Adult rats received subcutaneous vehicle, rotenone (2 mg/kg/day via a minipump), or rotenone with deprenyl (5 mg/kg/day i.p.) with or without oral NAC (1 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Motor function tests included measures of open field activity and rearing. Striatal tissue was assayed for contents of dopamine, DOPAL, and other catechols. Compared to vehicle, rotenone reduced locomotor activity (distance, velocity and rearing); increased tissue DOPAL; and decreased dopamine concentrations and inhibited vesicular sequestration of cytoplasmic dopamine and enzymatic breakdown of cytoplasmic DOPAL by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), as indicated by DA/DOPAL and DOPAC/DOPAL ratios. The addition of deprenyl to rotenone improved all the locomotor indices, increased dopamine and decreased DOPAL contents, and corrected the rotenone-induced vesicular uptake and ALDH abnormalities. The beneficial effects were augmented when NAC was added to deprenyl. Rotenone evokes locomotor and striatal neurochemical abnormalities found in Parkinson's disease, including DOPAL buildup. Administration of an MAOI attenuates these abnormalities, and NAC augments the beneficial effects. The results indicate a pathogenic role of DOPAL in the rotenone model and suggest that treatment with MAOI+NAC might be beneficial for Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Khashab
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Naama Gutman-Sharabi
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zehava Shabtai
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Regev Landau
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Reut Halperin
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tsviya Fay-Karmon
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Avshalom Leibowitz
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Sharabi
- Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel; (R.K.); (N.G.-S.); (Z.S.); (R.L.); (R.H.); (T.F.-K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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3
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Bloch DN, Sandre M, Ben Zichri S, Masato A, Kolusheva S, Bubacco L, Jelinek R. Scavenging neurotoxic aldehydes using lysine carbon dots. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1356-1367. [PMID: 36866263 PMCID: PMC9972859 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes generated in cells and tissues are associated with adverse physiological effects. Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the biogenic aldehyde enzymatically produced from dopamine, is cytotoxic, generates reactive oxygen species, and triggers aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein implicated in Parkinson's disease. Here, we demonstrate that carbon dots (C-dots) prepared from lysine as the carbonaceous precursor bind DOPAL molecules through interactions between the aldehyde units and amine residues on the C-dot surface. A set of biophysical and in vitro experiments attests to attenuation of the adverse biological activity of DOPAL. In particular, we show that the lysine-C-dots inhibit DOPAL-induced α-synuclein oligomerization and cytotoxicity. This work underlines the potential of lysine-C-dots as an effective therapeutic vehicle for aldehyde scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nir Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova Italy
| | - Shani Ben Zichri
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
| | - Anna Masato
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Italy
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (IKI), Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Italy
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (IKI), Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
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A novel multi-target strategy to attenuate the progression of Parkinson's disease by diamine hybrid AGE/ALE inhibitor. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:2185-2200. [PMID: 34634921 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Instead of a conventional 'one-drug-one-target approach', this article presents a novel multi-target approach with a concept of trapping simultaneously as many detrimental factors as possible involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease. These factors include reactive carbonyl species, reactive oxygen species, Fe3+/Cu2+ and ortho-quinones (o-quinone), in particular. Different from the known multi-target strategies for Parkinson's disease, it is a sort of 'vacuum cleaning' strategy. The new agent consists of reactive carbonyl species scavenging moiety and reactive oxygen species scavenging and metal chelating moiety linked by a spacer. Provided that the capacity of scavenging o-quinones is demonstrated, this type of agent can further broaden its potential therapeutic profile. In order to support this new hypothetical approach, a number of simple in vitro experiments are proposed.
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5
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Gandelman M, Dansithong W, Kales SC, Paul S, Maag G, Aoyama E, Zakharov A, Rai G, Dexheimer T, Whitehill BM, Sun H, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Henderson MJ, Huynh DP, Pulst SM, Scoles DR. The AKT modulator A-443654 reduces α-synuclein expression and normalizes ER stress and autophagy. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101191. [PMID: 34520759 PMCID: PMC8482485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein is a main underlying pathological feature of Parkinson's disease and α-synucleinopathies, for which lowering expression of the α-synuclein gene (SNCA) is a potential therapeutic avenue. Using a cell-based luciferase reporter of SNCA expression we performed a quantitative high-throughput screen of 155,885 compounds and identified A-443654, an inhibitor of the multiple functional kinase AKT, as a potent inhibitor of SNCA. HEK-293 cells with CAG repeat expanded ATXN2 (ATXN2-Q58 cells) have increased levels of α-synuclein. We found that A-443654 normalized levels of both SNCA mRNA and α-synuclein monomers and oligomers in ATXN2-Q58 cells. A-443654 also normalized levels of α-synuclein in fibroblasts and iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons from a patient carrying a triplication of the SNCA gene. Analysis of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers showed that A-443654 successfully prevented α-synuclein toxicity and restored cell function in ATXN2-Q58 cells, normalizing the levels of mTOR, LC3-II, p62, STAU1, BiP, and CHOP. A-443654 also decreased the expression of DCLK1, an inhibitor of α-synuclein lysosomal degradation. Our study identifies A-443654 and AKT inhibition as a potential strategy for reducing SNCA expression and treating Parkinson's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Gandelman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Kales
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharan Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gentrie Maag
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Erika Aoyama
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexey Zakharov
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ganesha Rai
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Dexheimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brooke M Whitehill
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongmao Sun
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark J Henderson
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Duong P Huynh
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel R Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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6
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Sharabi Y, Vatine GD, Ashkenazi A. Parkinson's disease outside the brain: targeting the autonomic nervous system. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:868-876. [PMID: 34536407 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease present with signs and symptoms of dysregulation of the peripheral autonomic nervous system that can even precede motor deficits. This dysregulation might reflect early pathology and therefore could be targeted for the development of prodromal or diagnostic biomarkers. Only a few objective clinical tests assess disease progression and are used to evaluate the entire spectrum of autonomic dysregulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, results from epidemiological studies and findings from new animal models suggest that the dysfunctional autonomic nervous system is a probable route by which Parkinson's disease pathology can spread both to and from the CNS. The autonomic innervation of the gut, heart, and skin is affected by α-synuclein pathology in the early stages of the disease and might initiate α-synuclein spread via the autonomic connectome to the CNS. The development of easy-to-use and reliable clinical tests of autonomic nervous system function seems crucial for early diagnosis, and for developing strategies to stop or prevent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehonatan Sharabi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Gad D Vatine
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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7
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Lewis CD, Singh AK, Hsu FF, Thotala D, Hallahan DE, Kapoor V. Targeting a Radiosensitizing Antibody-Drug Conjugate to a Radiation-Inducible Antigen. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3224-3233. [PMID: 34074654 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently discovered that anti-TIP1 antibody activates endocytosis in cancer cells, which facilitates retention of antibody and dissociation of a conjugated drug. To improve the pharmacokinetics and cancer specificity of radiosensitizing drugs, we utilized antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that bind specifically to radiation-inducible antigen, TIP1, on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This approach exploits the long circulation time of antibodies to deliver a radiosensitizing drug to cancer each day during radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Antibodies to TIP1 were prioritized based on affinity, cancer-specific binding, and internalization. The lead antibody, 7H5, was conjugated with a cytotoxic drug MMAE because of its ability to radiosensitize cancer. Cytotoxicity, colony formation, and tumor growth studies were performed with 7H5-VcMMAE in combination with radiation. RESULTS 7H5 showed a high affinity to recombinant TIP1 protein and radiation-inducible TIP1 on the cancer cell surface. 7H5 undergoes endocytosis in NSCLC cells in vitro. We obtained an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4.25 for 7H5-VcMMAE. A 70% reduction in viable cells was observed following 7H5-VcMMAE treatment compared with 7H5 alone in both A549 and H1299 cells. 7H5-VcMMAE sensitized NSCLC cells to radiation, thereby significantly decreasing the surviving fraction. The ADC combined with radiation showed a prolonged delay in tumor growth and improved survival in A549 and H1299 tumor models. CONCLUSIONS Targeting radiation-inducible TIP1 with a radiosensitizing ADC is a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of NSCLC. This novel approach of targeting with ADCs to radiation-inducible antigens will lead to clinical trials in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin D Lewis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Abhay K Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dennis E Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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8
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Goldstein DS. The Catecholaldehyde Hypothesis for the Pathogenesis of Catecholaminergic Neurodegeneration: What We Know and What We Do Not Know. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115999. [PMID: 34206133 PMCID: PMC8199574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is the focus of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body diseases. The catecholaldehyde is produced via oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) acting on cytoplasmic dopamine. DOPAL is autotoxic, in that it can harm the same cells in which it is produced. Normally, DOPAL is detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-mediated conversion to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), which rapidly exits the neurons. Genetic, environmental, or drug-induced manipulations of ALDH that build up DOPAL promote catecholaminergic neurodegeneration. A concept derived from the catecholaldehyde hypothesis imputes deleterious interactions between DOPAL and the protein alpha-synuclein (αS), a major component of Lewy bodies. DOPAL potently oligomerizes αS, and αS oligomers impede vesicular and mitochondrial functions, shifting the fate of cytoplasmic dopamine toward the MAO-catalyzed formation of DOPAL—destabilizing vicious cycles. Direct and indirect effects of DOPAL and of DOPAL-induced misfolded proteins could “freeze” intraneuronal reactions, plasticity of which is required for neuronal homeostasis. The extent to which DOPAL toxicity is mediated by interactions with αS, and vice versa, is poorly understood. Because of numerous secondary effects such as augmented spontaneous oxidation of dopamine by MAO inhibition, there has been insufficient testing of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis in animal models. The clinical pathophysiological significance of genetics, emotional stress, environmental agents, and interactions with numerous proteins relevant to the catecholaldehyde hypothesis are matters for future research. The imposing complexity of intraneuronal catecholamine metabolism seems to require a computational modeling approach to elucidate clinical pathogenetic mechanisms and devise pathophysiology-based, individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yang F, Li Y, Pan H, Wu K, Lu Y, Shi F. A novel LC-MS/MS method for quantification of unstable endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde in rat brain after chemical derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113822. [PMID: 33358301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a toxic intermediary metabolite of dopamine (DA), causes catecholaminergic neurodegeneration via covalent binding with functional proteins or other biomolecules. Accurate quantification of DOPAL is essential to investigate the etiological factors associated with DOPAL and the pathogenetic role of DOPAL in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, no validated quantitative methods are available. Quantification of DOPAL in biosample is challenging since it is a reactive endogenous aldehyde with poor ionization efficiency and chromatographic behavior in the LC-MS system. Here, a sensitive, simple, and robust UPLC-MS/MS method has been established and validated for the determination of DOPAL in rat brain tissue specimens. DOPAL was found to be unstable in biosample due to reactive aldehyde whereas it was stable in acidic condition. The analyte was stabilized by pH and temperature control during the sample preparation and derivatization. Then, a chemical derivatization method that can be readily performed in acidic conditions and at low temperature was employed using 2-hydrazino-4-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine (HTP) to block the reactive aldehyde and improve the detection sensitivity (about 100-fold increase) and chromatographic retention. Bovine serum albumin was used as a surrogate matrix, which was validated by the parallelism assay and post-column infusion experiment. This method was fully validated and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.5 ng/mL. With the method, a significant increase of DOPAL level was found in striatum region of rats received 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection for 12 h, indicating DOPAL may play a pathogenic role in 6-OHDA-induced PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
| | - Fuguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
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10
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Limanaqi F, Busceti CL, Fornai F. Locus Coeruleus and neurovascular unit: From its role in physiology to its potential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2406-2434. [PMID: 32875628 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic (NA) nucleus of the central nervous system. LC degenerates early during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NA loss might concur to AD pathogenesis. Aside from neurons, LC terminals provide dense innervation of brain intraparenchymal arterioles/capillaries, and NA modulates astrocyte functions. The term neurovascular unit (NVU) defines the strict anatomical/functional interaction occurring between neurons, glial cells, and brain vessels. NVU plays a fundamental role in coupling the energy demand of activated brain regions with regional cerebral blood flow, it includes the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays an active role in neuroinflammation, and participates also to the glymphatic system. NVU alteration is involved in AD pathophysiology through several mechanisms, mainly related to a relative oligoemia in activated brain regions and impairment of structural and functional BBB integrity, which contributes also to the intracerebral accumulation of insoluble amyloid. We review the existing data on the morphological features of LC-NA innervation of the NVU, as well as its contribution to neurovascular coupling and BBB proper functioning. After introducing the main experimental data linking LC with AD, which have repeatedly shown a key role of neuroinflammation and increased amyloid plaque formation, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which the loss of NVU modulation by LC might contribute to AD pathogenesis. Surprisingly, thus far not so many studies have tested directly these mechanisms in models of AD in which LC has been lesioned experimentally. Clarifying the interaction of LC with NVU in AD pathogenesis may disclose potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Goldstein DS. The catecholaldehyde hypothesis: where MAO fits in. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:169-177. [PMID: 31807952 PMCID: PMC10680281 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays a central role in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This brief review focuses on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is the immediate product of MAO acting on cytoplasmic dopamine. DOPAL is toxic; however, normally DOPAL is converted via aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), which rapidly exits the neurons. In addition to vesicular uptake of dopamine via the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), the two-enzyme sequence of MAO and ALDH keeps cytoplasmic dopamine levels low. Dopamine oxidizes readily to form toxic products that could threaten neuronal homeostasis. The catecholaldehyde hypothesis posits that diseases featuring catecholaminergic neurodegeneration result from harmful interactions between DOPAL and the protein alpha-synuclein, a major component of Lewy bodies in diseases such as Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and pure autonomic failure. DOPAL potently oligomerizes alpha-synuclein, and alpha-synuclein oligomers impede vesicular functions, shifting the fate of cytoplasmic dopamine toward MAO-catalyzed formation of DOPAL-a vicious cycle. When MAO deaminates dopamine to form DOPAL, hydrogen peroxide is generated; and DOPAL, hydrogen peroxide, and divalent metal cations react to form hydroxyl radicals, which peroxidate lipid membranes. Lipid peroxidation products in turn inhibit ALDH, causing DOPAL to accumulate-another vicious cycle. MAO inhibition decreases DOPAL formation but concurrently increases the spontaneous oxidation of dopamine, potentially trading off one form of toxicity for another. These considerations rationalize a neuroprotection strategy based on concurrent treatment with an MAO inhibitor and an anti-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike MSC-1620, Building 10 Room 8N260, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1620, USA.
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12
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Rasagiline and selegiline modulate mitochondrial homeostasis, intervene apoptosis system and mitigate α-synuclein cytotoxicity in disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:131-147. [PMID: 31993732 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been considered as a motor neuron disease with dopamine (DA) deficit caused by neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, but now proposed as a multi-system disorder associated with α-synuclein accumulation in neuronal and non-neuronal systems. Neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease has intended to halt or reverse cell death of nigro-striatal DA neurons and prevent the disease progression, but clinical studies have not presented enough beneficial results, except the trial of rasagiline by delayed start design at low dose of 1 mg/day only. Now strategy of disease-modifying therapy should be reconsidered taking consideration of accumulation and toxicity of α-synuclein preceding the manifest of motor symptoms. Hitherto neuroprotective therapy has been aimed to mitigate non-specific risk factors; oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, deficits of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), inflammation and accumulation of pathogenic protein. Future disease-modify therapy should target more specified pathogenic factors, including deregulated mitochondrial homeostasis, deficit of NTFs and α-synuclein toxicity. Selegiline and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, have been proved to exhibit potent neuroprotective function: regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis system, maintenance of mitochondrial function, increased expression of genes coding antioxidant enzymes, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-survival NTFs, and suppression of oligomerization and aggregation of α-synuclein and the toxicity in cellular and animal experiments. However, the present available pharmacological therapy starts too late to reverse disease progression, and future disease-modifying therapy should include also non-pharmacological complementary therapy during the prodromal stage.
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Wanner MJ, Zuidinga E, Tromp DS, Vilím J, Jørgensen SI, van Maarseveen JH. Synthetic Evidence of the Amadori-Type Alkylation of Biogenic Amines by the Neurotoxic Metabolite Dopegal. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1202-1207. [PMID: 31841007 PMCID: PMC6970265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
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The neurotransmitter metabolite 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylglycolaldehyde
(dopegal) damages neurons and the myocardium by protein cross-linking,
resulting in conglomerations and cell death. We investigated this
process on a synthetic scale, leading to the discovery of an Amadori-type
rearrangement of dopegal in the reaction with several amino acids
and neuropeptides. This alkylation also occurs with neurotransmitters,
suggesting an influence of dopegal on neurochemical processes. The
rearrangement occurs readily under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Wanner
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ed Zuidinga
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dorette S Tromp
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Vilím
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Steen Ingemann Jørgensen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jan H van Maarseveen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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14
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Masato A, Plotegher N, Boassa D, Bubacco L. Impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:35. [PMID: 31488222 PMCID: PMC6728988 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of Parkinson's Disease etiopathogenesis and of the causes of the preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is still an unsolved puzzle. A multiple-hit hypothesis has been proposed, which may explain the convergence of familial, environmental and idiopathic forms of the disease. Among the various determinants of the degeneration of the neurons in Substantia Nigra pars compacta, in this review we will focus on the endotoxicity associated to dopamine dyshomeostasis. In particular, we will discuss the relevance of the reactive dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in the catechol-induced neurotoxicity. Indeed, the synergy between the catechol and the aldehyde moieties of DOPAL exacerbates its reactivity, resulting in modification of functional protein residues, protein aggregation, oxidative stress and cell death. Interestingly, αSynuclein, whose altered proteostasis is a recurrent element in Parkinson's Disease pathology, is considered a preferential target of DOPAL modification. DOPAL triggers αSynuclein oligomerization leading to synapse physiology impairment. Several factors can be responsible for DOPAL accumulation at the pre-synaptic terminals, i.e. dopamine leakage from synaptic vesicles, increased rate of dopamine conversion to DOPAL by upregulated monoamine oxidase and decreased DOPAL degradation by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Various studies report the decreased expression and activity of aldehyde dehydrogenases in parkinsonian brains, as well as genetic variants associated to increased risk in developing the pathology. Thus, we discuss how the deregulation of these enzymes might be considered a contributing element in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease or a down-stream effect. Finally, we propose that a better understanding of the impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's Disease would allow a more refined patients stratification and the design of more targeted and successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences, and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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15
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Csoti I, Herbst H, Urban P, Woitalla D, Wüllner U. Polypharmacy in Parkinson’s disease: risks and benefits with little evidence. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:871-878. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Segura-Aguilar J. The importance of choosing a preclinical model that reflects what happens in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:203-209. [PMID: 30922924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the translation of successful preclinical results to clinical studies and new therapies in Parkinson's disease is the use of preclinical models based on exogenous neurotoxins that do not replicate what happens in the disease. The loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin in Parkinson´s disease takes years, contrasting the very rapid degeneration induced by exogenous neurotoxins. We discuss the role of endogenous neurotoxins generated during dopamine oxidation and its possible use as new preclinical models for Parkinson´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8350453, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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