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Mahmoud OA, Ayoub IM, Eldahshan OA, Singab ANB. The impact of seasonal variation on the composition of the volatile oil of Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites leaves and evaluation of its acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:159. [PMID: 38609961 PMCID: PMC11015646 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites (Annonaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been reported for its various pharmacological potentials, such as its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and neuropharmacological activities. This study aimed to analyze the leaf essential oils of P. suberosa (PSLO) collected in different seasons, to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, and to corroborate the obtained results via in-silico molecular docking studies. METHODS The leaf essential oils of P. suberosa collected in different seasons were analyzed separately by GC/MS. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaves oil was assessed via colorimetric assay. In-silico molecular docking studies were elucidated by virtual docking of the main compounds identified in P. suberosa leaf essential oil to the active sites in human acetylcholinesterase crystal structure. RESULTS A total of 125 compounds were identified where D-limonene (0.07 - 24.7%), α-copaene (2.25 - 15.49%), E-β-caryophyllene (5.17 - 14.42%), 24-noroleana-3,12-diene (12.92%), β-pinene (0.14 - 8.59%), and α-humulene (2.49-6.9%) were the most abundant components. Results showed a noteworthy influence of the collection season on the chemical composition and yield of the volatile oils. The tested oil adequately inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme with an IC50 value of 91.94 µg/mL. Additionally, in-silico molecular docking unveiled that palmitic acid, phytol, p-cymene, and caryophyllene oxide demonstrated the highest fitting scores within the active sites of human acetylcholinesterase enzyme. CONCLUSIONS From these findings, it is concluded that P. suberosa leaf oil should be evaluated as a food supplement for enhancing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchid A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566-Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iriny M Ayoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566-Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566-Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
- Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566-Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
- Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Dogra A, Narang RS, Kaur T, Narang JK. Mefenamic Acid Loaded and TPGS Stabilized Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsion for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Development, Optimization, and Brain-Targeted Delivery via Olfactory Pathway. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:16. [PMID: 38200387 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common disorder that affects the elderly. There are relatively few medications that can be used orally or as a suspension to treat AD. A mucoadhesive (o/w) nano emulsion of mefenamic acid was made by adding Carbopol 940P to the optimised drug nanoemulsion using distilled water as the aqueous phase (6%); Solutol HS: tween 20 (3.6%) as the surfactant and co-surfactant; and clove oil: TPGS (0.4%) as the oil phase and mefenamic acid as the drug (2.8 mg/ml). The mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (S40.5%w/v) had a particle size of 91.20 nm, polydispersity index of 0.270, and surface charge of - 12.4 mV. Significantly higher (p < 0.001) drug release (89.37%) was observed for mucoadhesive drug formulation in comparison to mucoadhesive drug suspension (25.64%) at 8 h. The ex vivo nasal permeation of 83.03% in simulated nasal fluid and 85.71% in artificial cerebrospinal fluid was observed. The percent inhibition and inhibitory concentration (IC50) of mucoadhesive drug nanoemulsion were found to be 91.57 ± 2.69 and 6.76 respectively. Higher cell viability on glioblastoma cells (85-80%) was researched for mucoadhesive nanoemulsion as compared to drug suspension (80-70%). Significantly higher (p < 0.001) drug absorption and Cmax (491.94 ± 24.13 ng/ml) of mucoadhesive drug nanoemulsion were observed than mucoadhesive drug suspension (107.46 ± 11.46 ng/ml) at 8 h. The stability studies confirmed that the formulation was stable at 40°C ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH. The authors concluded that the mucoadhesive mefenamic acid-loaded nanoemulsion may be an effective technique for treating Alzheimer's disease by intranasal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Dogra
- I.K.G Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh Narang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tajpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasjeet Kaur Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Sharma N, Khurana N, Singh SK, Satija S, Mehta M, Vyas M. Corrigendum to "Pharmacological evaluation of bromelain in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease" [NeuroToxicology 90 (2022) 19-34]. Neurotoxicology 2023:S0161-813X(23)00109-2. [PMID: 37739906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
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Li Y, Wu M, Kong M, Sui S, Wang Q, He Y, Gu J. Impact of Donepezil Supplementation on Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology and Gut Microbiome in APP/PS1 Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2306. [PMID: 37764150 PMCID: PMC10537997 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on published information, the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are potentially related to gut microbiota changes. Donepezil hydrochloride (DH), which enhances cholinergic activity by blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE), is one of the first-line drugs for AD treatment approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA. However, the potential link between the effects of DH on the pathophysiological processes of AD and the gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, pathological changes in the brain and colon, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and AChE, and changes in intestinal flora were observed. The results showed that Aβ deposition in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of AD mice was significantly decreased, while colonic inflammation was significantly alleviated by DH treatment. Concomitantly, SOD activity was significantly improved, while AChE was significantly reduced after DH administration. In addition, the gut microbiota community composition of AD mice was significantly altered after DH treatment. The relative abundance of Akkermansia in the AD group was 54.8% higher than that in the N group. The relative abundance of Akkermansia was increased by 18.3% and 53.8% in the AD_G group and the N_G group, respectively. Interestingly, Akkermansia showed a potential predictive value and might be a biomarker for AD. Molecular docking revealed the binding mode and major forces between DH and membrane proteins of Akkermansia. The overall results suggest a novel therapeutic mechanism for treating AD and highlight the critical role of gut microbiota in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Mengyao Wu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Mengmeng Kong
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Shaomei Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China; (S.S.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China; (S.S.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China; (S.S.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jinsong Gu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.K.)
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Ulaganathan S, Pitchaimani A. Spontaneous and familial models of Alzheimer's disease: Challenges and advances in preclinical research. Life Sci 2023:121918. [PMID: 37422070 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that is progressive and irreversible in nature. Even after decades of dedicated research and paradigm-shifting hypotheses of AD etiology, very few well-founded credible improvements have been foreseen in understanding the actual underlying mechanisms involved in the development of the disorder. As for any disease to be well-comprehended, AD also requires optimal modelling strategies, which will then pave way for effective therapeutic interventions. Most of the clinical trials and research towards better treatment of AD fail in translation, due to the inefficacy of explored animal models to mimic the actual AD pathology, precisely. The majority of the existing AD models are developed based on the mutations found in the familial form of AD (fAD) which accounts for less than 5 % of the incidence of AD. Further, the investigations also face more challenges due to the additional complexities and lacunae found in etiology of sporadic form of AD (sAD), which accounts for 95 % of total AD. This review illustrates the gaps found in different models of AD, both sporadic and familial variants with additional focus on recent avenues for accurate simulation of AD pathology using in vitro and chimeric AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryapriya Ulaganathan
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, TN, India
| | - Arunkumar Pitchaimani
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, TN, India.
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Anand A, Khurana N, Kaur S, Ali N, AlAsmari AF, Waseem M, Iqbal M, Alzahrani FM, Sharma N. The multifactorial role of vanillin in amelioration of aluminium chloride and D-galactose induced Alzheimer's disease in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175832. [PMID: 37329974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are influenced by a variety of factors. These include oxidative stress, overexpression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), depletion of acetylcholine levels, increased beta-secretase mediated conversion of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) to Amyloid Beta (Abeta), accumulation of Abeta oligomers, decrease in Brain Derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and accelerated neuronal apoptosis due to elevated levels of caspase-3. The currently available therapeutic approaches are inadequate in affecting these pathological processes except maybe the overexpression of AChE (AChE inhibitors like donepezil, rivastigmine). There is an urgent need to develop disease modifying pharmacotherapeutic interventions which have appreciable safety and cost effectiveness. From previously reported in vitro studies and a preliminary assessment of neuroprotective effect in scopolamine induced dementia-like cognitive impairment in mice, vanillin has been used as the compound of interest in the present study. Vanillin, a phytoconstituent, has been used in humans, safely, in the form of a flavouring agent for various foods, beverages, and cosmetics. Owing to its chemical nature i.e. being a phenolic aldehyde, it has an additional antioxidant property that is congruent to the desirable characteristics that are sought in a suitable novel anti-AD agent. In our study, vanillin proved to have a nootropic effect in healthy Swiss albino mice as well as an ameliorative effect in aluminium chloride and D-galactose induced AD model in mice. Apart from tackling oxidative stress, vanillin was found to reduce the levels of AChE, beta secretase, caspase-3, enhance degradation of Abeta plaques and elevate the levels of BDNF, in cortical and hippocampal regions. Vanillin is a promising candidate for being incorporated into the search for safe and effective anti-AD molecules. However, further research might be needed to warrant its application clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Anand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara- 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara- 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Satinder Kaur
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar- 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara- 144411, Punjab, India
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Tan JQ, Zhang L, Xu HX. Garcinia oligantha: A comprehensive overview of ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116130. [PMID: 36621661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Garcinia oligantha Merr. is an ethnomedicine plant mainly distributed in Guangdong and Hainan, China. It has the effects of heat-clearing and detoxicating, which has been used by local ethnic minorities to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammation, internal heat, toothache and scald. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW This review summarizes and discusses the progress of the chemical compounds and biological activities of G. oligantha that have been studied in recent years to provide the direction for the prospective research and applications of G. oligantha. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature about G. oligantha was accessible from ancient Chinese medical books and records, theses, as well as major scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Baidu Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). RESULTS To date, more than 150 chemical compounds were isolated from this plant, including xanthones, volatile oil, fatty acid, benzofurane derivative and biphenyl compounds. Xanthones are the main bioactive compounds that exhibit diverse biological effects, such as antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, neuroprotective, antimalarial and antibacterial effects, which are consistent with its traditional uses as a folk medicine. Modern pharmacological studies show that these compounds participate in a variety of signaling pathways underlying different pathophysiologies, making them a valuable medicinal resource. CONCLUSION G. oligantha is an ethnomedicine with a long history. However, due to regional and cultural constraints, the popularisation and use of ethnomedicine are still limited. Modern pharmacological and chemical research suggest that G. oligantha contains a variety of bioactive compounds and showed diverse biological functions, which is worthy of comprehensive and in-depth research. This review summarizes and discusses the recent progress in studies on G. oligantha, looking forward to promote further research and sustainable development of folk medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Two polyphenols isolated from Corallodiscus flabellata B. L. Burtt ameliorate amyloid β-protein induced Alzheimer's disease neuronal injury by improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114264. [PMID: 36535434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Corallodiscus flabellata B. L. Burtt (CF) is a Chinese folk herb with reported potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol-8-O-[4-O-trans-caffeoyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)][1]-β-D-glucopyranoside (SDC-1-8) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) are two polyphenolic compounds isolated from CF. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of SDC-1-8 and HT on an Aβ25-35-induced AD model and to study the underlying mechanism. The AD mouse model was established using a brain injection of amyloid β-protein 25-35 (Aβ25-35, 200 μM), followed by continuous administration of SDC-1-8 and HT for 4 weeks, and found that they improved cognitive dysfunction; ameliorated neuronal damage and apoptosis; decreased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial fission protein levels; and increased mitochondrial fusion protein levels in AD mice. Moreover, SDC-1-8 and HT inhibited mitochondrial membrane depolarization, reduced intracellular stored Ca2+ levels, enhanced mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial fusion, and decreased mitochondrial division in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells even in the presence of mdivi-1. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations showed that SDC-1-8 and HT interacted with dynamin-related protein 1 with higher affinity than mitofusin 1. Thus, it is summarized that SDC-1-8 and HT may have neuroprotective effects by balancing the abnormalities of mitochondrial fission and fusion, and SDC-1-8 and HT are the components providing the therapeutic basis of CF.
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Pinus halepensis Essential Oil Ameliorates Aβ1-42-Induced Brain Injury by Diminishing Anxiety, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092300. [PMID: 36140401 PMCID: PMC9496595 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pinus L. genus comprises around 250 species, being popular worldwide for their medicinal and aromatic properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the P. halepensis Mill. essential oil (PNO) in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) environment as an anxiolytic and antidepressant agent. The AD-like symptoms were induced in Wistar male rats by intracerebroventricular administration of amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42), and PNO (1% and 3%) was delivered to Aβ1-42 pre-treated rats via inhalation route for 21 consecutive days, 30 min before behavioral assessments. The obtained results indicate PNO’s potential to relieve anxious–depressive features and to restore redox imbalance in the rats exhibiting AD-like neuropsychiatric impairments. Moreover, PNO presented beneficial effects against neuroinflammation and neuroapoptosis in the Aβ1-42 rat AD model.
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Long Y, Li D, Yu S, Shi A, Deng J, Wen J, Li XQ, Ma Y, Zhang YL, Liu SY, Wan JY, Li N, Yang M, Han L. Medicine-food herb: Angelica sinensis, a potential therapeutic hope for Alzheimer's disease and related complications. Food Funct 2022; 13:8783-8803. [PMID: 35983893 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which has brought a huge burden to the world. The current therapeutic approach of one-molecule-one-target strategy fails to address the issues of AD because of multiple pathological features of AD. Traditionally, the herb of Angelica sinensis (AS) comes from the root of an umbrella plant Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. As a typical medicine-food herb, studies have shown that AS can alleviate AD and AD-complications by multiple targets through the various foundations of pharmaceutical material and dietary supply basis. Therefore, this review summarizes the pharmacological effects of AS for the treatment of AD and AD-complications for the first time. AS contains many effective components, such as ligustilide, z-ligustilide, n-butylidenephthalide, α-pinene, p-cymene, myrcene, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and coniferyl ferulate. It is found that AS, AS-active compounds and AS-compound recipes mainly treat AD through neuroprotective, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidant effects, improving mitochondrial dysfunction, anti-neuronal apoptosis, regulating autophagy, regulating intestinal flora and enhancing the central cholinergic system, which shows the multi-component and multi-target effect of AS. The role of dietary supplement components in AS for AD intervention is summarized, including vitamin B12, folic acid, arginine, and oleic acid, which can improve the symptoms of AD. Besides, this review focuses on the safety and toxicity evaluation of AS, which provides a basis for its application. This review will provide further support for the research on AD and the application of medicine-food herb AS in a healthy lifestyle in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shuang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu-Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Song-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jin-Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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