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Rodrigues P, Cassanego GB, Peres DS, Viero FT, Kudsi SQ, Ruviaro NA, Aires KDV, Portela VM, Bauermann LDF, Trevisan G. Alpha-lipoic acid reduces nociception by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a model of complex regional pain syndrome type I in mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114790. [PMID: 38040057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a disabling pain condition without adequate treatment. Chronic post-ischemia pain injury (CPIP) is a model of CRPS-I that causes allodynia, spontaneous pain, inflammation, vascular injury, and oxidative stress formation. Antioxidants, such as alpha lipoic acid (ALA), have shown a therapeutic potential for CRPS-I pain control. Thus, we aim to evaluate if ALA repeated treatment modulates neuroinflammation in a model of CRPS-I in mice. We used male C57BL/6 mice to induce the CPIP model (O-ring torniquet for 2 h in the hindlimb). For the treatment with ALA or vehicle (Veh) mice were randomly separated in four groups and received 100 mg/kg orally once daily for 15 days (CPIP-ALA, CPIP-Veh, Control-ALA, and Control-Veh). We evaluated different behavioral tests including von Frey (mechanical stimulus), acetone (cold thermal stimulus), rotarod, open field, hind paw edema determination, and nest-building (spontaneous pain behavior). Also, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord, and Iba1, Nrf2, and Gfap in spinal cord were evaluated at 16 days after CPIP or sham induction. Repeated ALA treatment reduced CPIP-induced mechanical and cold allodynia and restored nest-building capacity without causing locomotor or body weight alteration. ALA treatment reduced SOD and NADPH oxidase activity, and H2O2 production in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve. CPIP-induced neuroinflammation in the spinal cord was associated with astrocyte activation and elevated Nfr2, which were reduced by ALA. ALA repeated treatment prevents nociception by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a model of CRPS-I in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rodrigues
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Buzatti Cassanego
- Graduated Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diulle Spat Peres
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tibolla Viero
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Qader Kudsi
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Náthaly Andrighetto Ruviaro
- Graduated Program in Biochemistry Toxicological Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine de Vargas Aires
- Graduate Program of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Valério Marques Portela
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, BioRep, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Liliane De Freitas Bauermann
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduated Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduated Program in Biochemistry Toxicological Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Palandi J, Mack JM, de Araújo IL, Farina M, Bobinski F. Animal models of complex regional pain syndrome: A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105324. [PMID: 37467905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) leads to a debilitating chronic pain condition. The lack of cause, etiology, and treatment for CRPS has been widely explored in animal models. OBJECTIVE Provide a comprehensive framework of the animal models used for investigating CRPS. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Preclinical studies to induce the characteristics of CRPS, with a control group, in any language or publication date. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE The search was performed in the Medline (PubMed) and ScienceDirect databases. RESULTS 93 studies are included. The main objective of the included studies was to understand the CRPS model. Rats, males and adults, exposed to ischemia/reperfusion of the paw or fracture of the tibia were the most common characteristics. Nociceptive evaluation using von Frey monofilaments was the most widely adopted in the studies. CONCLUSIONS For the best translational science between the animal models and individuals with CRPS, future studies should include more heterogeneous animals, and multiple assessment tools, in addition to improving the description and performance of measures that reduce the risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Palandi
- Laboratory of Experimental in Neuropathology (LEN), Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biochemistry Department, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiel Mileno Mack
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), 88137-272 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabela Longo de Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), 88137-272 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental in Neuropathology (LEN), Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biochemistry Department, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), 88137-272 Palhoça, SC, Brazil.
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Makhija S, Griffett JD, Veerakanellore GB, Burris TP, Elgendy B, Griffett K. REV-ERB activation as a novel pharmacological approach for treating inflammatory pain. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1171931. [PMID: 37153791 PMCID: PMC10154555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1171931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a complex problem affecting millions of people worldwide. The current therapies to reduce pain are limited as many treatment options inadequately address the causes of pain, lead to tolerance of the drug, or have adverse effects including abuse potential. While there are many causes of pain, one underlying mechanism to the pathogenesis and maintenance of pain conditions is chronic inflammation driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Several inflammasome inhibitors are currently under investigation however have the potential to suppress the functioning of the innate immune system, which may cause unwanted affects in patients. Here, we show that the nuclear receptor REV-ERB can suppress the activation of the inflammasome when pharmacologically activated with small molecule agonists. Additionally, REV-ERB activation appears to have analgesic potential in a model of acute inflammatory pain, likely as a result of inflammasome suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Makhija
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joshua D. Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Giri Babu Veerakanellore
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Dalenogare DP, Theisen MC, Peres DS, Fialho MFP, Andrighetto N, Barros L, Landini L, Titiz M, De Logu F, Oliveira SM, Geppetti P, Nassini R, Trevisan G. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 mediates headache-related cephalic allodynia in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Pain 2022; 163:1346-1355. [PMID: 34711761 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Primary headache conditions are frequently associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the mechanism that triggers or worsens headaches in patients with MS is poorly understood. We previously showed that the proalgesic transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) mediates hind paw mechanical and cold allodynia in a relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE) model in mice. Here, we investigated the development of periorbital mechanical allodynia (PMA) in RR-EAE, a hallmark of headache, and if TRPA1 contributed to this response. RR-EAE induction by injection of the myelin oligodendrocyte peptide fragment35-55 (MOG35-55) and Quillaja A adjuvant (Quil A) in C57BL/6J female mice elicited a delayed and sustained PMA. The PMA at day 35 after induction was reduced by the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist (olcegepant) and the serotonin 5-HT1B/D receptor agonist (sumatriptan), 2 known antimigraine agents. Genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of TRPA1 attenuated PMA associated with RR-EAE. The levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (4-hydroxynonenal and hydrogen peroxide, known TRPA1 endogenous agonists) and superoxide dismutase and NADPH oxidase activities were increased in the trigeminal ganglion of RR-EAE mice. Besides, the treatment with antioxidants (apocynin or α-lipoic acid) attenuated PMA. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TRPA1, presumably activated by endogenous agonists, evokes PMA in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diéssica P Dalenogare
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria C Theisen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diulle S Peres
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria F P Fialho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathaly Andrighetto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Barros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mustafa Titiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Trevisan G, Oliveira SM. Animal Venom Peptides Cause Antinociceptive Effects by Voltage-gated Calcium Channels Activity Blockage. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1579-1599. [PMID: 34259147 PMCID: PMC9881091 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210713121217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a complex phenomenon that is usually unpleasant and aversive. It can range widely in intensity, quality, and duration and has diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms and meanings. Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are essential to transmitting painful stimuli from the periphery until the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Thus, blocking voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) can effectively control pain refractory to treatments currently used in the clinic, such as cancer and neuropathic pain. VGCCs blockers isolated of cobra Naja naja kaouthia (α-cobratoxin), spider Agelenopsis aperta (ω-Agatoxin IVA), spider Phoneutria nigriventer (PhTx3.3, PhTx3.4, PhTx3.5, PhTx3.6), spider Hysterocrates gigas (SNX-482), cone snails Conus geographus (GVIA), Conus magus (MVIIA or ziconotide), Conus catus (CVID, CVIE and CVIF), Conus striatus (SO- 3), Conus fulmen (FVIA), Conus moncuri (MoVIA and MoVIB), Conus regularis (RsXXIVA), Conus eburneus (Eu1.6), Conus victoriae (Vc1.1.), Conus regius (RgIA), and spider Ornithoctonus huwena (huwentoxin-I and huwentoxin-XVI) venoms caused antinociceptive effects in different acute and chronic pain models. Currently, ziconotide is the only clinical used N-type VGCCs blocker peptide for chronic intractable pain. However, ziconotide causes different adverse effects, and the intrathecal route of administration also impairs its use in a more significant number of patients. In this sense, peptides isolated from animal venoms or their synthetic forms that act by modulating or blocking VGCCs channels seem to be a relevant prototype for developing new analgesics efficacious and well tolerated by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, building 21, room 5207, Zip code: 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil; E-mails: , and Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, building 18, room 2203, Zip code: 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil;, E-mail:
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil,Address correspondence to these authors at the Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, building 21, room 5207, Zip code: 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil; E-mails: , and Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, building 18, room 2203, Zip code: 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil;, E-mail:
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6
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Systemic, Intrathecal, and Intracerebroventricular Antihyperalgesic Effects of the Calcium Channel Blocker CTK 01512–2 Toxin in Persistent Pain Models. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4436-4452. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Joviano-Santos JV, Valadão PAC, Magalhães-Gomes MPS, Fernandes LF, Diniz DM, Machado TCG, Soares KB, Ladeira MS, Massensini AR, Gomez MV, Miranda AS, Tápia JC, Guatimosim C. Neuroprotective effect of CTK 01512-2 recombinant toxin at the spinal cord in a model of Huntington's disease. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:933-945. [PMID: 35478205 DOI: 10.1113/ep090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We investigated the action of intrathecal administration of a novel toxin (CTK01512-2) in a mouse model for Huntington´s disease (HD). We asked if spinal cord neurons can represent a therapeutic target, as the spinal cord seems to be involved in HD motor-symptoms. Pharmacological approaches focusing on the spinal cord and skeletal muscles might represent a more feasible strategy. What is the main finding and its importance? We provided evidence of a novel, local, neuroprotector effect of CTK01512-2, paving a path for the development of approaches to treat HD-motor symptoms beyond the brain. ABSTRACT Phα1β is a neurotoxin from the venom of the Phoneutria nigriventer spider, available as CTK01512-2, a recombinant peptide. Due to its antinociceptive and analgesic properties, CTK01512-2 has been described to alleviate neuroinflammatory responses. Despite the diverse CTK01512-2 actions on the nervous system, little is known regarding its neuroprotective effect, especially in neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic movement disorder without cure. Here, we investigated whether CTK01512-2 has a neuroprotector effect in a mouse model of HD. We hypothesized that spinal cord neurons might represent a therapeutic target, as the spinal cord seems to be involved in the motor-symptoms of HD mice (BACHD). Then, we treated BACHD mice with CTK01512-2 by intrathecal injection, and performed in vivo motor behavior and morphological analyses in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and muscles. Our data showed that intrathecal injection of CTK01512-2 significantly improves motor-performance in the Open-field task. CTK01512-2 protects neurons in the spinal cord (but not in the brain) from death, suggesting a local effect. CTK01512-2 exerts its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting BACHD-neuronal apoptosis, as revealed by a reduction in caspase-3 in the spinal cord. CTK01512-2 was also able to revert BACHD muscle atrophy. In conclusion, our data provide a novel role for CTK01512-2 acting directly in the spinal cord, ameliorating morphofunctional aspects of spinal cord neurons, and muscles, and improving BACHD mice performance in motor-behavioral tests. Since HD shares similar symptoms to many neurodegenerative conditions, the findings presented herein may also be applicable to other disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lorena F Fernandes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Kivia B Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia da Neurotransmissão, Departamento de Morfologia
| | - Marina S Ladeira
- Laboratório de Biologia da Neurotransmissão, Departamento de Morfologia
| | - Andre R Massensini
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Aline S Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juan C Tápia
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Fernandes PF, Galassi TDO, Horewicz VV, Salgado ASI, Mack JM, Baldança HDS, Ferreira da Silva AP, Bruehl S, Bittencourt EB, Seim LA, Martins DF, Bobinski F. Immunoregulatory Effect of Preventive Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acid in a Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I Model in Mice. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:818692. [PMID: 35391753 PMCID: PMC8980433 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.818692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveComplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is usually triggered by trauma or a surgical procedure, and it typically becomes an established one after an intense inflammatory process with chronic pain and edema as the main symptoms. Available treatments for CRPS have low efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and immunoregulatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on paw edema and anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage phenotypes in the chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) preclinical model of CRPS-Type I.MethodsFemale Swiss mice were supplemented with omega-3, corn oil, or saline and then submitted to the CPIP model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Supplementation was carried out for 30 days prior to and up to 2 or 15 days after the induction of CPIP, according to experimental protocols. The supplementation protocol included 1,500 mg/kg of omega-3 or corn oil through an intragastric route (gavage). Paw edema, interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were then measured in the paw skin and muscle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and macrophage phenotypes (M1 and M2) assessed in the paw muscle by Western blotting.ResultsThe CPIP model induced an increase in paw thickness up to 72 h post-I/R. Mice supplemented with omega-3 compared to the saline group displayed reduced edema but neither altered skin IL-4 or skin and muscle TGF-β1, TNF, and MCP-1 concentrations, nor did they exhibit significantly altered muscle macrophage phenotype on the 2nd-day post-CPIP. However, omega-3 supplementation reversed the I/R-related reduction in IL-4 in the paw muscle compared to groups supplemented with saline and corn oil. Furthermore, omega-3 promoted the reduction of IL-10 levels in the paw skin, compared to animals with lesions supplemented with saline, until the 2nd-day post-CPIP. On the 15th day post-CPIP, IL-10 was significantly increased in the muscle of animals supplemented with omega-3 compared to the saline group.ConclusionThe results suggest that omega-3 PUFA supplementation has anti-inflammatory effects in the CPIP model of CRPS-Type I, significantly reducing paw edema and regulating concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Franson Fernandes
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Taynah de Oliveira Galassi
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Verônica Vargas Horewicz
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | | | - Josiel Mileno Mack
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Heloiza dos Santos Baldança
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferreira da Silva
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Stephen Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Lynsey A. Seim
- Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Fernandes Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Franciane Bobinski,
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9
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Phα1β is a Promising Neuroprotective Peptide from the Phoneutria nigriventer ‘Armed’ Spider. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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da Silva JF, Binda NS, Pereira EMR, de Lavor MSL, Vieira LB, de Souza AH, Rigo FK, Ferrer HT, de Castro CJ, Ferreira J, Gomez MV. Analgesic effects of Phα1β toxin: a review of mechanisms of action involving pain pathways. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210001. [PMID: 34868281 PMCID: PMC8610172 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phα1β is a neurotoxin purified from spider venom that acts as a high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel blocker. This spider peptide has shown a high selectivity for N-type HVA calcium channels (NVACC) and an analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Its activity was associated with a reduction in calcium transients, glutamate release, and reactive oxygen species production from the spinal cord tissue and dorsal ganglia root (DRG) in rats and mice. It has been reported that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of Phα1β to treat chronic pain reverted opioid tolerance with a safer profile than ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a highly selective NVACC blocker. Following a recent development of recombinant Phα1β (CTK 01512-2), a new molecular target, TRPA1, the structural arrangement of disulphide bridges, and an effect on glial plasticity have been identified. CTK 01512-2 reproduced the antinociceptive effects of the native toxin not only after the intrathecal but also after the intravenous administration. Herein, we review the Phα1β antinociceptive activity in the most relevant pain models and its mechanisms of action, highlighting the impact of CTK 01512-2 synthesis and its potential for multimodal analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Figueira da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nancy Scardua Binda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizete Maria Rita Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB),
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Hubner de Souza
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Karine Rigo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South
of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hèlia Tenza Ferrer
- Center of Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine,
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célio José de Castro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Center of Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine,
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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Feuser PE, Cardoso MDM, Galvani NC, Zaccaron RP, Venturini LM, Rigo FK, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Silveira PCL, Sayer C, Hermes de Araújo PH. Evaluation of the in vivo acute toxicity of poly(thioether-ester) and superparamagnetic poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles obtained by thiol-ene miniemulsion polymerization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:702-711. [PMID: 34619018 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(thioether-ester) (PTEe) nanoparticles obtained by thiol-ene polymerization have received attention of many researchers due to several advantages, including, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The search for new nanomaterials requires toxicity studies to assess potential toxic effects of their administration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo acute toxicity of PTEe and poly(thioether-ester)-coated magnetic nanoparticles prepared by thiol-ene polymerization in miniemulsion. These nanoparticles presented a mean size of approximately 120 nm, spherical morphology, and negative surface charge. Doses of 40 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally to Swiss mice and nociceptive, behavioral and biochemical parameters were investigated in five different organs. None of the nanoparticles led to any alterations in the nociceptive and behavioral responses. Biochemical alterations were observed in liver, decreasing the sulfhydryl and glutathione (GSH) levels, suggesting the dependence of the GSH metabolism in the elimination of the nanoparticles. In general, both nanoparticle types did not cause disturbances in biochemical parameters analyzed in others organs. These results suggest that both nanoparticle types did not induce acute toxicity to the different organs evaluated, reinforcing the biocompatibility of PTEe nanoparticles synthetized by thiol-ene polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Melo Cardoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Coral Galvani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Rubya Pereira Zaccaron
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ligia Milanez Venturini
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Flavia Karine Rigo
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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12
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Canever JB, Barbosa RI, Hendler KG, Neves LMSD, Kuriki HU, Júnior ASA, Fonseca MDCR, Marcolino AM. Effects of photobiomodulation on different application points and different phases of complex regional pain syndrome type I in the experimental model. Korean J Pain 2021; 34:250-261. [PMID: 34193632 PMCID: PMC8255157 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2021.34.3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) consists of disorders caused by spontaneous pain or induced by some stimulus. The objective was to verify the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) using 830 nm wavelength light at the affected paw and involved spinal cord segments during the warm or acute phase. Methods Fifty-six mice were randomized into seven groups. Group (G) 1 was the placebo group; G2 and G3 were treated with PBM on the paw in the warm and acute phase, respectively; G4 and G5 treated with PBM on involved spinal cord segments in the warm and acute phase, respectively; G6 and G7 treated with PBM on paw and involved spinal cord segments in the warm and acute phase, respectively. Edema degree, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, skin temperature, and functional quality of gait (Sciatic Static Index [SSI] and Sciatic Functional Index [SFI]) were evaluated. Results Edema was lower in G3 and G7, and these were the only groups to return to baseline values at the end of treatment. For thermal hyperalgesia only G3 and G5 returned to baseline values. Regarding mechanical hyperalgesia, the groups did not show significant differences. Thermography showed increased temperature in all groups on the seventh day. In SSI and SFI assessment, G3 and G7 showed lower values when compared to G1, respectively. Conclusions PBM irradiation in the acute phase and in the affected paw showed better results in reducing edema, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and in improving gait quality, demonstrating efficacy in treatment of CRPS-I symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelini Betta Canever
- Laboratory of Assesment and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Health Sciences, Center Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Rafael Inácio Barbosa
- Laboratory of Assesment and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Health Sciences, Center Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Ketlyn Germann Hendler
- Laboratory of Assesment and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Health Sciences, Center Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Lais Mara Siqueira das Neves
- Laboratory of Assesment and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Health Sciences, Center Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance of the Departament of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Heloyse Uliam Kuriki
- Laboratory of Assesment and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Health Sciences, Center Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa de Cassia Registro Fonseca
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance of the Departament of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Márcio Marcolino
- Laboratory of Assesment and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Health Sciences, Center Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
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13
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Prasad Md A, Chakravarthy Md K. Review of complex regional pain syndrome and the role of the neuroimmune axis. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211006617. [PMID: 33788654 PMCID: PMC8020088 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a progressive and painful disease of
the extremities that is characterized by continuous pain inconsistent with
the initial trauma. CRPS is caused by a multi-mechanism process that
involves both the peripheral and central nervous system, with a prominent
role of inflammation in CRPS pathophysiology. This review examines what is
currently known about the CRPS inflammatory and pain mechanisms, as well as
the possible impact of neurostimulation therapies on the neuroimmune axis of
CRPS. Study design A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies provided an overview
of the pain and inflammatory mechanisms in CRPS and addressed the effect of
neurostimulation on immunomodulation. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines
between September 2015 to September 2020. Data sources included relevant
literature identified through searches of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews. Results Sixteen preclinical and eight clinical studies were reviewed. Preclinical
studies identified different mechanisms of pain development in the acute and
chronic CRPS phases. Several preclinical and clinical studies investigating
inflammatory mechanisms, autoimmunity, and genetic profiles in CRPS,
supported a role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of CRPS. The
immunomodulatory effects of neurostimulation therapy is still unclear,
despite clinical improvement in the CRPS patients. Conclusions Increasing evidence supports a role for inflammation and neuroinflammation in
CRPS pathophysiology. Preliminary neurostimulation findings, together with
the role of (neuro)inflammation in CRPS, seems to provide a compelling
rationale for its use in CRPS pain treatment. The possible immunomodulatory
effects of neurostimulation opens new therapeutic possibilities, however
further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the working
mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Prasad Md
- Axxon Pain, Brisbane Private Hospital, 259 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Krishnan Chakravarthy Md
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, VA San Diego Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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De Logu F, De Prá SDT, de David Antoniazzi CT, Kudsi SQ, Ferro PR, Landini L, Rigo FK, de Bem Silveira G, Silveira PCL, Oliveira SM, Marini M, Mattei G, Ferreira J, Geppetti P, Nassini R, Trevisan G. Macrophages and Schwann cell TRPA1 mediate chronic allodynia in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:535-546. [PMID: 32315759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is characterized by intractable chronic pain. Poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms of CRPS-I accounts for the current unsatisfactory treatment. Antioxidants and antagonists of the oxidative stress-sensitive channel, the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), have been found to attenuate acute nociception and delayed allodynia in models of CRPS-I, evoked by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) of rodent hind limb (chronic post ischemia pain, CPIP). However, it is unknown how I/R may lead to chronic pain mediated by TRPA1. Here, we report that the prolonged (day 1-15) mechanical and cold allodynia in the hind limb of CPIP mice was attenuated permanently in Trpa1-/- mice and transiently after administration of TRPA1 antagonists (A-967079 and HC-030031) or an antioxidant (α-lipoic acid). Indomethacin treatment was, however, ineffective. We also found that I/R increased macrophage (F4/80+ cell) number and oxidative stress markers, including 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), in the injured tibial nerve. Macrophage-deleted MaFIA (Macrophage Fas-Induced Apoptosis) mice did not show I/R-evoked endoneurial cell infiltration, increased 4-HNE and mechanical and cold allodynia. Furthermore, Trpa1-/- mice did not show any increase in macrophage number and 4-HNE in the injured nerve trunk. Notably, in mice with selective deletion of Schwann cell TRPA1 (Plp1-CreERT;Trpa1fl/fl mice), increases in macrophage infiltration, 4-HNE and mechanical and cold allodynia were attenuated. In the present mouse model of CRPS-I, we propose that the initial oxidative stress burst that follows reperfusion activates a feed forward mechanism that entails resident macrophages and Schwann cell TRPA1 of the injured tibial nerve to sustain chronic neuroinflammation and allodynia. Repeated treatment one hour before and for 3 days after I/R with a TRPA1 antagonist permanently protected CPIP mice against neuroinflammation and allodynia, indicating possible novel therapeutic strategies for CRPS-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Samira Dal-Toé De Prá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Qader Kudsi
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
| | - Paula Ronsani Ferro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Flávia Karine Rigo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Bem Silveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
| | - Matilde Marini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mattei
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis (SC), Brazil
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil.
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15
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Gonçalves ECD, Vieira G, Gonçalves TR, Simões RR, Brusco I, Oliveira SM, Calixto JB, Cola M, Santos ARS, Dutra RC. Bradykinin Receptors Play a Critical Role in the Chronic Post-ischaemia Pain Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:63-78. [PMID: 32222846 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I) is a chronic painful condition resulting from trauma. Bradykinin (BK) is an important inflammatory mediator required in acute and chronic pain response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between BK receptors (B1 and B2) and chronic post-ischaemia pain (CPIP) development in mice, a widely accepted CRPS-I model. We assessed mechanical and cold allodynia, and paw oedema in male and female Swiss mice exposed to the CPIP model. Upon induction, the animals were treated with BKR antagonists (HOE-140 and DALBK); BKR agonists (Tyr-BK and DABK); antisense oligonucleotides targeting B1 and B2 and captopril by different routes in the model (7, 14 and 21 days post-induction). Here, we demonstrated that treatment with BKR antagonists, by intraperitoneal (i.p.), intraplantar (i.pl.), and intrathecal (i.t.) routes, mitigated CPIP-induced mechanical allodynia and oedematogenic response, but not cold allodynia. On the other hand, i.pl. administration of BKR agonists exacerbated pain response. Moreover, a single treatment with captopril significantly reversed the anti-allodynic effect of BKR antagonists. In turn, the inhibition of BKRs gene expression in the spinal cord inhibited the nociceptive behaviour in the 14th post-induction. The results of the present study suggest the participation of BKRs in the development and maintenance of chronic pain associated with the CPIP model, possibly linking them to CRPS-I pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C D Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88906-072, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vieira
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88906-072, Brazil
| | - Tainara R Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88906-072, Brazil
| | - Róli R Simões
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Indiara Brusco
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sara M Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João B Calixto
- Center of Innovation and Preclinical Research, Florianópolis, SC, 88056-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra Cola
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88906-072, Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88906-072, Brazil. .,Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Autoimunidade e Imunofarmacologia (LAIF), Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá. Rodovia Jorge Lacerda, Km 35.4 - Jardim das Avenidas, Araranguá, SC, CEP 88906-072, Brazil.
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